Elinye latiye lasendulo laseChina, leli gama livela edolobheni lasePu'er, lapho kuze kube yikhulu lesi-XNUMX lalisetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile esikhundleni semali. Iminyaka eminingi ezimakethe zaseTibet naseMongolia, i-pu-erh yashintshwa ngamahhashi, futhi manje isiqala ukuthandwa ngempela eRussia. Itiye eliwumlingo, umuthi wemvelo, ubuhle kanye netiye lentsha, isiphuzo se-emperor, umcebo wezwe waseShayina - konke lokhu kumayelana naye.
Ngesikhathi sobukhosi baseTang (618-907), u-pu-erh walethwa eTibet evela ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene. Ukuze kube lula ukuhamba, yayicindezelwa kuma-pancake nezitini, ithuthwe ngamakharavani. Phakathi nohambo olude, isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu kwashintsha kusuka komile kuya kunomswakama kakhulu; ngakho, lapho umahamba-nendlwana ufika eTibet, i-pu-erh evela etiyeni eliluhlaza yaphenduka itiye elimnyama elithambile. Ngakho-ke ngokwemvelo wawela kalula ekuvubeleni ngenxa yokuthi waqala waba manzi futhi wabe eseyoma. Abantu balubona lolu shintsho futhi uPu-erh waduma esigabeni esiphezulu somphakathi.
IPuer City itholakala maphakathi nesifundazwe saseYunnan. Itiye alizange likhiqizwe edolobheni ngokwalo, kwakukhona imakethe enkulu kunazo zonke, lapho itiye ilethwa khona ezintabeni eziseduze nasezifundeni zokuhweba. Kwakusuka kuleli dolobha lapho amakharavani asuka khona - futhi lonke itiye lalezi zindawo laqala ukubizwa ngokuthi "puer".
Yini ekulo?
Ukunambitheka kwe-pu-erh kucacile: uyayithanda noma ufulathele ngokuzonda. Ikakhulukazi, i-pu-erh endala inokunambitheka okuthile, okuhlotshaniswa ngokuyinhloko nesitoreji (esomile noma esimanzi). Uma i-sheng pu-erh encane ingeyekhwalithi enhle, khona-ke inambitheka kahle. Ngokuvamile, ukunambitheka kwe-pu-erh kuhluke kakhulu futhi wonke umuntu angathola "amanothi" ngendlela ayithandayo.
Ukuqala kobudlelwane bomuntu netiye kwehla emlandweni weminyaka eyinkulungwane ngaphambi kokuba kukhulunywe ngayo ezincwadini. Ekuqaleni, itiye laliphuzwa izangoma zezizwe zendawo, izinyanga nezangoma ezazihlala ehlathini futhi zilisebenzise ukuguqula umoya, umzimba nengqondo, ukwelapha abanye futhi ukudlulisela ukuhlakanipha kubafundi. Kamuva, abelaphi abangamaTao nabo balithanda itiye. Kuze kube namuhla, ezinye izizwe zaseYunnai zikhulekela izihlahla ezindala ze-pu-erh. Bakholelwa ukuthi konke ukuphila nabantu ngokwabo kwavela kubo.
Izimfihlo zokukhiqiza
I-China ihlale ithathwa njengezwe elidalula izimfihlo zalo ngokungananazi. Izimfihlo zokukhiqiza bezilokhu ziqashwe ngokucophelela kusukela kudala. Yiqiniso, ezweni lanamuhla lobuchwepheshe bolwazi, cishe azikho izimfihlo ezisele. Nokho, ukuze uqedele ngekhono zonke izigaba zokucubungula i-pu-erh, udinga ulwazi oluningi.
Kukholakala ukuthi i-pu-erh engcono kakhulu ikhiqizwa esifundeni i-Xi Shuan Ban Na. Kunezintaba zetiye ezi-6 ezidumile - i-pu-erh eqoqwe kulezi zindawo yayibhekwa njengengcono kakhulu. Umlando wezintaba usukela kumkhuzi odumile uZhu Ge Liang (181-234). Washiya izinto ezihlukahlukene entabeni ngayinye ezazisebenza njengegama lalezi zintaba: I-Yu Le gong yethusi, i-cauldron yethusi ka-Man Zhi, insimbi yensimbi kaMan Zhuang, isihlalo sehhashi i-Ge Dan, isishayi sezinkuni sika-Yi Bang, isikhwama sembewu sika-Man Sa. Futhi ebukhosini bakwa-Qing (1644-1911) kwakudumile ukuqoqa i-pu-erh ezintabeni ze-Yi Wu - yayithathwa njengengcono kakhulu futhi yanikelwa kumbusi.
Ezinsukwini zakudala, imizila yokuhweba emide futhi enzima emahlathini emvula ashisayo yayikhuthaza ukuvutshelwa kwemvelo (ukuvutshelwa), ngakho itiye lahamba emgwaqweni, lisaluhlaza, futhi "livuthwa" ekuhambeni. Lenziwa kanjani itiye namuhla? Zonke izimfihlo zizotshelwa nguDenis Mikhailov, umfundi wesikole saseCha Dao "Indlu yeHermit's Tea". Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-8 efunda ubuciko betiye, ungumsunguli we-Moscow "Tea Hut" kanye nomqambi wesitolo setiye esiphilayo "Puerchik".
UDenis: “Intwasahlobo ibhekwa njengenkathi engcono kakhulu yokuqoqa i-pu-erh, okungenani ekwindla. Okokuqala, i-pu-erh i-Mao Cha (itiye elimahhadla) - lawa amaqabunga agayiwe nje. Bese bacindezelwa "kuma-pancake" noma bashiywe bekhululekile.
Imininingwane yokukhiqiza imi kanje. Amaqabunga asanda kukhiwa angeniswa endlini futhi abekwe phezu komata boqalo ukuze babune. Inhloso yokubuna wukunciphisa kancane umswakama wamaqabunga ukuze aguquguquke futhi angalimazi ngokuqhubeka nokucutshungulwa. Ukubuna kufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela kakhulu ukuze amaqabunga angafaki oxidize ngaphezu kwalokho okudingekayo. Amaqabunga etiye ayekwa ukuze ome isikhathi esithile ngaphandle, bese ebekwa endaweni enomoya omuhle.
Lokhu kulandelwa inqubo yokugazinga ku-cauldron ye-Sha Qing lapho ukunambitheka okuluhlaza kwamaqabunga kususwa (ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo zibaba kakhulu ukuzidla ngokushesha). E-Yunnan, inqubo isenziwa ngesandla, kuma-woks amakhulu (amapani okuthosa endabuko aseShayina) naphezu komlilo wezinkuni. Ngemva kokuwoswa, amaqabunga ayagoqwa - futhi ngesandla, kusetshenziswa inqubo ekhethekile (inqubo efana nokuxova inhlama). Lokhu kubhidliza ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana amaqabunga, okubuye kukhuthaze i-oxidation eyengeziwe nokuvutshelwa. Khona-ke itiye lesikhathi esizayo liyomiswa elangeni. Lokhu kumele kwenziwe ngokucophelela kakhulu ukuze kungonakali amaqabunga. Ngokuvamile, amaqabunga omisiwe ekuseni noma kusihlwa, lapho ilanga lingaqinile kakhulu. Ngemva kokumisa, i-Mao Cha isilungile. Bese beqala ukulihlukanisa libe izinhlobo ngokusho kwekhwalithi yeshidi.
Izici ezimbili ezihluke kakhulu zokwenza i-pu-erh ukugazinga ku-cauldron ye-Sha Qing nokomisa elangeni. Ukushisa i-pu-erh akufanele kumise i-oxidation, kodwa ukomisa elangeni kunikeza isiphuzo esizayo ukunambitheka okuthile, ukuthungwa kanye nephunga. Ukucubungula okunjalo kusiza amandla ezintaba kanye nehlathi, lapho itiye lakhula khona, ukuhlala kulo isikhathi eside.
I-Pu-erh endala nentsha
Abaningi bama edidekile ngemva kwamagama athi “wild puer”. Eqinisweni, izihlahla zetiye zasendle ziyizitshalo ezindala ezilondoloziwe ezineminyaka eyikhulu noma ngaphezulu ubudala. Zingahlukaniswa zibe zasendle ekuqaleni - lezi yizo ezikhula ngokwemvelo emvelweni - futhi zitshalwe ngabantu, okuthe amakhulu eminyaka agijima endle futhi ahlanganiswa nezinye izitshalo.
Emhlabeni wanamuhla, u-Pu-erh wathola ukuthandwa kwawo e-Hong Kong, lapho ahlinzekwa khona kusukela ekupheleni kwe-Qing Dynasty. E-China ngokwayo ngaleso sikhathi yayingathandwa futhi yayibhekwa njengetiye elishibhile eliqinile. Ngenxa yomswakama ophezulu kakhulu e-Hong Kong, i-pu-erh ivuthwe ngokushesha futhi yathola ongoti abaningi. Njengewayini, leli tiye liyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, libe ngcono, yingakho ladonsa ukunaka kwabaqoqi abaningi ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokwemvelo, ngemva kwalokho, amasheya e-pu-erh endala aqala ukwehla. Khona-ke ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Shu pu-erh kwaqala (okuningi kuyo ngezansi). Kamuva, ngawo-1990, i-pu-erh yakudala yathola ukuduma e-Taiwan. Abantu base-Taiwan babe ngabokuqala ukuya e-Yunnan ukuyozenzela eyabo i-pu-erh. Bazibandakanya kakhulu ekutadisheni kwayo futhi baqala ukubuyisela izindlela zokupheka zasendulo. Isibonelo, kusukela ngawo-1950 kuya ku-1990, i-pu-erh yayikhiqizwa ikakhulukazi ezihlahleni ezincane - njengetiye elishibhile neliqinile, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla. Yile ndlela i-pu-erh yangempela evela ezihlahleni ezindala, ezenziwe ngendlela engcono kakhulu ngabantu betiye, yazuza ukuduma futhi. Kwakusekuqaleni kwawo-2000 kuphela lapho i-pu-erh yaqala khona ukuzuza umfutho futhi e-China.
UDenis: “Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-pu-erh: i-sheng (eluhlaza) kanye ne-shu (emnyama). I-Sheng pu-erh amaqabunga acutshungulwa afika esimweni se-mao cha (itiye elimahhadla). Ngemuva kwalokho, njengoba sekushiwo kakade, itiye licindezelwa "kuma-pancake" noma lishiywe likhululekile. Bese-ke, njengoba iguga ngokwemvelo, iphenduka ibe i-sheng pu-erh endala. I-Shu pu-erh i-sheng pu-erh evutshelwe ngokungemthetho yi-Wo Dui. Ukulungiselela kwayo, i-Mao Cha ihlanganiswe, ithululwe ngamanzi akhethekile avela emthonjeni futhi ihlanganiswe ngendwangu. Le nqubo ithatha cishe inyanga, lapho i-pu-erh emnyama itholakala ku-pu-erh eluhlaza. Yasungulwa ngeminyaka yawo-1970, le nqubo bekufanele iphindaphinde izimfanelo ze-old sheng pu-erh, okuthatha amashumi eminyaka ukuguga ngokwemvelo. Yiqiniso, kwakungenakwenzeka ukukhiqiza ngenyanga lokho okwenziwa yimvelo eminyakeni engu-70-100. Kodwa kwavela kanje uhlobo olusha lwe-pu-erh.
Ku-sheng pu-erh (ngokungafani no-shu), izinto zokusetshenziswa zibalulekile. I-sheng pu-erh enhle yenziwa ngezinto ezingcono kakhulu zokusetshenziswa ezihlahleni ezindala ezivunwa entwasahlobo nasekwindla. Futhi ku-shu pu-erh, ubuchwepheshe bokuvutshelwa bubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, i-shu pu-erh yenziwa ngezihlahla zokuvuna zasehlobo. Kodwa-ke, i-shu engcono kakhulu yenziwa kusukela ekuvuneni kwentwasahlobo.
Kunezintaba eziningi lapho i-pu-erh ikhula khona, futhi, ngokufanele, ukunambitheka okuhlukahlukene namaphunga. Kodwa kunomehluko omkhulu: i-sheng pu-erh encane ngokuvamile inokufakwa okuluhlaza, ukunambitheka kwembali-izithelo kanye nephunga. Ukufakwa kwe-shu pu-erh kumnyama ngombala, futhi ukunambitheka nephunga elimnandi kukhilimu, ukungcola kanye nomhlaba. I-Shu pu-erh ilungele ukufudumala, kuyilapho i-sheng encane ilungele ukupholisa.
Kukhona ne-pu-erh emhlophe - lena i-sheng pu-erh, eyenziwe ngezinso ngokuphelele. Futhi i-purple pu-erh i- sheng pu-erh evela ezihlahleni zasendle ezinamahlamvu ansomi.”
Indlela yokukhetha nokuphuza utshwala?
UDenis: “Ngingaluleka kuqala ukuthi ukhethe i-organic pu-erh. Leli tiye litshalwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umanyolo wamakhemikhali, izibulala-zinambuzane nezibulala ukhula. I-pu-erh enjalo ine-Qi eqinile (amandla etiye), enomphumela onenzuzo emzimbeni. Itiye elikhuliswe “ngekhemikhali” line-qi encane futhi alinampilo. Uma ungumuntu ongadli imifino futhi uphila impilo enempilo, kuzoba lula kuwe ukuzwa i-Qi yetiye eliphilayo futhi ulijabulele ngokugcwele.
Iseluleko sabathandi be-pu-erh abasaqalayo: I-shu pu-erh kumele ithengwe kubakhiqizi abakhulu - bangakwazi ukukhokhela ubunyumba bokukhiqiza, okubaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni leli tiye. I-Sheng pu-erh ingcono ukuyithenga ezindaweni zetiye – lezi izitolo zabathandi betiye abazikhiqizela bona itiye noma ezilawula inqubo yokukhiqiza.
I-Organic pu-erh evunwa ezihlahleni ezindala ezivunwe entwasahlobo ingcono kakhulu, kodwa i-shu pu-erh ingenziwa futhi ngezihlahla.
Yonke i-pu-erh yenziwa ngamanzi abilayo (cishe ama-degree angama-98). Nge-sheng pu-erh, udinga ukuqaphela futhi ubale kahle inani layo, ngaphandle kwalokho isiphuzo singase sibe muncu. I-Sheng pu-erh iphuzwa kakhulu ezitsheni. I-sheng pu-erh ekhululekile ingafakwa endishini (isitsha esikhulu) futhi ivele ithele ngamanzi abilayo - lena yindlela elula yokuphuza itiye. Le ndlela isixhuma nemvelo: isitsha nje, amaqabunga namanzi. Uma itiye licindezelwa, kungcono ukusebenzisa i-teapot, bese uyithululela ezitsheni. Uma sifuna ukuzwa izici ezicashile nama-nuances okunambitheka kwe-pu-erh, kufanele-ke yenziwe kusetshenziswa indlela ye-Gongfu. I-Gongfu iyitiye yobumba ye-Yixing nezinkomishi ezincane zobumba. Ngokuvamile ama-teas angcono kakhulu aphuzwa ngale ndlela - isibonelo, i-sheng eneminyaka engu-15-30 ubudala.
I-Shu pu-erh ayinasizotha kakhulu ekukhiqizeni (noma iyiphi indlela yokuphuza izokwenza), kuhle ngisho nalapho ifakwe ngokuqinile. Ngezinye izikhathi, lapho kuphuzwa sekwephuzile, kuhle ukwengeza i-chrysanthemum yeqhwa ku-shu pu-erh futhi uqhubeke ukuphuza ngokuqhubekayo. Futhi imiqumbe evela ezihlahleni zasendle i-Ya Bao izohamba kahle e-sheng. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lawa tiye angcono kakhulu ekuphuzweni.”
Amaqiniso Okuthakazelisayo
UDenis: “Kunamaphuzu amahlanu enza itiye le-pu-erh likhethekile:
1 indawo. Isifundazwe sase-Yunnan siyihlathi elinomlingo elidlidliza ngokuphila. Kuyikhaya lama-25% azo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo ezihlala eChina. Cishe wonke amakhambi asetshenziswa emithini yendabuko yamaShayina avela eYunnan futhi, vele, itiye liwumuthi ongcono kakhulu phakathi kwazo. Zonke izitshalo lapha zikhula zibe zinkulu, zibe zinkulu kunezinye izindawo.
2) Izihlahla zasendulo. Isihlahla se-pu-erh esidala kunazo zonke sineminyaka engama-3500 ubudala. Lonke itiye livela ezitshalweni ezinjalo. Izihlahla zasendulo ezinjalo zinesiqu eside ezimunca ngaso amandla elanga nenyanga. Izimpande zawo ezinkulu, ezifinyelela ekujuleni komhlaba, zingafinyelela kumaminerali nezinto okungekho esinye isitshalo esingafinyelela kuzo. Wonke lamaminerali nezinto ezidingekayo kumuntu futhi angatholakala ngetiye nje.
3) Amanzi acwebile acwebile ehla eziqongweni zezintaba ze-Himalaya, aba namaminerali endleleni yehla ethafeni laseTibet futhi ondle ngokuqhubekayo zonke izihlahla zetiye.
4) Itiye eliphilayo. I-Pu-erh inenani elikhulu kakhulu letiye eliphilayo. Leli yitiye elikhuliswa kusuka embewini ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukuchelela kanye "namakhemikhali". Unendawo eyanele yokukhula (ngezinye izikhathi izihlahla zitshalwa zibuyela emuva futhi azinayo indawo yokukhula). Abantu abakhiqiza itiye ngokwabo bayayithanda imvelo futhi bayavumelana nayo.
5) Amagciwane nama-microorganisms ahlala ezihlahleni ze-pu-erh (bese-ke "ku-pancake" ngokwayo) akhethekile kakhulu. Kungenxa yosizo lwabo ukuthi itiye liguqulwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi libe eliyingqayizivele. Manje sekunama-sheng pu-erh aneminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu ubudala. Lawa teas ayamangalisa. Lesi yisipho esihle kakhulu semvelo kubantu! Inqubo yokuvela kwetiye elinjalo kunzima ukuyiqonda, kuze kube manje kuseyimpicabadala esingayithatha kalula.”