Incwadi ethi "Introduction to Psychology". Ababhali - RL Atkinson, RS Atkinson, EE Smith, DJ Boehm, S. Nolen-Hoeksema. Ngaphansi komhleli jikelele we-VP Zinchenko. Uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-15, i-St. Petersburg, i-Prime Eurosign, ngo-2007.
Isihloko esivela esahlukweni 14. Ukucindezeleka, ukubhekana nesimo nempilo
Ibhalwe nguShelley Taylor, University of California
Ingabe ukuba nethemba okungenangqondo kuyibi empilweni yakho? Uma uthi nhlá, kubonakala sengathi kufanele kube yingozi. Phela, uma abantu bekholelwa ukuthi abavikelekile ezinkingeni kusukela ekuboleni kwamazinyo kuye nesifo senhliziyo, akufanele yini lokho kube isithiyo endleleni yokuphila enempilo? Ubufakazi obanele bubonisa ukuthi abantu abaningi ngempela banethemba elingenangqondo ngempilo yabo. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzekani, ithemba elingenangqondo libonakala liyilungele impilo yakho.
Cabangela imikhuba enempilo njengokubopha amabhande ezihlalo, ukuzivocavoca, nokungabhemi noma ukuphuza utshwala. Esikhundleni sokwenza imikhuba enjalo ibe buthaka, njengoba umuntu engase acabange, ukuba nethemba elingenangqondo empeleni kungaholela ekuphileni okunempilo. U-Aspinwall noBrunhart (1996) bathole ukuthi abantu abanethemba ngempilo yabo empeleni banaka kakhulu ulwazi olumayelana nobungozi bomuntu siqu obungase bube khona ezimpilweni zabo kunabantu abangenathemba. Ngokusobala, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi bafuna ukuvimbela lezi zingozi. Abantu bangase babe nethemba ngempilo yabo ngokuqondile ngoba banemikhuba enempilo kunalabo abangazithembi (Armor Si Taylor, 1998).
Mhlawumbe ubufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bezinzuzo zezempilo zethemba elingenangqondo buvela ocwaningweni olwenziwe kongqingili abatheleleke nge-HIV. Olunye ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi amadoda anethemba ngokweqile ngekhono lawo lokuzivikela engculazini (ngokwesibonelo, akholelwa ukuthi imizimba yawo ingaliqeda igciwane) maningi amathuba okuba aphile impilo enempilo kunabantu abangenathemba kangako (uTaylor et al., 1992). UReed, uKemeny, uTaylor, uWang, noVisscher (1994) bathola ukuthi amadoda anengculazi ayekholelwa budedengu emphumeleni onethemba, ngokuphambene nokuba ngamaqiniso, abhekana nokwenyuka kwezinyanga eziyi-9 zeminyaka yokuphila. Ocwaningweni olufanayo, uRichard Schulz (Schulz et al., 1994) wathola ukuthi iziguli ezinomdlavuza ezingenathemba zifa ngaphambi kweziguli ezinethemba elikhulu.
Abanethemba lokuhle babonakala belulama ngokushesha. U-Leedham, u-Meyerowitz, u-Muirhead & Frist (1995) bathola ukuthi ukulindela okuhle phakathi kweziguli zokufakelwa inhliziyo kuhlotshaniswa nesimo senhliziyo esingcono, izinga eliphezulu lempilo, nokulungiswa kwezifo. Imiphumela efanayo yethulwe ngu-Scheier nozakwabo (Scheier et al., 1989), abafunde ukujwayela iziguli ngemuva kokuhlinzwa kwe-coronary bypass. Yini echaza imiphumela enjalo?
Ukulindela okuhle kuhlotshaniswa namasu amahle okubhekana nesimo kanye nemikhuba enempilo. Abanethemba ngabantu abakhuthele abazama ukuxazulula izinkinga kunokuba bazigweme (Scheier & Carver, 1992). Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanethemba lokuhle baphumelela kakhulu ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwabantu, ngakho-ke kulula ngabo ukuthola ukwesekwa kubantu. Lokhu kusekelwa kusiza ukunciphisa amathuba okugula futhi kukhuthaze ukululama. Abanethemba lokuhle bangasebenzisa lezi zinsiza ukuze babhekane nokucindezeleka nokugula.
Ososayensi manje bayaqonda ukuthi ukuba nethemba kungadala noma kuhlotshaniswe nesimo somzimba esikhuthaza impilo noma ukululama ngokushesha. USusan Segerstrom kanye nozakwabo (Segerstrom, Taylor, Kemeny & Fahey, 1998) bafunde iqembu labafundi bezomthetho ababengaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu kwezemfundo phakathi nesemester yabo yokuqala esikoleni somthetho. Bathole ukuthi abafundi abanethemba lokuhle banephrofayili ye-immunological ekwazi ukumelana nezifo nokutheleleka. Ezinye izifundo zibonise imiphumela efanayo (Bower, Kemeny, Taylor & Fahey, 1998).
Kungani abanye abantu becabanga ukuthi ukuba nethemba kuyibi empilweni? Abanye abacwaningi basola ithemba elingenangqondo njengomthombo wengozi yezempilo ngaphandle kobufakazi. Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba ababhemayo bebonakala beyibukela phansi ingozi yokuba nomdlavuza wamaphaphu, abukho ubufakazi bokuthi ithemba elingenangqondo libashukumisela ukuba basebenzise ugwayi noma okuchaza ukuqhubeka kwabo bebhema. Ngempela, ababhemayo bazi kahle ukuthi basengozini enkulu yezinkinga zamaphaphu kunabangabhemi.
Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuba nethemba okungenangqondo kuhlale kuyilungele impilo yakho noma kuyinzuzo kubo bonke abantu? Seymour Epstein kanye nozakwabo (Epstein & Meier, 1989) baveza ukuthi abantu abaningi abanethemba lokuhle “bangabantu abanethemba elakhayo” abazama ngenkuthalo ukuvikela impilo yabo nokuphepha. Kodwa abanye abanethemba lokuhle "bangamathemba angenangqondo" abakholelwa ukuthi yonke into izozisebenzela ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza okubonakalayo. Uma abanye abanethemba lokuhle besengozini ngenxa yemikhuba yabo engemihle, cishe bangabokugcina bala maqembu amabili.
Ngaphambi kokuba uchithe ithemba elingenangqondo njengesimo esiphuphuthekisa abantu ezingozini zangempela esibhekana nazo, cabangela izinzuzo zako: kwenza abantu bajabule, babe nempilo enhle, futhi, lapho begula, kuthuthukisa amathuba abo okululama.
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