Okuqukethwe
Ngokocwaningo, ukucwasa kwezenhlalo kwavela njengengxenye yokuziphatha kokuzivikela. I-Xenophobia isekelwe ezindleleni ezifanayo ezivikela umzimba ekuhlangabezaneni nezifo eziyingozi. Ingabe kufanele kusolwe izakhi zofuzo noma ingabe singazishintsha izinkolelo zethu ngokuqaphela?
Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uDan Gottlieb ujwayelene nonya lwabantu ngokokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe. Uthi: “Abantu bayafulathela. “Bakugwema ukungibheka emehlweni, basheshe bahole izingane zabo.” U-Gottlieb wasinda ngokuyisimangaliso ngemva kwengozi embi yemoto, eyamenza waba ongasebenzi: wonke uhhafu wakhe ongezansi womzimba wakhe wawukhubazekile. Abantu basabela kabi ebukhoneni bakhe. Kuvele ukuthi umuntu ohamba ngesihlalo esinamasondo wenza abanye bangakhululeki baze bangakwazi nokukhuluma naye. “Ngake ngisesitolo sokudla nendodakazi yami, wabe eseyibuza uweta, hhayi mina, ukuthi ngizohlala kuphi ngokukhululeka! Ngatshela indodakazi yami, “Mtshele ukuthi ngifuna ukuhlala kulelotafula.”
Manje indlela uGottlieb asabela ngayo ezigamekweni ezinjalo isishintshe ngokuphawulekayo. Wayevame ukuthukuthela futhi azizwe ethukwa, ehlazekile futhi engakufanelekeli ukuhlonishwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi isizathu sokunengeka kwabantu kufanele sifunwe ekukhathazekeni nasekungaphatheki kahle kwabo. Uthi: “Okubi kakhulu ngivele ngizwelane nabo.
Abaningi bethu abafuni ukwahlulela abanye ngokubukeka kwabo. Kodwa, uma sikhuluma iqiniso, sonke okungenani ngezinye izikhathi sibhekana nokungakhululeki noma ukunengeka lapho sibona owesifazane okhuluphele ehlezi esihlalweni esilandelayo emgwaqweni ongaphansi komhlaba.
Sibona ngokungazi noma yikuphi ukubonakaliswa okungajwayelekile “njengokuthi kuyingozi”
Ngokocwaningo lwamuva nje, ubandlululo olunjalo luye lwavela njengolunye lwezinhlobo zokuziphatha ezivikelayo ezisiza umuntu ukuba azivikele ezifweni ezingase zibe khona. UMark Scheller, uprofesa wezengqondo e-University of British Columbia, ubiza le nqubo ngokuthi “ukuchema kokuzivikela.” Lapho sibona uphawu lokugula okungenzeka komunye umuntu—ikhala eligijima noma isilonda esingavamile esikhumbeni—sivame ukumgwema lowo muntu.”
Kwenzeka okufanayo lapho sibona abantu abahluke kithi ngokubukeka - ukuziphatha okungavamile, izingubo zokugqoka, ukwakheka komzimba kanye nokusebenza. Uhlobo lwezivikeli mzimba zokuziphatha kwethu luyaqaliswa - isu lokungazi lutho, inhloso yalo okungekona ukuphula umthetho komunye, kodwa ukuvikela impilo yethu.
"I-Defensive Bias" esenzweni
NgokukaScheller, amasosha omzimba azwela kakhulu. Inxephezela ukuntuleka komzimba kwezindlela zokuqaphela amagciwane namagciwane. Ukuhlangabezana nanoma yikuphi ukubonakaliswa okungavamile, sikubona ngokungazi “njengokuthi kuyingozi”. Yingakho sinengekile futhi sigwema cishe noma yimuphi umuntu obukeka engavamile.
Indlela efanayo isekela ukusabela kwethu hhayi kuphela “kokungajwayelekile”, kodwa futhi “kokusha”. Ngakho-ke, uScheller uphinde abheke “ubandlululo oluvikelayo” njengembangela yokungathembani okungokwemvelo kubantu ongabazi. Ngokombono wokuzivikela, sidinga ukuqapha kulabo abaziphatha noma ababukeka ngendlela engavamile, abangaphandle, abaziphatha ngendlela engalindelekile kithi.
Ubandlululo luyakhula ngezikhathi lapho umuntu esengozini enkulu yokuthola izifo
Ngokuthakazelisayo, izindlela ezifanayo ziye zabonwa phakathi kwabamele umhlaba wezilwane. Ngakho, sekuyisikhathi eside izazi zezinto eziphilayo zazi ukuthi izimfene zivame ukugwema amalungu agulayo eqembu lawo. Idokhumentari kaJane Goodall ikhombisa lesi simo. Lapho imfene, umholi weqembu, inovendle futhi isele ikhubazeke kancane, bonke abanye baqala ukuyidlula.
Kuvele ukuthi ukungabekezelelani nokucwasa kuwuhlangothi oluphambene nesifiso sokuzivikela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sizama kangakanani ukufihla ukumangala, ukunengeka, ukuphoxeka lapho sihlangana nabantu abahlukile kithi, le mizwa ikhona ngaphakathi kwethu ngokungazi. Bangaqongelela futhi baholele imiphakathi yonke ekucwaseni abokufika kanye nodlame olubhekiswe kubantu bangaphandle.
Ingabe ukubekezelelana kuwuphawu lokugoma okuhle?
Ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo, ukukhathazeka mayelana nokwenzeka kokugula kuhambisana nokucwaswa kwabokufika. Abahlanganyeli ocwaningweni bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili. Esokuqala siboniswe izithombe zamanxeba avulekile nabantu abanezifo ezimbi kakhulu. Iqembu lesibili alizange liboniswe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababambiqhaza abasanda kubona izithombe ezingajabulisi bathambekele kabi kakhulu kubameleli bobuzwe obuhlukile.
Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ubandlululo luyakhula ngezikhathi lapho umuntu esengozini enkulu yokuthola izifo. Isibonelo, ucwaningo oluholwa nguCarlos Navarrete eMichigan State University lwathola ukuthi abesifazane bavame ukuba nobutha ku-trimester yokuqala yokukhulelwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, amasosha omzimba ayacindezelwa njengoba ekwazi ukuhlasela umbungu. Khona manjalo, kwatholakala ukuthi abantu bayakwazi ukubekezela uma bezizwa bevikelekile ezifweni.
UMark Scheller wenze olunye ucwaningo ngalesi sihloko. Abahlanganyeli bakhonjiswe izinhlobo ezimbili zezithombe. Ezinye zibonise izimpawu zezifo ezithathelwanayo, ezinye zibonise izikhali nezimoto zezikhali. Ngaphambi nangemva kokwethulwa kwezithombe, abahlanganyeli banikele ngegazi ukuze lihlaziywe. Abacwaningi baqaphele ukwanda komsebenzi wamasosha omzimba kubahlanganyeli ababoniswe izithombe zezimpawu zesifo. Inkomba efanayo ayizange ishintshe kulabo ababecabangela izikhali.
Ungalehlisa kanjani izinga lokucwaswa kwabokufika kuwena nasemphakathini?
Okunye ukuchema kwethu kuwumphumela wesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sokuziphatha esizalwa nalo. Nokho, ukunamathela ngobumpumputhe embonweni othile nokungabekezelelani akukona okungokwemvelo. Yimuphi umbala wesikhumba omubi nokuthi yini enhle, sifunda ohlelweni lwemfundo. Kusemandleni ethu ukulawula ukuziphatha kanye nokubeka ulwazi olukhona ekucabangisiseni ngokujulile.
Ucwaningo oluningi lubonisa ukuthi ubandlululo luyisixhumanisi esivumelana nezimo ekucabangeni kwethu. Ngempela siphiwe ukuthambekela okungokwemvelo kokubandlulula. Kodwa ukuqaphela nokwamukela leli qiniso kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekubekezeleni nasekuhlonipheni.
Ukuvimbela izifo ezithathelwanayo, ukugoma, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokuhlanza amanzi kungaba yingxenye yezinyathelo zikahulumeni zokulwa nobudlova nobudlova. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukushintsha isimo sethu sengqondo akuwona nje umsebenzi kazwelonke, kodwa futhi umthwalo womuntu siqu wawo wonke umuntu.
Ngokuqaphela ukuthambekela kwethu esizalwa nakho, singakulawula kalula kakhudlwana. “Sinomkhuba wokubandlulula nokwahlulela, kodwa siyakwazi ukuthola ezinye izindlela zokuxhumana neqiniso elihluke kangaka elisizungezile,” kukhumbula uDan Gottlieb. Lapho enomuzwa wokuthi abanye abakhululekile ngokukhubazeka kwakhe, uthatha isinyathelo kuqala futhi athi kubo: “Nani ningangithinta.” Le nkulumo iqeda ukungezwani futhi abantu ababazungezile baqala ukusebenzelana no-Gottlieb ngokwemvelo, bezwa sengathi ungomunye wabo.