Umuntu uya esitolo okungenani kathathu ngesonto, isikhathi ngasinye lapho ethatha izikhwama ezimbalwa zokupakisha ezinezithelo noma imifino, isinkwa, inhlanzi noma inyama efakwe emaphaketheni epulasitiki, futhi lapho ephuma khona ufaka konke kwezinye izikhwama ezimbalwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ngesonto usebenzisa izikhwama zokupakisha eziyishumi kuya kwezingamashumi amane kanye nezimbalwa ezinkulu. Zonke zisetshenziswa kanye, okungcono kakhulu - umuntu usebenzisa inombolo ethile yezikhwama ezinkulu njengodoti. Phakathi nonyaka, omunye umndeni ukhipha inqwaba yezikhwama ezilahlwayo. Futhi phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila, inani labo lifinyelela inani elinjalo ukuthi uma usakaza phansi, ungabeka umgwaqo phakathi kwamadolobha ambalwa.
Abantu balahla izinhlobo ezinhlanu zikadoti: ipulasitiki ne-polyethylene, iphepha namakhadibhodi, insimbi, ingilazi, amabhethri. Kukhona nezibani ezikhanyayo, izinto zasendlini, irabha, kodwa azikho phakathi kwalezo ezigcina zingena emgqonyeni kadoti masonto onke, ngakho-ke asikhulumi ngazo. Ezinhlotsheni ezinhlanu zakudala, eziyingozi kakhulu ziyipulasitiki ne-polyethylene, ngoba zibola kusukela eminyakeni engu-400 kuya ku-1000. Njengoba inani labantu emhlabeni landa, kudingeka izikhwama ezengeziwe minyaka yonke, futhi zisetshenziswa kanye, inkinga yokulahlwa kwazo ikhula ngamandla. Eminyakeni engama-30, umhlaba ungaminza olwandle lwe-polyethylene. Iphepha, kuye ngohlobo, libola kusukela emasontweni ambalwa kuya ezinyangeni. Ingilazi nensimbi kuthatha isikhathi eside, kodwa zingahlukaniswa nodoti futhi zigaywe kabusha, ngoba azikhiphi izinto ezinobuthi ngesikhathi sokuhlanza okushisayo. Kodwa i-polyethylene, lapho ishisa noma ishiswa, ikhulula ama-dioxin, angeyona ingozi encane kunobuthi be-cyanide.
Ngokusho kweGreenpeace Russia, izikhwama zepulasitiki eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-65 zithengiswa ezweni lethu ngonyaka. E-Moscow, lesi sibalo siyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4, naphezu kokuthi insimu yenhloko-dolobha ingamamitha-skwele angu-2651, khona-ke ngokubeka la maphakheji, ungangcwaba wonke ama-Muscovites ngaphansi kwawo.
Uma konke kushiywe kungashintshiwe, ngo-2050 umhlaba uzoqoqa amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-33 zemfucumfucu ye-polyethylene, lapho i-9 billion izovuselelwa kabusha, i-12 billion izoshiswa, kanti enye i-12 billion izongcwatshwa ezindaweni zokulahla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isisindo sabo bonke abantu singamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-0,3, ngakho-ke, isintu sizozungezwa ngokuphelele ngudoti.
Amazwe angaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu emhlabeni asevele ethuswa yithemba elinjalo. I-China, i-India, iNingizimu Afrika kanye nabanye abaningi baye bafaka ukuvinjelwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki kuze kufike kuma-microns angu-50 ubukhulu, ngenxa yalokho baye bashintsha isimo: inani lemfucumfucu ezindaweni zokulahla liye lancipha, izinkinga zokukhucululwa kwendle namapayipi emfucumfucu zinciphile. E-China, babale ukuthi phakathi neminyaka emithathu yenqubomgomo enjalo, balondoloze amathani ayizigidi ezingu-3,5 kawoyela. IHawaii, France, Spain, Czech Republic, New Guinea kanye namanye amazwe amaningi (32 isiyonke) yethule ukuvinjelwa okuphelele kwezikhwama zepulasitiki.
Ngenxa yalokho, baye bathola ukuncipha kwenani likadoti ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu, baxazulula izinkinga ngokuvinjelwa ohlelweni lokuphakelwa kwamanzi, bahlanza izindawo zezivakashi ezisogwini nemifula, futhi bonga uwoyela omningi. ETanzania, eSomalia, e-UAE, ngemuva kokuvinjelwa, ingozi yezikhukhula yehle izikhathi eziningi.
U-Nikolai Valuev, iPhini Lokuqala likaSihlalo weKomidi le-Ecology and Environmental Protection, uthe okulandelayo:
"Umkhuba womhlaba wonke, ukushiywa kancane kancane kwezikhwama zepulasitiki kuyisinyathelo esifanele, ngiyayisekela imizamo ehloselwe ukunciphisa ukulimala kwemvelo kanye nabantu, lokhu kungafezwa kuphela ngokuhlanganisa amandla ebhizinisi, uhulumeni kanye nomphakathi."
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, akunanzuzo kunoma yimuphi umbuso ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo elahlwa ezweni lakubo. Izikhwama zepulasitiki zenziwe ngemikhiqizo ye-petroleum, futhi ziyizinsiza ezingavuseleleki. Akunangqondo ukusebenzisa amafutha abalulekile, okuthi ngezinye izikhathi kuqalwe izimpi. Ukulahla i-polyethylene ngokushiswa kuyingozi kakhulu emvelweni nakubantu, ngoba izinto ezinobuthi zikhishwa emoyeni, ngakho-ke, lokhu futhi akuyona inketho kunoma yimuphi uhulumeni onekhono. Ukumane nje uyilahle ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu kuzokwenza isimo sibe sibi nakakhulu: i-polyethylene egcina isendaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu iba ngcolile futhi kube nzima ukuhlukana nayo yonke eminye imfucumfucu, evimbela ukucutshungulwa kwayo.
Kakade manje, umsebenzi ohlangene kahulumeni, ibhizinisi kanye nenani labantu baseRussia liyadingeka, kuphela kungashintsha isimo nge-polyethylene ezweni lakithi. Kudingeka uhulumeni alawule ukusatshalaliswa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki. Kusukela ebhizinisini, ukunikeza ngokwethembeka izikhwama zephepha ezitolo zabo. Futhi izakhamizi zingavele zikhethe izikhwama ezingasetshenziswa kabusha ezizosindisa imvelo.
Ngendlela, ngisho nokunakekela imvelo, ezinye izinkampani zanquma ukwenza imali. Izikhwama zepulasitiki ezibolayo zivele ezitolo, kodwa ziyimibono yezinkampani zezikhwama ngokungazi kwabantu. Lezi zikhwama ezibizwa nge-biodegradable zikhwama empeleni ziphenduka zibe yimpushana, eseyingozi futhi izobola iminyaka engu-400 efanayo. Ziba ezingabonakali ngeso futhi ngenxa yalokho ziyingozi nakakhulu.
Umqondo ophusile uphakamisa ukuthi kulungile ukwenqaba imikhiqizo elahlwayo, futhi ulwazi lomhlaba luqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso esinjalo singenzeka. Emhlabeni, amazwe angu-76 asevele avimbele noma avimbela ukusetshenziswa kwe-polyethylene futhi athole imiphumela emihle kokubili emvelweni nasemnothweni. Futhi bayikhaya ku-80% wabantu bomhlaba, okusho ukuthi ngaphezu kwengxenye yezakhamuzi zomhlaba sezithatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela inhlekelele kadoti.
I-Russia iyizwe elikhulu, izakhamuzi eziningi zasemadolobheni aziyiboni le nkinga okwamanje. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi ayikho, uma uya kunoma iyiphi indawo yokulahla udoti, ungabona izintaba zemfucumfucu yepulasitiki. Kusemandleni omuntu ngamunye ukunciphisa umkhondo wabo wepulasitiki ngokumane enqabe ukupakishwa okulahlwayo esitolo, ngaleyo ndlela bavikele izingane zabo ezinkingeni zemvelo.