Amehlo acwayizayo, izindebe ezilumayo, amahlombe, ama-tic, lokhu kunyakaza okungalawuleki kuthinta kokubili abadala kanye nezingane. Ziyini izimbangela? Ingabe zikhona izindlela zokwelapha? 

Ama-tic ukunyakaza kwemisipha okungazelelwe, okungadingekile. Ziyaphindaphinda, ziyaguquguquka, ziyi-polymorphic futhi azilawuleki futhi zithinta kakhulu ubuso. Ama-tic awawona umphumela wesifo kodwa angaba uphawu lwamanye ama-pathologies afana ne-Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Andiswa ngezikhathi zokukhathazeka, intukuthelo nokucindezeleka.

Phakathi kuka-3 no-15% wezingane zithinteka kakhulu kubafana. Ngokuvamile zivela phakathi kweminyaka emi-4 nengu-8 ubudala, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-vocal noma ama-sound tics avela kamuva kunama-motor tics. Ubukhulu bawo buvame ukuba bukhulu phakathi kweminyaka eyi-8 neyi-12. Ama-tic, avamile ezinganeni, ayanyamalala engxenyeni yezifundo ezineminyaka engaba ngu-18. Lawa ma-tic abizwa ngokuthi isikhashana, kanti ama-tic aphikelela ebudaleni abizwa ngokuthi "okungapheli".

Ama-Tics angavela ngezikhathi zoshintsho ezifana nalezi:

• ngibuyele esikoleni,
• indlu ehambayo,
• isikhathi esicindezelayo.

Imvelo nayo ingadlala indima njengoba ama-tic athile atholwa ngokulingisa nabasondelene nabo. Ama-tic enziwa abe mabi kakhulu ngenxa yokucindezeleka nokuntuleka kokulala.

Abanye abacwaningi bacabanga ukuthi ama-tics abangelwa inkinga yokuvuthwa kwe-neuronal. Lo msuka ungachaza ukunyamalala kwama-tics amaningi ebudaleni, kodwa awukakafakazelwa ngokwesayensi.

Kunezigaba ezahlukene ze-tics:

• izinjini,
• ngezwi,
• elula
• .

I-tics elula

Ama-tic alula abonakaliswa ukunyakaza okungazelelwe noma imisindo, emfushane, kodwa ngokuvamile edinga ukuhlanganisa umsipha owodwa kuphela (ukucwayiza kwamehlo, ukukhulula umphimbo).

Complex motor tics

I-motor tics eyinkimbinkimbi ihlanganiswe. "Zibandakanya imisipha eminingana futhi zinesimo esithile sesikhashana: zibukeka njengokunyakaza okujwayelekile okuyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ukuphindaphinda kwazo kuzenza zivelele" kuchaza uDkt. Francine Lussier, isazi se-neuropsychologist kanye nomlobi wencwadi ethi "Tics? OCD? Izinhlekelele eziqhumayo? ”. Lokhu, ngokwesibonelo, ukunyakaza okufana nokunikina ikhanda okuphindaphindiwe, ukushwibeka, ukugxuma, ukuphindaphinda kwezimpawu zabanye (i-echopraxia), noma ukugcwaliseka kokuthinta okuyichilo (copropraxia).

I-tic yezwi eyinkimbinkimbi 

“Amazwi ayinkimbinkimbi ephimbo abonakala ngokulandelana kwemisindo okunemininingwane kodwa abekwe endaweni engafanele: ukuphindaphindwa kwamagama, ulimi olungajwayelekile, ukuvaleka okubonisa ukungingiza, ukuphindwaphindwa kwamagama omuntu siqu ( palilalia ), ukuphindaphindwa kwamagama azwakele ( echolalia ), ukuphimisela amagama anenhlamba. (coprolalia) ”ngokusho kwe-French Society of Pediatrics.

Imvamisa ye-Gilles de la Tourette syndrome iphansi kakhulu kune-tics futhi ithinta u-0,5% kuya ku-3% wezingane. Kuyisifo sezinzwa esinengxenye yofuzo. Iziveza ngama-motor tic kanye okungenani ne-tic eyodwa yomsindo ekhula ngesikhathi sobuntwana futhi iqhubeke impilo yonke ngamazinga ahlukahlukene okubona. Lesi sifo sivame ukuhlotshaniswa ne-Obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCDs), ukuphazamiseka kokunaka, ubunzima bokunaka, ukukhathazeka, ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha. 

Kodwa-ke, abantu abadala, njengezingane, bangahlushwa ama-tics angapheli ngaphandle kokutholakala ukuthi uGilles de la Tourette. “Ama-tics alula awalona ngempela uphawu lwe-Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, ngokuvamile ayingozi” kuqinisekisa isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo.

Ama-OCD

Ama-OCD noma iziyaluyalu eziphoqelelayo ziphindaphinda futhi azinangqondo kodwa ukuziphatha okungenakuvinjelwa. Ngokwe-INSERM (Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sezempilo Nocwaningo Lwezokwelapha) “abantu abaphethwe i-OCD bakhathazeke kakhulu ngokuhlanzeka, ukuhleleka, ukulingana noma bahlaselwa ukungabaza nokwesaba okungenangqondo. Ukunciphisa ukukhathazeka kwabo, benza amasiko okuqoqa, ukuwasha noma ukuhlola amahora ambalwa usuku ngalunye ezimweni ezinzima ”. I-OCD iyisimiso okungafanele sishintshe esigulini, kuyilapho i-tic izenzekela futhi ngokungahleliwe futhi ishintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Imikhuba

Ngokungafani nama-OCD, ama-tics ahamba ngokuzenzakalelayo kodwa ngaphandle kombono ocindezelayo. Lezi zifo ezicindezelayo zithinta cishe u-2% wabantu futhi ziqala ku-65% ezimweni ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala engu-25. Zingelashwa ngokuthatha i-anti-depressant kodwa futhi zidinga usizo lwe-psychotherapist. Izindlela zokwelapha ngokuyinhloko zihlose ukunciphisa izimpawu, ukuvumela ukuphila okuvamile kwansuku zonke nokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa isikhathi okuhlobene nomkhuba ophindaphindiwe wemikhuba.

Ama-tic ngokuvamile ayahamba ngemva konyaka. Ngalé kwalo mkhawulo, zingaba yizifo ezingelapheki, ngakho-ke zingabi nangozi, noma zibe uphawu oluyisixwayiso lwe-pathology. Kungase kube kuhle kulokhu ukuthi uthintane nodokotela wezinzwa noma udokotela wengqondo yengane, ikakhulukazi uma ama-tics ehambisana nezinye izimpawu ezifana nokuphazamiseka ekunakekeni, ukungasebenzi kahle noma ama-OCD. Uma ungabaza, kungenzeka ukwenza i-electroencephalogram (EEG).

Thola imbangela ye-tics

"Akumele sijezise, ​​noma sifune ukujezisa ingane ehlushwa ama-tics: lokho kuzomane kumenze abe novalo futhi akhulise amakhono akhe" kucacisa uFrancine Lussier. Okubalulekile wukuqinisekisa ingane futhi ubheke izakhi eziwumthombo wokungezwani nokucindezeleka. Njengoba ukunyakaza kungenakuzikhethela, kubalulekile ukuxwayisa umndeni wesiguli kanye nethimba.

Nikeza ukwesekwa kwengqondo

Ukwesekwa kwengqondo kunganikezwa kanye nokwelashwa kokuziphatha kwabantu asebekhulile. Qaphela, nokho: "ukwelashwa kwemithi kufanele kuhlale kuhlukile" kucacisa i-French Society of Pediatrics. Ukwelashwa kuyadingeka lapho ama-tic ekhubaza, kubuhlungu noma kubi emphakathini. Khona-ke kungenzeka ukunikeza ukwelashwa nge-Clonidine. Uma kwenzeka kuba ne-hyperactivity kanye nokuphazamiseka okuhambisanayo ekunakeni, i-methylphenidate ingase inikezwe. Ezimweni zokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha, i-risperidone iyasiza. Uma isiguli sine-OCD ehlaselayo, kuphakanyiswa i-sertraline. 

Prakthiza ukuphumula

Kungenzeka futhi ukwehlisa izehlakalo ze-tics ngokwenza ukuphumula, ukuzilolongela umsebenzi wezemidlalo, ukudlala insimbi yomculo. Ama-tic angalawuleka ngezikhathi ezimfushane kakhulu kodwa ngezindleko zokugxilisa ingqondo ngokwedlulele. Bagcina bevele baphinde baphinde bavele ngokushesha nje.