Thei-anemia inkinga yezempilo ejwayelekile ebonakala ngokuthi a ukuntuleka kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu. Amangqamuzana abomvu egazi amangqamuzana atholakala egazini. Zisetshenziswa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukunikeza umoya-mpilo ezicutshini nasezithweni.

Abantu abane-anemia bangase bazizwe ukhathele et uphelelwa umusi kalula kakhulu kunokujwayelekile, ngoba izinhliziyo zabo kufanele zisebenze kanzima ukuze zinikeze imizimba yazo umoya-mpilo.

Ngokusho kweWorld Health Organisation, u-25% wabantu emhlabeni uhlushwa yi-anemia¹. Ingxenye yalezi zimo kucatshangwa ukuthi ibangelwa ukulahlekelwa okunomsoco ku iron. abesifazane abanesikhathi esinzima, izingane kanye izingane zasenkulisa kanye nabesifazane abakhulelwe basengozini enkulu ye-anemia.

Izimbangela

Izimo eziningana zingadala i-anemia.

• A iron ukuntula.
• A ukutholakala kwamavithamini.
• A isifo esingelapheki noma isifo somnkantsha.
• A isifo sofuzo, okuholela ngokwesibonelo ekubhujisweni okusheshayo kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi.
• A ukubola kwesisu, okungukuthi, ukugeleza kwegazi ngaphandle kwemithambo yegazi.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-anemia

• Ukushoda kwe-iron anemia. Iwuhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-anemia. Izikhathi ezinzima kanye nokudla okuncane okune-iron yizona zimbangela ezivame kakhulu. I-anemia yokuntuleka kwe-iron ishintsha usayizi wamangqamuzana abomvu egazi, abe mancane kunokuvamile (microcytic anemia). Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, bheka ikhasi lethu lamaqiniso le-Iron Deficiency Anemia.
• I-anemia ebangelwa ukuntuleka kwamavithamini. Lolu hlobo lwe-anemia lukhiqiza amangqamuzana egazi abomvu amakhulu kakhulu, akhubazekile (i-macrocytic anemia). Okuvame kakhulu yilezo ezibangelwa ukushoda kukavithamini B12 noma uvithamini B9 (folic acid). Esokuqala singenzeka ngenxa yokungatholi ukudla okwanele kwale vithamini, ukumuncwa kabi emathunjini, noma isimo esibizwa ngokuthi i-pernicious anemia. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, bheka ikhasi lethu lamaqiniso le-B12 yokuntuleka kwe-anemia.
• I-anemia ebangelwa isifo esingamahlalakhona. Izifo eziningi ezingapheli (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukwelashwa kwazo) zinganciphisa inani lamangqamuzana egazi abomvu ajikeleza egazini. Lokhu kunjalo ngomdlavuza, isifo sikaCrohn kanye nezifo ezivuvukalayo njenge-rheumatoid arthritis. Ukwehluleka kwezinso kungase futhi kubangele i-anemia ngoba izinso zikhiqiza i-erythropoietin, i-hormone ekhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Kodwa-ke, lezi zigcina usayizi wazo ojwayelekile nokubukeka kwazo (i-normocytic anemia).
• I-anemia ye-Hemorrhagic. Ukulahlekelwa igazi eliningi ngemva kwengozi enkulu, ukuhlinzwa noma ukubeletha, isibonelo, kungabangela ngokushesha i-anemia. Izinkinga ezithile zesisu (isilonda se-peptic, i-polyps yamathumbu noma umdlavuza we-colorectal) nazo zingaholela kukho, kodwa kulokhu kubangele ukulahlekelwa kwegazi okuncane futhi okuqhubekayo esitokisini (ngezinye izikhathi kungabonakali), isikhathi eside.
• I-hemolytic anemia. Lolu hlobo lwe-anemia lubonakala ngokubhujiswa ngokushesha kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Kungaba ngenxa yokusabela kwamasosha omzimba (i-autoimmune noma i-allergic), ukuba khona kobuthi egazini, izifo (isibonelo, umalaleveva), noma ngisho nokuzalwa (i-sickle cell anemia, i-thalassemia, njll.). Ifomu lokuzalwa lithinta kakhulu abantu bomdabu wase-Afrika.
• I-Sideroblastic anemia. Leli gama lihlanganisa iqembu le-anemia engavamile kakhulu lapho amangqamuzana egazi abomvu engakwazi ukulungisa insimbi ku-hemoglobin. Lena inkinga ye-enzymatic yemvelaphi yofuzo noma etholiwe. Amangqamuzana egazi abomvu abe mancane kunokuvamile.
• I-aplastic anemia (noma ipulasitiki). Lesi sifo esingavamile senzeka lapho umnkantsha ungasakhiqizi amangqamuzana egazi anele. Ngakho-ke, akukhona nje ukuntuleka kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi, kodwa futhi namangqamuzana amhlophe egazi namaplatelet egazi. Ezimweni ezingu-50%, i-aplastic anemia ibangelwa izinto ezinobuthi, izidakamizwa ezithile noma ukuchayeka emisebeni. Kungase futhi kuchazwe ngezifo ezimbi kakhulu, njengomdlavuza womnkantsha (isibonelo, i-leukemia).

kwesifo

Njengoba umuntu engakwazi ukuthembela ezimpawu zodwa ukuze asungule a zokuxilonga, kuyadingeka ukwenza ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri a isampula yegazi. Isibalo segazi esiphelele (isibalo segazi esiphelele) ngokuvamile sinqunywe udokotela.

Nazi 3 amapharamitha amakhulu :

• Izinga le-hemoglobin : ukuhlushwa kwe-hemoglobin (i-pigment yokuphefumula equkethwe kumaseli abomvu egazi) egazini, evezwe ngamagremu e-hemoglobin ilitha ngalinye legazi (g / l) noma nge-100 ml yegazi (g / 100 ml noma g / dl).
• Izinga le-Hematocrit : isilinganiso, esivezwa njengephesenti, yenani elisetshenziswa amangqamuzana egazi abomvu esampula yegazi (elidlule ku-centrifuge) ngokuhlobene nevolumu yegazi eliphelele eliqukethwe kule sampuli.
• Inani lamangqamuzana egazi abomvu : inani lamaseli abomvu egazi aqukethwe kumthamo wegazi elinikeziwe, ngokuvamile elivezwa ngezigidi zamaseli abomvu egazi nge-microliter ngayinye yegazi (izigidi / µl).

Amanani avamile

esasizizwa. Lawa manani e-hemoglobin ne-hematocrit ajwayelekile kubantu abangama-95%. Lokhu kusho ukuthi u-5% wabantu banamagugu "okungajwayelekile" ngenkathi benempilo enhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela esemikhawulweni ephansi evamile ingase ibonise ukuqala kwe-anemia uma ngokuvamile yayiphakeme.

nezinye ukuhlolwa kwegazi kungase kudingeke ukuze kucaciswe ukuxilongwa kanye nokuthola imbangela ye-anemia. Kuye ngecala, ukuhlolwa kwe izinqumo amangqamuzana abomvu egazi, umthamo we iron noma ehlukile amavithamini egazini, njll.