I-Bone isakhiwo esiqinile esiqukethe amaminerali kanye ne-collagen ukuhlangana ndawonye ukuqinisekisa amandla ayo. Kuyo yonke impilo, ithambo liyakhula, liyaphuka, liyazilungisa, kepha futhi liyawohloka. Ukulungiswa kwamathambo inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, edinga ukubambisana phakathi kwama-osteoclasts nama-osteoblasts.

Izicubu zamathambo zakhiwa ngamangqamuzana amathambo kanye ne-matrix eyakhiwe ngamaminerali angaphandle, enama-collagen namaprotheni angewona ama-collagenic. Ukulungiswa okungapheli kwamathambo amathambo kungumphumela wesenzo sezinhlobo ezintathu zamaseli:

• ama-osteoclasts aqhubeka echitha amathambo agugile (ukubuyiselwa kwamathambo);
• ama-osteoblasts enza izinto zidinge ukuguqula into engekho (ukwakheka kwamathambo);
• ama-osteocyte.

Lokhu kuvuselelwa kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela elinganiselayo futhi ngendlela eqondile kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukwakheka kwethambo nokuqinisekisa ukuqina kwalo.

Ngakho-ke ama-osteoclast angamaseli amathambo abhekele ukuvuselelwa kwezicubu zamathambo, futhi ayabandakanyeka ekuvuseleleni kwawo. Ukubuyiselwa kwezicubu zamathambo kuyinqubo lapho ama-osteoclast adiliza khona izicubu zethambo futhi akhulule amaminerali, avumela i-calcium ukuthi idluliselwe isuke emathanjeni iye egazini. Ngakho-ke ama-osteoclast ayawohloka umongo wethambo.

Lapho amathambo engasacindezelekile, ama-osteoclast adiliza into eyisisekelo ebalwayo.

Ngokuvamile kukhona "ukulinganisela" phakathi kokwakheka kwamathambo nokubuyiselwa kabusha. Izifo eziningi zamathambo ngakho-ke zivela ekungalingani: kungaba zimba kakhulu, noma azakhi ngokwanele, noma inhlanganisela yalezi zinqubo ezimbili.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-osteocyte angathumela isignali engafanele. Amazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-hormone nawo angaholela ekuqothulweni kwamathambo. Kungakho inhlokodolobha yamathambo yehla enkambweni yokuphila:

• Uma i-resorption inamandla kakhulu kunokwakheka: ithambo liyancipha, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezici zomshini zethambo futhi kuholele ekuqhekekeni (i-osteoporosis noma i-osteogenesis imperfecta);
• Uma ukwakheka kudlula i-resorption: isisindo samathambo sanda ngokungajwayelekile, okungaholela ku-osteosclerosis.

Izicubu zamathambo ziqhubeka nenqubo yokuguga ngokuncipha komsebenzi wamaseli amathambo. Ukuphazamiseka kwalokhu kuhlelwa kabusha kuyimbangela yezifo ezithile zamathambo.

I-pathology yezifo eziningi ze-osteolytic ihlotshaniswa nokubuyiselwa kwethambo ngama-osteoclasts.

Ukungajwayelekile emthethweni wokulawulwa kwamathambo kungaholela kulokhu:

• I-osteoporosis: isifo samathambo esibonakala ngokuncipha kwamathambo nokuwohloka kwesakhiwo sangaphakathi samathambo. Ibhalansi phakathi kokwakheka kwamathambo nokubuyiswa kwawo iphukile. Amathambo abuthakathaka kakhudlwana kanti futhi nengozi yokuqhekeka iyanda;
• I-Osteogenesis imperfecta: (isifo sokuzalwa kwamathambo esizalwa naso) esibonakala ngokuthamba kwamathambo ngokweqile, ngenxa yokukhubazeka okuzalwe nakho ekukhiqizeni imicu ye-collagen ezicutshini ezihlanganayo ezakha uhlaka lwethambo;
• I-Osteopetrosis: eyaziwa ngokuthi "amathambo emabula" yigama elichazayo elibhekisa eqenjini lamathambo angajwayelekile futhi atholakala njengefa, abonakala ngokwanda kwamathambo ngenxa yokungajwayelekile ekukhuleni noma ekusebenzeni kwama-osteoclast;
• Isifo samathambo sikaPaget: ukuvuselelwa kwezicubu kusebenza ngokweqile futhi kwenzeka ngendlela ye-anarchic. Ngakho-ke, izicubu zethambo ziyalimala kwezinye izindawo futhi inqubo ejwayelekile yokuvuselelwa ayenzeki.

I-osteoporosis / i-osteogenesis

Inhloso yokwelashwa ukuvimbela ukubonakala kokuqhekeka ngokuhlanganisa ukuqina kwezicubu zethambo.

Ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukwelashwa, udokotela:

• Ilungisa ukuntuleka kwe-vitamin D okungenzeka futhi inikeze ukwesekwa kukavithamini D, uma kunesidingo, okuzosiza ukuqinisa amathambo;
• Qiniseka ukuthi uthola i-calcium eyanele. Kungaholela ekushintsheni kokudla noma kunikezwe umuthi ohlanganisa i-calcium nevithamini D;
• Phakamisa ukuyeka ukubhema;
• Ikhuthaza umkhuba wokuzivocavoca umzimba, ukuze kuqiniswe ibhalansi, kunciphise ingozi yokuwa;
• Iqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuwa.

Ukwelashwa okuqondile: ama-bisphosphonates, "ama-molecule anciphisa ukusebenza kwama-osteoclast, amaseli adiliza amathambo, ngaleyo ndlela anciphisa ukulahleka kwethambo" futhi avimbele ubungozi bokuphuka.

I-Osteopetrosis

Kwi-osteopetrosis yobuntwana, ukufakelwa ukufakwa kwamaseli we-hematopoietic stem cells kunconywa. Lawa ngamaseli egazi avela kumnkantsha wethambo noma ngegazi.

Isifo samathambo sikaPaget

Isifo sikaPaget kufanele silashwe uma izimpawu zibangela ukungakhululeki noma uma kunengozi enkulu noma izimpawu ezisikisela izinkinga (izithulu, i-osteoarthritis nokukhubazeka). Kubantu abangenazimpawu, ukwelashwa kungahle kungadingeki. Noma yimaphi ama-bisphosphonate ahlukene angasetshenziswa ukunciphisa ukukhula kwesifo sikaPaget.

kwamathambo

Ukuxilongwa kwenziwa ngokulinganisa ubukhulu bamathambo nge-densitometry nange-x-ray yomgogodla we-dorsolumbar ukufuna ukuphuka komgogodla kwesinye isikhathi okungabonakali ngoba akubanga buhlungu.

I-Osteogenesis

Izimpawu zomtholampilo (ukuqhekeka okuphindaphindwayo, i-sclera eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, njll.) Ukukhomba kanye nemisebe (i-osteoporosis nokuba khona kwamathambo e-wormian kuma-x-ray ogebhezi). I-bone densitometry ingasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa.

I-Osteopetrosis

Udokotela uqala ngokuhlola umzimba kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-x-ray okuzoveza ukuqina nokukhuphuka kwamathambo, kanye nesithombe sethambo elisesithanjeni. Ukuxilongwa kungaqinisekiswa ngokuhlaziywa kwe-DNA (ukuhlolwa kwegazi).

Isifo samathambo sikaPaget

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi, ama-X-ray kanye ne-scintigraphy yamathambo ngokuvamile kukodwa okwenza ukuxilongwa.