Okuqukethwe
Ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo kuthathwa njengenye yezinqubo ze-psychotherapeutic eziphumelela kakhulu. Okungenani, ochwepheshe abasebenzisa le ndlela bayaqiniseka ngakho. Iphatha ziphi izimo, isebenzisa ziphi izindlela, futhi ihluke kanjani kwezinye izindawo?
Ukukhathazeka nokucindezeleka, iziyaluyalu zokudla kanye nokwesaba, izithandani nezinkinga zokuxhumana - uhlu lwemibuzo ukwelashwa kwengqondo-yokuziphatha okwenziwa ukuyiphendula luyaqhubeka lukhula unyaka nonyaka.
Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi i-psychology ithole "isihluthulelo sayo yonke iminyango", ikhambi lazo zonke izifo? Noma ingabe izinzuzo zalolu hlobo lokwelapha ziyihaba ngandlela-thile? Ake sizame ukukuqonda.
Buyisa ingqondo
Okokuqala kwakukhona ukuziphatha. Leli igama lesayensi yokuziphatha (yingakho igama lesibili le-cognitive-behavioral therapy - cognitive-behavioral, noma i-CBT ngamafuphi). Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo saseMelika uJohn Watson waba ngowokuqala ukuphakamisa isibhengezo sokuziphatha ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
Ithiyori yakhe yayiyimpendulo ekuthakaseleni kwaseYurophu nge-Freudian psychoanalysis. Ukuzalwa kwe-psychoanalysis kwaqondana nesikhathi sokungabi nathemba, imizwa ephukile kanye nokulindelwe kokuphela komhlaba. Lokhu kwabonakala ezimfundisweni zikaFreud, owathi umthombo wezinkinga zethu eziyinhloko ungaphandle kwengqondo - ekuqulekeni, ngakho-ke kunzima kakhulu ukubhekana nazo.
Phakathi kwesisusa sangaphandle kanye nokusabela kukho kunesibonelo esibaluleke kakhulu - umuntu ngokwakhe
Indlela yaseMelika, ngokuphambene nalokho, yayicabanga ukwenza lula, ukusebenza okunempilo kanye nethemba. UJohn Watson wayekholelwa ukuthi kufanele kugxilwe ekuziphatheni komuntu, endleleni esisabela ngayo ekushukumiseni kwangaphandle. Futhi - ukusebenzela ekuthuthukiseni lezi zimpendulo.
Nokho, le ndlela yaphumelela hhayi eMelika kuphela. Omunye wabasunguli bokuziphatha yisazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo saseRussia u-Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, owathola uMklomelo KaNobel ngocwaningo lwakhe futhi wafunda i-reflexes kwaze kwaba ngu-1936.
Ngokushesha kwaba sobala ukuthi lapho bezama ukwenza izinto zibe lula, ukuziphatha kwabo kwalahlekisela umntwana ngamanzi okugeza—empeleni, kwenza indoda yasabela ngokuphelele futhi yawuhlanganisa kanjalo nengqondo. Futhi umcabango wesayensi wathuthela kwelinye icala.
Ukuthola amaphutha okwazi akulula, kodwa kulula kakhulu kunokungena ekujuleni okumnyama kokuqulekile.
Ngawo-1950 no-1960, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo u-Albert Ellis no-Aaron Beck "babuyisela ingqondo endaweni yayo", bekhomba ngokufanelekile ukuthi phakathi kwesikhuthazo sangaphandle nokusabela kukho kunesenzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu - empeleni, umuntu ngokwakhe osabelayo. Noma kunalokho, ingqondo yakhe.
Uma i-psychoanalysis ibeka umsuka wezinkinga eziyinhloko ekuqulekeni, okungenakufinyeleleka kithi, u-Beck no-Ellis basikisela ukuthi sikhuluma "ngokuqaphela" okungalungile - amaphutha okwazi. Ukuthola okuyinto, nakuba kungelula, kulula kakhulu kunokungena ekujuleni okumnyama kokuqulekile.
Umsebenzi ka-Aaron Beck no-Albert Ellis uthathwa njengesisekelo se-CBT namuhla.
Amaphutha okwazi
Amaphutha okwazi angahluka. Isibonelo esisodwa esilula ukuthambekela kokubuka noma yimuphi umcimbi njengokuthile okwenzayo nawe. Ake sithi uboss ubedabukile namuhla wakubingelela ngamazinyo. “Uyangizonda futhi cishe usezongixosha” kuwukusabela okuvamile kuleli cala. Kodwa akulona iqiniso ngempela.
Asizicabangeli izimo esivele singazazi. Kuthiwani uma ingane yomphathi igula? Uma exabene nomkakhe? Noma uke wagxekwa nje emhlanganweni nabanikazi bamasheya? Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka, yebo, ukukhipha ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi umphathi unokuthile ngokumelene nawe.
Kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, ukuphinda "Yeka ukwesaba, konke kuphelile" futhi kuyiphutha lokuqaphela. Kukhiqiza kakhulu ukuzibuza ukuthi ungakwazi yini ukushintsha okuthile esimweni nokuthi yiziphi izinzuzo ezingaba khona ngokushiya umsebenzi wakho wamanje.
Ngokwesiko, ukwelashwa kwengqondo kuthatha isikhathi eside, kuyilapho ukwelapha kwengqondo-yokuziphatha kungathatha izikhathi ezingu-15-20.
Lesi sibonelo sibonisa ngokucacile «ububanzi» be-CBT, engafuni ukuqonda imfihlakalo eyayiqhubeka ngemuva komnyango wekamelo lokulala labazali bethu, kodwa kusiza ukuqonda isimo esithile.
Futhi le ndlela yabonakala iphumelela kakhulu: "Alukho uhlobo olulodwa lwe-psychotherapy olunesisekelo esinjalo sobufakazi besayensi," kugcizelela isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo u-Yakov Kochetkov.
Ubhekise ocwaningweni olwenziwa isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uStefan Hofmann oqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwamasu e-CBT.1: ukuhlaziya okukhulu kwama-athikili angama-269, ngayinye yazo, nayo, iqukethe ukubuyekezwa kwamakhulu okushicilelwe.
Izindleko Zokusebenza
“I-Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy kanye ne-psychoanalysis ngokwesiko kubhekwa njengezindawo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokwelashwa kwengqondo yesimanje. Ngakho-ke, eJalimane, ukuze uthole isitifiketi sombuso se-psychotherapist onguchwepheshe onelungelo lokukhokha ngamadeski emali yomshwalense, kuyadingeka ukuba nokuqeqeshwa okuyisisekelo komunye wabo.
Ukwelashwa kwe-Gestalt, i-psychodrama, ukwelashwa komndeni okuhlelekile, naphezu kokuthandwa kwabo, zisabonwa kuphela njengezinhlobo zobuchwepheshe obungeziwe, "inothi isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo u-Alla Kholmogorova noNatalia Garanyan.2. Cishe kuwo wonke amazwe athuthukile, kubadayisi bomshwalense, usizo lwe-psychotherapeutic kanye nokwelashwa kwengqondo-yokuziphatha kwengqondo kucishe kufane.
Uma umuntu esaba izindawo eziphakeme, khona-ke ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kuzodingeka akhuphuke kuvulandi wesakhiwo esiphakeme ngaphezu kwesisodwa.
Ezinkampanini zomshwalense, izimpikiswano ezinkulu ziwukusebenza okufakazelwe ngokwesayensi, inhlobonhlobo yezicelo kanye nesikhathi esifushane sokwelashwa.
Indaba ehlekisayo ixhumene nesimo sokugcina. U-Aaron Beck uthe lapho eqala ukwenza i-CBT, wacishe waphelelwa yimali. Ngokwesiko, i-psychotherapy yahlala isikhathi eside, kodwa ngemva kweseshini embalwa, amakhasimende amaningi atshela u-Aaron Beck ukuthi izinkinga zabo zixazululwe ngempumelelo, ngakho-ke ababoni nzuzo ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo. Amaholo odokotela bezifo zengqondo ehle kakhulu.
Indlela yokusebenzisa
Ubude besikhathi sesifundo se-CBT singahluka. "Isetshenziswa kokubili esikhathini esifushane (izikhathi ze-15-20 ekwelapheni ukuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka) kanye nesikhathi eside (iminyaka engu-1-2 esimweni sokuphazamiseka kobuntu)," kusho u-Alla Kholmogorova noNatalya Garanyan.
Kodwa ngokwesilinganiso, lokhu kuncane kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, inkambo ye-psychoanalysis yakudala. Lokho kungabonwa hhayi nje njenge-plus, kodwa futhi njengokususa.
I-CBT ivame ukusolwa ngomsebenzi owenziwe phezulu, wokufanisa iphilisi lokudambisa izinhlungu elidambisa izimpawu ngaphandle kokuthinta izimbangela zesifo. "Ukwelashwa kwengqondo yesimanje kuqala ngezimpawu," kuchaza u-Yakov Kochetkov. “Kodwa ukusebenza ngokukholwa okujulile nakho kudlala indima enkulu.
Asicabangi nje ukuthi kuthatha iminyaka eminingi ukusebenza nabo. Inkambo evamile yimihlangano eyi-15-20, hhayi amasonto amabili. Futhi cishe isigamu sesifundo sisebenza nezimpawu, kanti ingxenye isebenza nezimbangela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza nezimpawu kuthinta nezinkolelo ezijulile.
Uma udinga ukukhululeka okusheshayo esimweni esithile, khona-ke ochwepheshe abangu-9 kwabangu-10 emazweni aseNtshonalanga bazoncoma i-CBT
Lo msebenzi, ngendlela, awuhlanganisi nje izingxoxo nomelaphi, kodwa futhi nendlela yokuchayeka. Ilele kumthelela olawulwayo kuklayenti wazo kanye izici ezisebenza njengomthombo wezinkinga.
Isibonelo, uma umuntu esaba ukuphakama, khona-ke phakathi nenkathi yokwelapha kuzodingeka akhuphuke ngaphezu kwe-balcony yesakhiwo esiphakeme kakhulu. Okokuqala, kanye nomelaphi, bese ngokuzimela, futhi isikhathi ngasinye endaweni ephakeme.
Enye inganekwane ibonakala ivela kulo kanye igama lokwelapha: inqobo nje uma isebenza ngokuqaphela, khona-ke umelaphi ungumqeqeshi onengqondo ongabonisi uzwela futhi ongakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi yini ethinta ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu.
Lokhu akulona iqiniso. Ukwelashwa kwengqondo kwemibhangqwana, isibonelo, eJalimane kuqashelwa ukuthi kusebenza kahle kangangokuthi kunesimo sohlelo lwezwe.
Izindlela eziningi kwelinye
"I-CBT ayiyona indawo yonke, ayisusi noma ithathe indawo yezinye izindlela zokwelapha kwengqondo," kusho u-Yakov Kochetkov. Kunalokho, usebenzisa ngempumelelo okutholwe ezinye izindlela, isikhathi ngasinye eqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo ngocwaningo lwesayensi.”
I-CBT ayiyona eyodwa, kodwa izindlela eziningi zokwelapha. Futhi cishe yonke inkinga namuhla inezindlela zayo ze-CBT. Isibonelo, i-schema therapy yasungulwa ngenxa yezinkinga zobuntu. "Manje i-CBT isetshenziswa ngempumelelo ezimweni ze-psychoses kanye nokuphazamiseka kwe-bipolar," kuqhubeka u-Yakov Kochetkov.
- Kukhona imibono ebolekwe ekwelapheni kwengqondo. Futhi muva nje, i-Lancet ishicilele isihloko mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-CBT ezigulini ezine-schizophrenia ezenqabile ukuthatha imithi. Futhi nakulokhu, le ndlela inikeza imiphumela emihle.
Konke lokhu akusho ukuthi i-CBT ekugcineni isizisungule njengeNo. 1 psychotherapy. Unabagxeki abaningi. Kodwa-ke, uma udinga ukukhululeka ngokushesha esimweni esithile, khona-ke ochwepheshe abayisi-9 kwabayi-10 emazweni aseNtshonalanga bazoncoma ukuthintana nodokotela wokusebenza kwengqondo kwengqondo-yokuziphatha.
1 S. Hofmann et al. "Ukusebenza Kokwelashwa Kwengqondo Yokuziphatha: Ukubuyekezwa Kokuhlaziywa Kwe-Meta." Ukushicilelwa ku-inthanethi kujenali ye-Cognitive Therapy and Research kusukela ngomhlaka-31.07.2012.
2 A. Kholmogorova, N. Garanyan «Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy» (eqoqweni «Izikhombisi-ndlela eziyinhloko zokwelapha kwengqondo yesimanje», Kogito-center, 2000).