Kubonakala sengathi muva nje umhlaba ukushayele ihlombe ukutholakala kuka-Alexander Fleming. Ngaphansi kwekhulu leminyaka sekudlulile isipho "sobukhosi" emhlabeni wonke ogulayo, okokuqala i-penicillin, bese kuba uchungechunge lwama-antibiotic amaningi. Khona-ke, ngo-1929, kwabonakala sengathi manje - manje isintu sizonqoba izifo ezisihluphayo. Futhi kwakukhona okuthile okukhathazeka ngakho. Ikholera, i-typhus, isifo sofuba, inyumoniya yahlasela ngokungenasihawu futhi yathathwa nonya olufanayo kokubili abasebenza kanzima, nezingqondo ezigqame kakhulu zesayensi ethuthukisiwe, kanye namaciko aphakeme ... Umlando wama-antibiotics. A. Fleming wathola umphumela wama-antibiotic esikhunta futhi, eqhubeka nocwaningo, wabeka isisekelo salokho okubizwa ngokuthi inkathi “yemithi elwa namagciwane”. Inqwaba yososayensi nodokotela bacosha induku, okwaholela ekwakhiweni kwemithi yokuqala elwa namagciwane etholakala emuthini “ovamile”. Kwakungu-1939. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-streptocide kwethulwe esitshalweni se-AKRIKHIN. Futhi, kufanele ngisho, ngokumangalisayo ngesikhathi. Izikhathi ezinezinkinga zeMpi Yezwe II zaziseza. Khona-ke, ezibhedlela zasenkundleni yezempi, ngenxa yemithi elwa namagciwane, akukho ukuphila okuyinkulungwane okwasindiswa. Yebo, isiyaluyalu sezifo esiwumshayabhuqe sesonakele ekuphileni kwabantu. Ngamafuphi, isintu saqala ukulala ngokuzola kakhulu - okungenani isitha sebhaktheriya sanqotshwa. Khona-ke kuzokhishwa ama-antibiotic amaningi. Njengoba kwenzeka, naphezu kombono wesithombe somtholampilo, izidakamizwa zine-minus ecacile - ziyayeka ukusebenza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ochwepheshe babiza lesi simo ukuthi ukumelana nebhaktheriya, noma ukumane umlutha. Ngisho no-A. Fleming wayeqaphile kulesi sihloko, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eqaphela emashubhuni akhe okuhlola izinga lokusinda eliqhubekayo le-bacterium bacilli kanye ne-penicillin. Nokho, kwakusesekuseni kakhulu ukuba sikhathazeke. Imithi elwa namagciwane yagxivizwa, kwasungulwa izizukulwane ezintsha, ezinolaka kakhulu, ezimelana kakhulu ... Futhi umhlaba wawungasakulungele ukubuyela emagagasini adala ubhubhane. Kodwa egcekeni lekhulu lama-XX - umuntu uhlola indawo! Isikhathi semithi elwa namagciwane sakhula saba namandla, sibeka eceleni izifo ezimbi - amabhaktheriya nawo awazange alale, ashintsha futhi athola ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe ezitheni zawo, efakwe ama-ampoules namaphilisi. Phakathi nenkathi “yemithi elwa namagciwane,” kwaba sobala ukuthi lomthombo ovundile, maye, awuwona owaphakade. Manje ososayensi bayaphoqeleka ukuba bamemeze ngokungabi namandla kwabo okuseduze. Isizukulwane sakamuva semithi elwa namagciwane senziwe futhi sisasebenza - esinamandla, esikwazi ukunqoba izifo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Asikho isidingo sokukhuluma ngemiphumela emibi - lokhu akuwona umsebenzi womhlatshelo okuxoxwe ngawo. Osokhemisi babonakala beyiqedile yonke insiza yabo, futhi kungase kuvele ukuthi ama-antibiotic amasha ngeke abe nendawo yokuvela. Isizukulwane sokugcina sezidakamizwa sazalwa emuva kuma-70s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, futhi manje yonke imizamo yokuhlanganisa into entsha imidlalo enokuhlelwa kabusha kwamagama. Futhi edume kakhulu. Futhi okungaziwa, kubonakala sengathi, akusekho. Engqungqutheleni yesayensi nengokoqobo ethi "Ukuvikelwa Okuphephile Kwezingane Ezifweni" yangomhla zizi-4 kuJuni, 2012, lapho odokotela abaphambili, izazi ze-microbiology kanye nabamele imboni yezokwenziwa kwemithi bebambe iqhaza, kwakhala isililo sokuthi asikho isikhathi esisele sokuhlala esidala. izindlela ze-antibacterial. Futhi ukusetshenziswa okungafundile kwama-antibiotic atholakalayo ngodokotela bezingane nabazali ngokwabo - izidakamizwa zithengiswa ngaphandle kwencwadi kadokotela futhi "ekuthimula kokuqala" - kunciphisa lesi sikhathi ngokuqhubekayo. Kungenzeka ukuxazulula umsebenzi obekwe onqenqemeni okungenani ngezindlela ezimbili ezicacile - ukubheka amathuba amasha emkhakheni wemithi elwa namagciwane futhi usebenze ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwendawo yokugcina eqeda amandla, ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi ngakolunye, ukuze bheka ezinye izindlela. Bese kuvela into enelukuluku kakhulu. Ama-bacteriophages. Ngaphambi nje kokuqala kwenkathi "yemithi elwa namagciwane" nayo yonke imiphumela yayo, ososayensi bathola idatha yokuguqulwa komsebenzi we-antibacterial of phages. Ngo-1917, usosayensi ongumFulentshi waseCanada u-F. D'Herelle wathola ngokusemthethweni ama-bacteriophages, kodwa ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho, u-NF Gamaleya wakithi ngo-1898 ngokokuqala ngqa wabona futhi wachaza ukubhujiswa kwamagciwane ayingozi ngomunye “umenzeli” ophambene. Ngamafuphi, umhlaba wajwayelana nama-bacteriophages - ama-microorganisms azondla ngokoqobo amagciwane. Izindumiso eziningi ngalesi sihloko zaculwa, i-bacteriophages yaziqhenya ngendawo ohlelweni lwezinto eziphilayo, ivula amehlo ososayensi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka ezinkambisweni eziningi ezingaziwa kuze kube manje. Babanga umsindo omkhulu kwezokwelapha. Phela, kusobala ukuthi njengoba i-bacteriophages idla amagciwane, kusho ukuthi izifo zingelashwa ngokutshala i-colon of phages entweni ebuthakathaka. Bayeke bazidlise ngokwabo… Ngakho empeleni kwaba… Kwaze kwaba yilapho izingqondo zososayensi zishintshela emkhakheni wemithi elwa namagciwane owavela. Indida yomlando, maye, embuzweni othi “Kungani?” ayinikezi mpendulo. Isigaba semithi elwa namagciwane esakhiwe ngokugxuma kanye nemingcele futhi sahamba sinqamula iplanethi ngomzuzu nomzuzu, sibekela eceleni intshisekelo yamaphage. Kancane kancane, baqala ukukhohlwa, ukukhiqizwa kwancishiswa, futhi imvuthuluka esele yososayensi - abalandeli - bahlekwa usulu. Ngokungangabazeki, eNtshonalanga, ikakhulukazi eMelika, lapho babengenaso ngempela isikhathi sokubhekana nama-bacteriophages, bawaphika ngazo zonke izandla zabo, bethatha ama-antibiotics. Futhi ezweni lakithi, njengoba kwenzeka izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, bathatha imodeli angaphandle iqiniso. Ukukhuza: “Uma iMelika ingazibandakanyi nama-bacteriophages, akufanele sichithe isikhathi” kuzwakale njengemisho esiqondisweni sesayensi esithembisayo. Manje, lapho inkinga yangempela isikhulile kwezokwelapha kanye ne-microbiology, esongela, ngokusho kwalabo ababebuthene engqungqutheleni, ukuthi maduzane asiphonsi ngisho nasenkathini "yangaphambi kwama-antibiotic", kodwa "post-antibiotic" eyodwa, kukhona isidingo sokuthatha izinqumo ngokushesha. Umuntu angaqagela ukuthi impilo embi kangakanani emhlabeni lapho ama-antibiotics engasenamandla, ngoba ngenxa yokukhula kokulutha kwamagciwane, ngisho nezifo "ezijwayelekile" manje sezinzima kakhulu, futhi umkhawulo wabaningi babo usemncane ngokungenakunqotshwa, ukubukela phansi ukungatheleleki kwezizwe eziningi kakade zisencane. Intengo yokutholwa kukaFleming ivele yaba phezulu kakhulu, okuhambisana nenzalo enqwabelene eminyakeni eyikhulu ... Izwe lethu, njengelinye elithuthuke kakhulu emkhakheni we-microbiology futhi elithuthuke kakhulu emkhakheni wocwaningo lwe-bacteriophage, ligcine izindawo zokugcina ezikhuthazayo. Ngenkathi amanye amazwe athuthukile ekhohlwa ama-phages, ngandlela thize salondoloza futhi sandisa ulwazi lwethu ngawo. Kwaphuma into emnandi. Ama-bacteriophages "angabaphikisi" bemvelo bamagciwane. Eqinisweni, imvelo ehlakaniphile yazinakekela zonke izinto eziphilayo ekuqaleni kwayo. Ama-bacteriophages akhona inqobo nje uma ukudla kwawo kukhona - amagciwane, ngakho-ke, kusukela ekuqaleni kusukela ekudalweni komhlaba. Ngakho-ke, lo mbhangqwana - ama-phages - amagciwane - waba nesikhathi sokujwayelana futhi alethe indlela yokuphila okuphikisayo ekupheleleni. indlela ye-bacteriophage. Ukubheka ama-bacteriophages, ososayensi bathole isimanga kanye nendlela lokhu kusebenzisana. I-bacteriophage izwela kuphela ku-bacterium yayo, eyingqayizivele njengoba injalo. Le microorganism, efana nesicabucabu esinekhanda elikhulu, ihlezi phezu kwebhaktheriya, ibhoboza izindonga zayo, ingena ngaphakathi futhi iphindaphindeka kuze kufike ku-1000 we-bacteriophages efanayo. Bagqekeza ingqamuzana lebhaktheriya ngokomzimba futhi kufanele babheke entsha. Futhi kwenzeka ngemizuzu nje. Lapho nje "ukudla" kuphela, ama-bacteriophages ngenani elingashintshi (futhi esiphezulu) ashiya umzimba ovikele amagciwane ayingozi. Ayikho imiphumela emibi, ayikho imiphumela engalindelekile. Sebenza ngokunembile nangomqondo oyiqiniso wephuzu! Hhayi-ke, uma manje sehlulela ngokunengqondo, ama-bacteriophages angososayensi okungenzeka futhi okubaluleke kakhulu okunye okungokwemvelo komsebenzi wama-antibiotics. Ngokuqaphela lokhu, ososayensi bandisa ucwaningo lwabo nokufunda ukuze bathole ama-bacteriophage amasha engeziwe afanele izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlobo zamagciwane. Kuze kube manje, izifo eziningi ezibangelwa i-staphylococci, streptococci, dysentery kanye ne-Klebsiella bacilli ziphathwa ngempumelelo nge-bacteriophages. Le nqubo ithatha isikhathi esincane kakhulu kunenkambo efanayo yama-antibiotic, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ososayensi bayagcizelela, ukubuya emvelweni. Abukho udlame emzimbeni kanye “namakhemikhali” anobutha. Ama-bacteriophages akhonjiswa ngisho nasezinganeni nakomama abakhulelwe - futhi lezi zithameli zibucayi kakhulu. Ama-Phage ahambisana nanoma yisiphi "inkampani" yezidakamizwa, kufaka phakathi ama-antibiotic afanayo futhi, ngendlela, ahluke ngamakhulu ezikhathi zokumelana kancane. Yebo, futhi ngokuvamile, laba "bafana" bebelokhu benza umsebenzi wabo ngokushelela nangokuthula izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka, bevimbela amagciwane ekubhubhiseni sonke isisu emhlabeni wethu. Futhi ngeke kube kubi ukuthi umuntu anake lokhu. Umbuzo wokucabanga. Kodwa, kukhona izingibe kule ndlela ekhuthazayo. Ukusatshalaliswa kwekhwalithi yomqondo wokusebenzisa i-bacteriophages kuphazanyiswa ukuqwashisa okuphansi kodokotela "emkhakheni". Ngenkathi izakhamuzi ze-Olympus yesayensi zisebenzela impilo enhle yesizwe, ozakwabo abavamile ngokwengxenye enkulu abawaphuphi futhi abawazi umoya ngamathuba amasha. Omunye umane akafuni ukujula kokusha futhi kulula ukulandela izindlela zokwelapha esezivele "zigetshengwa", othile uthanda indawo yokuthengisa yokucebisa ngenxa yenzuzo yemithi elwa namagciwane ebiza kakhulu. Ukukhangisa ngobuningi kanye nokuba khona kwemithi elwa namagciwane kucindezela ngokuphelele owesifazane ovamile ukuthi athenge isibulala-magciwane ekhemisi adlule ihhovisi likadokotela wezingane. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ingabe kufanelekile ukukhuluma ngama-antibiotics ekufuyweni kwezilwane ... Imikhiqizo yenyama igxiliwe ngayo, njengekhekhe elinomvini omisiwe. Ngakho-ke, ngokudla inyama enjalo, sidla inqwaba yama-antibiotic ehlisa amandla ethu omzimba futhi ithinte ukumelana namagciwane emhlabeni jikelele. Ngakho-ke, i-bacteriophages - abangani abancane - ivula amathuba aphawulekayo kubantu ababona kude nabafundile. Kodwa-ke, ukuze babe yi-panacea yangempela, akumele baphinde iphutha lemithi elwa namagciwane - baphume ekulawuleni babe yinqwaba engafaneleki. Marina Kozhevnikova.
2022-11-11