Ungabuka ividiyo ethinta inhliziyo ku-YouTube kusukela ekuzalweni kuka-Louise Brown, owazalwa ngoJulayi 25, 1978 esibhedlela sase-Oldham. Izikhathi zokuqala zokuphila kwakhe zazifana nanoma yimuphi umntwana osanda kuzalwa: intombazane yagezwa, yakala futhi yahlolwa. Wazalwa ngokuhlinzwa, nokho-ke, uLouise wayengumzwelo wesayensi - ingane yokuqala ukuzalwa nge-IVF.
- Eminyakeni engama-40 eyedlule, kwazalwa ingane yokuqala eyakhulelwa nge-IVF
- Ngalezo zinsuku, ukuvundisa nge-in vitro kwakubhekwa njengendlela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ama-oocyte abe esevunwa nge-laparoscopy ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia ejwayelekile. Ngemva kokuhlinzwa, lona wesifazane kwadingeka alale esibhedlela izinsuku ezimbalwa futhi abe ngaphansi kokunakekelwa njalo kodokotela
- Ngokusho kochwepheshe, eminyakeni engu-20 kusukela kumaphesenti angama-50 kuye kwangama-60. izingane zizokhulelwa ngenxa yendlela ye-IVF
Manje sekuyiminyaka engu-40 uLouise akhulelwa. Kwenzeka ngoNovemba 10, 1977, ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yocwaningo olwenziwe ngu-prof. URobert Edwards noDkt. Patrick Steptoe, abangochwepheshe besu eliye lanikeza izigidi zemibhangqwana emhlabeni wonke ithuba lokuba nenzalo.
Inqubo ye-in vitro fertilization, ngamagama alula, ihlanganisa ukukhipha iqanda eshubhuni yowesifazane wesifazane, ukumvundisa ngesidoda elabhorethri futhi kufakwe iqanda elivundisiwe - umbungu - ukubuyisela esibelethweni ukuze athuthuke ngokwengeziwe. Namuhla, le ndlela yokwelapha ubunyumba ayizwakali futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi - ngenxa yalokho, izingane ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezinhlanu ziye zazalwa kule minyaka engamashumi amane edlule. Nokho, ekuqaleni ukuvundiswa kwe-in vitro kwabangela impikiswano enkulu.
UProf. Edwards kanye noDkt. Steptoe ukuze babheke indlela yokuzalanisa iqanda lomuntu elabhorethri, ngaphandle kwesimiso sokuzala sowesifazane, nokuletha umbungu esigabeni se-blastocyst. Ngo-1968, lapho uProf. U-Edward wafinyelela umgomo wakhe - ukuwina uMklomelo KaNobel ngo-2010 - i-embryology yayiwumkhakha omusha wesayensi ongazange uphakamise ithemba elikhulu.
Kwaze kwaba ngemva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye lapho unina kaLouise, uLesley Brown, eba ngowesifazane wokuqala emhlabeni ukukhulelwa ngenxa yendlela yokukhulelwa kwe-in vitro eyakhiwa ososayensi ababili baseBrithani. Ngo-1980 - eminyakeni emibili ngemva kokuzalwa kukaLouise - uprofesa. U-Edward noDkt. Steptoe bavula i-Bourn Hall Clinic edolobheni elincane lase-Cambridgeshire, umtholampilo wokuqala emhlabeni wonke wenzalo. Ngenxa yakhe, kwazalwa izinkulungwane zezingane zamashubhu okuhlola.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwalo mkhakha wesayensi, ngandlela thile, kuyizithelo zoguquko kwezocansi e-Great Britain eminyakeni engu-60 - Ngemva kweminyaka engu-60, abesifazane abaningi babe "memento" yamashubhu e-fallopian awonakaliswe izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi ezifana ne-chlamydia - uthi. UDkt. Mike Macnamee, umqondisi wamanje womtholampilo i-Bourn Hall, osebenze lapho no-Stepto no-Edwards kusukela ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe. - Ngalezo zinsuku, amaphesenti angu-80. ezigulini zethu kwabhujiswa amashubhu fallopian, uma kuqhathaniswa namuhla le nkinga ngamaphesenti 20-30. iziguli zesifazane.
Emashumini amane eminyaka edlule, i-IVF kwakuyinqubo yezokwelapha engathi sína futhi eyinkimbinkimbi. Ama-oocyte aqoqwa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-laparoscopic ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia evamile - owesifazane wayevame ukuhlala ewodini lomtholampilo izinsuku ezine noma ezinhlanu. Phakathi nesikhathi sonke sokuhlala esibhedlela, odokotela baqapha izinga lamahomoni esiguli, ngenxa yale njongo, umchamo wakhe wawuqoqwa amahora angu-24 ngosuku. Umtholampilo wawunemibhede engu-30, eyayihlala igcwele - isikhathi eside kwakuyiyona ndawo kuphela emhlabeni enikeza ukwelashwa kwe-IVF. Abasebenzi basebenze ubusuku nemini.
Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s lapho kwasungulwa indlela ye-ultrasound-guided sedation eyavumela owesifazane ukuthi abuyele ekhaya ngalolo suku. Ekuqaleni, izinga lokuzalwa emtholampilo wase-Bourn Hall laliphansi kakhulu, liyi-15% nje kuphela. - uma kuqhathaniswa, namuhla isilinganiso sikazwelonke singamaphesenti angama-30.
- Asizange sibe phambili emhlabeni wesayensi kuphela, kodwa futhi singamaphayona e-vitro kusukela ohlangothini lokuziphatha. Sikunqobile ukwamukelwa kwale ndlela, kusho uDkt Macnamee. - UBob noPatrick babonise ukuphikelela okumangalisayo kulezi zikhathi ezinzima. Abawine uMklomelo KaNobel abakhulu babamangalela ngokubulala izinsana, kuyilapho izazi zezokwelapha nezesayensi zaziziqhelelanisa nazo, okwakunzima kakhulu kubo.
Ukuzalwa kukaLouise Brown kwaphakamisa ukwesaba kokuthi ososayensi babedala “izingane zikaFrankenstein.” Abaholi bezenkolo baxwayise ngokugxambukela ngokuzenzela inqubo yokudala ukuphila. Ngemva kokuzalwa kwendodakazi yabo, umndeni wakwaBrown wagcwala izincwadi ezisongelayo. Kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwawo-90 lapho isimo somphakathi saqala ukushintsha.
“Umsebenzi wethu eBourn Hall kwakuwukufundisa nokwenza isithakazelo,” kusho uDkt. Macnamee. – Besilokhu sivulekile futhi sithembekile.
Ngeshwa, ngezinga eliphansi kangaka lempumelelo emibhangqwaneni eminingi, ukwelapha kwaphela ngokudumala. Kodwa kwakukhona nalabo ababenenkani ababengadikibali. Esinye seziguli zasemtholampilo sazama izikhathi ezingu-17 ngaphambi kokuba sibelethe indodana.
‘Isifiso sokuba nomntwana sikhulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma ungakwazi ukukhulelwa, kangangokuthi abantu bakulungele ngempela ukuzidela,’ kuphawula uDkt Macnamee. - Kuyisibopho sethu ukucacisa lokho okulindelekile kwabashadile ngaphambi kokuba baqale ukwelapha.
Yiqiniso, akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi ukukwenza. "Imibhangqwana ayiphakanyiswa ukuthi i-IVF izohluleka," kusho uSusan Seenan, umqondisi weFertility Network UK. - Kodwa wonke umuntu uyakwazi ukufinyelela izibalo.
Akubona bonke abafanelekela ukwelashwa. Ngokuvumelana nezincomo zango-2013 zeNational Institutes of Health and Care (NICE) eNgilandi naseWales, abesifazane abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-40 banelungelo lemijikelezo emithathu ye-IVF ngezindleko zeNational Health Service, inqobo nje uma bezame bengaphumeleli iminyaka emibili, noma engu-12. imizamo yokufaka amadlozi ngokwenziwa ayiphumelelanga. Abesifazane abaneminyaka engu-40 kuya ku-42 banelungelo lomjikelezo owodwa wokubuyiselwa imali. Kodwa-ke, isinqumo sokugcina mayelana nokuthi ubani onelungelo le-IVF yamahhala endaweni ethile senziwa amakhomishana wendawo yezinkontileka zesevisi yezokwelapha, anganikezi njalo imijikelezo eminingi njengoba kunconywe i-NICE.
Ngakho-ke, emibhangqwaneni yaseBrithani efaka isicelo somntwana, ukufaneleka kwenqubo ilotho yekheli. - Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi imibhangqwana emibili ehlala emgwaqweni owodwa kodwa eyabelwe ama-GPs ahlukene inelungelo lenombolo ehlukile yemijikelezo ye-IVF yamahhala, ngoba odokotela babo bangaphansi kwamakomiti ahlukene - kuchaza uSeenan. - Okwamanje, amakomiti ayisikhombisa awabuyiseli nhlobo izinqubo ze-in vitro.
Njengoba umbhangqwana oyedwa kwabayisithupha unenkinga yokukhulelwa e-UK, imboni yokwelapha inzalo iyadlondlobala. Ochwepheshe balinganisela ukuthi njengamanje kuwu-£ 600m (kucatshangwa ukuthi umjikelezo we-IVF okhokhelwayo ubiza u-£ XNUMX kuya ku-£ XNUMX).
“Abesifazane abaningi bayehluleka ukukhulelwa ngemva komjikelezo owodwa we-IVF,” kusho uSeenan. – Okwesibili, amathuba aphezulu, kodwa abanye bakhulelwa ngemva komjikelezo wesine, wesihlanu, noma wesithupha. Owesifazane osemncane, amathuba amaningi okuphumelela.
Kungakhathaliseki ubudala - ngokusho kukaSeenan, kuyinganekwane ukuthi iningi leziguli ngabesifazane abaye bahlehlisa ukuba ngumama isikhathi eside futhi manje, ngenxa yokukhula kwabo, abakwazi ukukhulelwa ngokwemvelo - i-IVF iyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. Okokuqala, kudinga isikhathi nokuvakashelwa okuningi kuchwepheshe. Owesifazane kufanele aphuze imithi ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganisa. ukuzinzisa izinga lamahomoni.
“Izidakamizwa zingakulethela esimweni esibukeka njengokunqamuka kokuya esikhathini, futhi abesifazane abaningi abakuthathi kahle,” kuchaza uSeenan. Iziguli nazo zinikezwa izidakamizwa ezikhuthaza umsebenzi wama-ovari - zinikezwa ngendlela yokujova. Kulesi sigaba, isimo sama-ovari kufanele sigadwe njalo ukuze angashukunyiswa ngokweqile.
Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa ngezidakamizwa, abesifazane bazizwa bekhathele, bavuvukele futhi banemizwa eshintshashintshayo. Nokho, kwabanye, into enzima kakhulu ukulinda amasonto amabili ukufakwa kwe-embryo kanye nokuxilongwa kokukhulelwa.
Yingakho ososayensi ezikhungweni zokucwaninga emhlabeni wonke bezama njalo ukuthuthukisa indlela yokuvundisa nge-in vitro. Muva nje kusungulwe ilabhorethri entsha e-Bourn Hall ukuze kuphenywe ukuthi kungani amaqanda athile engavuthwa ngendlela efanele, okuyimbangela evamile yokuphuphuma kwezisu nokungatholi abantwana kwabesifazane asebekhulile. Yilabhorethri yokuqala eYurophu ene-microscope yesimanje evumela ukubuka bukhoma ukuthuthukiswa kwamangqamuzana amaqanda.
UDkt. Macnamee ubikezela ukuthi eminyakeni engu-20 izinga lokuzalwa liyoba phakathi kwamaphesenti angu-50 nangu-60. Ngokubona kwakhe, ososayensi cishe bazokwazi futhi ukulungisa ukungahambi kahle kwemibungu. Umbono womphakathi uzophinde uvumelane nenqubekelaphambili yesayensi.
‘Kufanele vele kube nenkulumompikiswano engathi sína mayelana nokuthi singahamba ibanga elingakanani,’ kunezela uDkt Macnamee.