Ingozi ebulalayo evela ekujuleni kolwandle
Kulezi zinsuku izinhlanzi zingcoliswe amakhemikhali anobuthi abangela umdlavuza nokonakala kobuchopho. Futhi, kuyo yonke imikhiqizo, inhlanzi iyingozi kakhulu ngokuya ngamabhaktheriya e-pathogenic. Ucabanga ukuthi inhlanzi iwukudla okunempilo? Cabanga futhi. Izinhlanzi zihlala emanzini angcoliswe kangangokuthi ubungeke ucabange nokuwaphuza. Kodwa nokho udla le cocktail enobuthi yamagciwane, ubuthi, izinsimbi ezisindayo, njll. Lokhu kwenzeka njalo uma udla izinhlanzi. Abacwaningi e-University of Illinois bathole ukuthi abantu abadla izinhlanzi futhi abanamazinga aphezulu e-polychlorinated biphenyl egazini labo banenkinga yokukhumbula ulwazi abaluthole emizuzwini engu-30 edlule. Umzimba wenhlanzi udonsa amakhemikhali anobuthi emanzini, futhi lezi zinto zigcwala kakhulu njengoba zinyusa uchungechunge lokudla. Izinhlanzi ezinkulu zidla izinhlanzi ezincane, kanti izinhlanzi ezinkulu (njenge-tuna ne-salmon) zimunca amakhemikhali ezinhlanzi ezizidlayo. Inyama yenhlanzi iqoqa ukungcola okufana ne-polychlorinated biphenyl edala umonakalo esibindini, ohlelweni lwezinzwa nezitho zokuzala. I-Strontium-90 ezinhlanzini, kanye ne-cadmium, i-mercury, i-lead, i-chromium ne-arsenic, ingabangela ukulimala kwezinso, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, nomdlavuza (1,2,3,4). Lobu buthi bunqwabelana ezicutshini ezinamafutha abantu futhi buhlale lapho amashumi eminyaka. Ukudla kwasolwandle futhi kuyimbangela engu-#1 yobuthi bokudla e-US.
Imigwaqo eminingi yamanzi ingcoliswe indle yabantu neyezilwane, futhi udoti uthwala amagciwane ayingozi njenge-E. coli. Ngakho-ke, lapho sidla izinhlanzi, sizibeka engozini engadingekile yokungenwa isifo esithathelwanayo esingaholela ekuphathekeni kabi kakhulu, ukulimala kwesimiso sezinzwa, ngisho nokufa.
Ukudla kwasolwandle kuyimbangela engu-#1 yobuthi bokudla e-US. Ubuthi ekudleni kwasolwandle bungabangela impilo ebuthaka kakhulu, ukulimala kwezinso nesimiso sezinzwa, ngisho nokufa imbala. Ngokombiko we-The General Accounting Office, imboni yokudoba ilawulwa kabi kakhulu. I-Food and Drug Administration ngokuvamile ayizihloli izinhlanzi eziningi ezaziwayo namagciwane. Lokhu kuyi-mercury Ngenxa yokungcola kwezimboni, izinhlanzi zinqwabelanisa i-mercury enyameni yazo. Izinhlanzi zimunca i-mercury, futhi ifakwa ezicutshini zazo. Uma udla inhlanzi, umzimba wakho uzomunca i-mercury enyameni yenhlanzi, futhi ukunqwabelana kwalesi sici kungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu zempilo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi inhlanzi – yiyona ndlela kuphela umuntu angahlangana ngayo naloshevu. Ukudla izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasolwandle kuwukuphela kwendlela abantu abangahlangana ngayo ne-mercury. I-New England Journal of Medicine (2003) Ngisho nenani elincane lezinhlanzi linomthelela onamandla emazingeni e-mercury egazini. Ucwaningo olwenziwa yi-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) luthole ukuthi abesifazane abadla izinhlanzi kabili ngeviki bane-mercury yegazi ephindwe kasikhombisa kunalabo abangazidlanga izinhlanzi ngenyanga edlule. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa nokuthi uma owesifazane onesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-140 edla ama-ounces angu-6 e-tuna emhlophe kanye ngesonto, izinga le-mercury egazini lakhe lizodlula amanani avunyelwe 30%. I-Mercury ingushevu. I-Mercury yaziwa ngokubangela ukugula okubi kakhulu kubantu, okuhlanganisa ukulimala kobuchopho, ukulahlekelwa inkumbulo, ukuvevezela, ukuphuphuma kwesisu, nokukhubazeka kombungu. Ushevu we-mercury ophuma ekudleni izinhlanzi nawo udala ukukhathala nokulahlekelwa inkumbulo. Abanye odokotela babiza lokhu “inkungu yenhlanzi”. Ucwaningo olwenziwa uJane Hightower, udokotela waseSan Francisco, lwathola ukuthi inqwaba yeziguli zakhe zazinezinga eliphakeme le-mercury emizimbeni yazo, futhi eziningi zazibonisa izimpawu zobuthi be-mercury, njengokuqothuka kwezinwele, ukukhathala, ukucindezeleka, ukungakwazi ukugxilisa ingqondo nekhanda. Udokotela wathola ukuthi isimo seziguli saba ngcono ngesikhathi ziyeka ukudla izinhlanzi. Njengoba uHightower esho, “I-Mercury iwushevu owaziwayo. Kuhlale kunezinkinga naye, noma kuphi lapho ehlangana khona. Abacwaningi bathole nokuthi i-mercury etholakala ezilwaneni zasolwandle ingadala isifo senhliziyo kubantu abadla izinhlanzi. Umbiko wamuva nje okhishwe i-Research Institute of Public Health eFinland uthole ukuthi amadoda anezinga eliphakeme le-mercury egazini ngokudla izinhlanzi anamathuba aphindwe izikhathi angu-1,5 okuba nesifo senhliziyo, kuhlanganise nesifo senhliziyo. ukuquleka. inyama enobuthi I-Mercury akuyona yodwa into eyingozi ezinhlanzini. Abantu abadla izinhlanzi bathola nama-biphenyl ane-polychlorinated. Izinhlanzi ezinkulu zidla izinhlanzi ezincane, ngakho ukugcwala kwama-PCB emizimbeni yezinhlanzi ezinkulu kuba phezulu. Abantu abathola i-polychlorinated biphenyl ngokudla izinhlanzi banokulimala kobuchopho, ukuphazamiseka kokuzala, kanye nengozi eyengeziwe yomdlavuza. Izinhlanzi zingaqongelela amanani amakhulu kakhulu amakhemikhali ezinhlanzini nasemafutheni, kuze kufike izikhathi eziyizigidi ezingu-9 ngaphezu kwamanzi ezihlala kuwo. Ama-biphenyl ane-polychlorinated yizinto zokwenziwa ebezisetshenziswa ngaphambilini oketshezini olusebenza ngamanzi kanye namafutha, kuma-capacitor kagesi nama-transformer. Ukusetshenziswa kwazo kwavinjelwa e-US ngo-1979, kodwa ukusetshenziswa okwandile eminyakeni edlule kuye kwaholela ekutholakaleni kwazo yonke indawo, ikakhulukazi ezinhlanzini. Ama-polychlorinated biphenyl ayingozi ngoba enza njengamahomoni, adala ukulimala kwezinzwa, futhi anomthelela ezifweni eziningi, ezihlanganisa umdlavuza, ukungazali, ezinye izinkinga zokuzala, nokunye. Abacwaningi e-University of Illinois bathole ukuthi abantu abadla izinhlanzi futhi abanamazinga aphezulu e-PCB egazini labo banenkinga yokukhumbula ulwazi abaluthole emizuzwini engu-30 edlule. Ama-biphenyl ane-polychlorinated amuncwa imizimba yezinhlanzi. Izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezidla izinhlanzi ezincane ziqongelela ukugcwala okukhulu kwama-PCB enyameni yazo futhi zingafinyelela amazinga aphakeme ngokuphindwe ngezinkulungwane kunalawo ama-PCB. Kodwa umuntu ubengacabangi ngisho nokuwaphuza la manzi! Ihlengethwa elilodwa le-bottlenose linezinga le-PCB elingu-2000 ppm, izikhathi ezingu-40 kunomkhawulo ongokomthetho. E-Eskimos, ukudla kwayo okuhlanganisa kakhulu izinhlanzi, izinga lama-biphenyl ane-polychlorinated kuzicubu ze-adipose liyizingxenye eziyi-15,7 ngesigidi. Lokhu kweqa kakhulu inani elilinganiselwe (0,094 ppm). Cishe wonke ama-Eskimo ayenamazinga e-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) eqiwe, futhi kwamanye ayephakeme kangangokuthi ubisi lwawo lwebele nezicubu zomzimba zazingase zichazwe njengemfucuza eyingozi. Ngo-2002, izifunda ezingu-38 e-US zakhipha izincomo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlanzi, okubangelwa amazinga aphezulu e-polychlorinated biphenyl. Ama-PCB akwenza isilima. UDkt. Susan L. Schantz we-University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine ubelokhu ehlola abantu abadla izinhlanzi kusukela ngo-1992 futhi wathola ukuthi labo abadla izinhlanzi ezingu-24 noma ngaphezulu ngonyaka wamakhilogremu ezinhlanzi, banezinkinga zokukhumbula. Ngokwesilinganiso, emhlabeni wonke abantu badla izinhlanzi ezingamakhilogremu angu-40 ngonyaka.) Wathola ukuthi abantu abadla izinhlanzi banezinga eliphakeme le-polychlorinated biphenyl egazini labo, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, banenkinga yokukhumbula ukwaziswa abakuthola emizuzwini engu-30 nje edlule. . “Kutholwe ukuthi abantu abadala abathinteki kakhulu emiphumeleni yama-PCB kunokukhula kwengane. Lokho kungase kungabi njalo.” Ocwaningweni lwakhe, abadli bezinhlanzi abaningi babenamazinga aphezulu omthofu, i-mercury, ne-DDE (eyakheka lapho i-DDT ihlukaniswa) egazini labo. Ngisho nokugcwala okuncane komthofu kungabangela ukukhubazeka nokukhubazeka kwengqondo ezinganeni. Ukugxila okuphezulu kungaholela ekubeni nesifo sokuwa ngisho nokufa. Ngokuzalaniswa kwezimboni, izinhlanzi ziba nobuthi nakakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-salmon endle iyancipha 80% i-salmon, ethengiswayo eMelika, iphuma emapulazini ezinhlanzi. Izinhlanzi ezifuywayo zinikezwa izinhlanzi ezibanjwe zasendle. Kudingeka ikhilogremu elingu-1 lezinhlanzi ezibanjwe zasendle (zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezingafanele ukudliwa abantu) ukuze kukhule amaphawundi angu-5 ezinhlanzi emapulazini. I-saumon ekhuliswe abathunjiwe inamanoni aphindwe kabili kozakwabo basendle, okuvumela ukunqwabelana kwamafutha engeziwe. Ucwaningo nge-salmon ethengwe emapulazini ezitolo ezinkulu zaseMelika lubonise ama-PCB amaningi kunama-salmon abanjwe zasendle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-salmon akhuliswe abathunjiwe adaywa ngombala obomvana ukuze adluliselwe njengezinhlanzi ezibanjwe zasendle. Ngo-2003, kwavulwa icala esifundazweni saseWashington ngenxa yokuthi idayi yayingafakwanga ohlwini lwe-salmon. Ososayensi bakhathazekile ngoba amadayiesetshenziselwa i-salmon ingabangela ukulimala ku-retina. I-Environmental Task Force ilinganisela ukuthi abantu abangu-800000 e-United States basengozini yokuphila yomdlavuza ngenxa yokudla ama-salmon afuywayo. Izinhlanzi ziyingozi kwabesifazane nezingane zabo Abesifazane abakhulelwe abadla izinhlanzi abafaki impilo yabo kuphela engozini, kodwa futhi nempilo yengane yabo engakazalwa. Ama-PCB, i-mercury nobunye ubuthi obutholakala ezinhlanzini bungadluliselwa kubantwana ngobisi lukamama. Abacwaningi baseWayne State University bathola ukuthi “abesifazane abadla izinhlanzi njalo, ngisho naseminyakeni eminingi ngaphambi kokukhulelwa, banamathuba amaningi okuba nezingane ezibuthaka lapho zizalwa, ezinomjikelezo omncane wekhanda, futhi ezinezinkinga zokukhula.” I-Environmental Protection Agency ilinganisela ukuthi zingu-600000 izingane ezizalwe ngo-2000 ezingakwazi ukufunda kahle futhi zinenkinga yokufunda ngenxa yokuthi omama bazo badle izinhlanzi ngesikhathi bekhulelwe futhi encela. Ngisho namazinga aphansi omthofu egazini likamama angayigulisa ingane. Ikakhulukazi ubuthi be-mercury buyingozi ku-fetus, ngoba izinga lomthofu egazini le-fetus lingase libe 70 amaphesenti angaphezu kukamama. Lokhu kungenzeka kungenxa yokuthi igazi lengane esanda kuzalwa liqoqa i-mercury kanye nama-molecule adingekayo ekukhuleni. I-Environmental Protection Agency ilinganisela ukuthi zingu-600000 izingane ezizalwe ngo-2000 ezingakwazi ukufunda kahle futhi zinenkinga yokufunda ngenxa yokuthi omama bazo badle izinhlanzi ngesikhathi bekhulelwe futhi encela. Abesifazane abadla izinhlanzi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa bangabangela umonakalo omkhulu ebuchosheni bomntwana nesimiso sezinzwa. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izingane ezizalwa omama abadla izinhlanzi eziningi kamuva baqala ukukhuluma, ukuhamba, banenkumbulo embi kakhulu nokunaka. “Ingase yehlise i-IQ ngamaphuzu ambalwa,” kusho uDkt. Michael Gochfeld, usihlalo weMercury Task Force. “Kungaphazamisa ukunyakaza kokunyakaza”. UDkt. Roberta F. White, usihlalo wezokuphepha kwemvelo eYunivesithi yaseBoston nomqondisi weBoston Environmental Research Center, uthi izingane ezichayeka ku-mercury ngaphambi kokuzalwa zibonisa imiphumela emibi kakhulu ekuhlolweni kokusebenza kwesimiso sezinzwa. Inhlanzi edliwa ngumama izolimaza ingane yakhe unomphela Ososayensi e-Harvard School of Public Health bathole ukuthi i-mercury etholakala ekudleni kwasolwandle ingalimaza inhliziyo futhi ibangele ukulimala okungapheli kwengqondo ezinganeni, kokubili esibelethweni nangesikhathi sokukhula. “Uma okuthile kwenzeka ebuchosheni ngesikhathi sokukhula nokukhula, ngeke libe khona ithuba lesibili,” kusho umcwaningi oholayo uPhilippe Grandjean. Zonke Izinhlanzi Ziyingozi Ngokwe-Natural Resources Defense Council, owesifazane oyedwa kwabayisithupha e-United States unezinga le-mercury elibeka ingane yakhe engozini. I-Public Interest Research Group kanye ne-Environmental Working Group ixwayisa ngokuthi abesifazane abadla ithini le-tuna elingaphezu kwelilodwa ngenyanga bangafaka i-mercury emizimbeni yabo engalimaza ubuchopho obukhulayo bombungu. I-Public Interest Research Group kanye ne-Environmental Working Group baxwayisa ngokuthi abesifazane abakhulelwe abadla ithini le-tuna elingaphezu kwelilodwa ngenyanga bangase bachayeke emazingeni e-mercury angalimaza ubuchopho bomntwana obusakhulayo . Izinhlanzi zasolwandle aziwona kuphela umthombo wokungcola okuyingozi Izinhlanzi ezidotshwa emifuleni nasemachibini ethu nazo zifaka engozini impilo yabesifazane abakhulelwe nezingane zabo. Ngisho ne-EPA elondolozayo iye yavuma ukuthi ngaphezu kwengxenye yazo zonke izinhlanzi zasemanzini ahlanzekile e-US zibeka engozini kwabesifazane abaneminyaka yobudala yokuzala uma zidliwa kabili ngesonto, kanti izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezinhlanzi zinezinga le-mercury elibeka ingozi ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka emithathu. yobudala. EMassachusetts, abesifazane abakhulelwe baxwayiswa ukuba bangadli noma iyiphi inhlanzi yamanzi ahlanzekile ebanjwe kuleso simo ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwe-mercury. Ngo-2002, izifunda ezingu-43 zakhipha izexwayiso zezinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nemikhawulo ehlanganisa u-30% wamachibi esizwe kanye no-13% wemifula. Ekuphenduleni usongo olukhulayo, i-Food and Drug Administration kanye ne-Environmental Protection Agency batusa ukuba abesifazane abaseminyakeni yokuzala nezingane ezincane bangazidli izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi ezinomthofu omningi. Kodwa i-mercury itholakala kuzo zonke izinhlanzi, futhi njengoba i-mercury iwushevu, kungani kudingeka sidle into ebangela izifo eziningi ezimbi kangaka? Izinhlanzi ezihlotshaniswa nomdlavuza webele kanye nokungazali Ukudliwa kwezinhlanzi kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nokungazali kanye nengozi eyengeziwe yomdlavuza webele. Wonke umuntu wesifazane odla ngisho nenani elincane lezinhlanzi ezingcolile unezinkinga eziningi zokukhulelwa. Ososayensi baseNyuvesi yaseWisconsin-Madison bathole ukuthi abesifazane abadla izinhlanzi zasemanzini ahlanzekile banezibalo eziphezulu ngokungavamile zomdlavuza webele. Ucwaningo olufanayo olwenziwa abacwaningi baseDenmark luphinde lwathola ukuxhumana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezinhlanzi nomdlavuza wamabele. Isiphetho: omama abagulayo nezingane ezigulayo Izinhlanzi ziyingozi enkulu kwabesifazane nezingane, futhi sisengozini enkulu noma nini lapho ukudla kwethu kuqukethe izinti zezinhlanzi noma isobho lezinhlanzi. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokusindisa umndeni wakho kanye nawe ukuthi ungabeki inhlanzi epuletini lakho, kodwa ukuyishiya olwandle. Ubuthi Bokudla NgokweSikhungo Sokulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo, kunezigameko eziyizigidi ezingama-75 zokudla okunoshevu e-United States unyaka ngamunye, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu alaliswa esibhedlela futhi izinkulungwane ziyafa. Futhi imbangela engunombolo 1 yobuthi ukudla kwasolwandle. Izimpawu zobuthi ekudleni kwasolwandle zisukela ekuguleni okuncane kuya ekulimaleni kwesimiso sezinzwa ngisho nokufa imbala. Ukudla kwasolwandle nakho kungaba nobuthi ngoba kuqukethe amagciwane namagciwane afana ne-salmonella, i-listeria ne-E. coli. Lapho i-Consumer Reports ibheka amazinga amagciwane ezinhlanzi ezintsha ezithengwa ezitolo ezinkulu ezweni lonke, yathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-3-8 amasampula anamagciwane e-E. coli angaphezu komkhawulo ongokomthetho. Abantu abaningi bangenwa ushevu ngokudla kwasolwandle futhi abaqondi ukuthi kwenzekeni, benza iphutha lokuthi “umkhuhlane wamathumbu”. Bavame ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo, ubuhlungu besisu, izimpawu ezifanayo "nomkhuhlane wamathumbu". Uma kuyekwa kungelashwa, lobu buthi bokudla bungaba yingozi. Izingane, abantu abadala, abesifazane abakhulelwe kanye nabantu abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka bangenwa kalula yiwo. Njengoba izinhlanzi ziwumthombo oyinhloko wokudla okunoshevu, umuntu usengozini yokugula noma nini lapho edla lo mkhiqizo. Ukudla kwasolwandle kuyimbangela eyinhloko yobuthi ekudleni. Bangaphezu kuka-100000 XNUMX abantu abagula minyaka yonke ngenxa yalokhu kudla, abaningi bayafa, nakuba ukufa kwabo bekungavinjelwa. UCaroline Smith De Waal, umqondisi wokuphepha kokudla kwe-Center for Science in the Public Interest. Ukuphathwa Kwezokudla Nezidakamizwa: Uhulumeni akakhulumi ngalokho okungakulimaza I-Food and Drug Administration ayivimbeli ngisho nezinhlanzi ezingcoliswe kakhulu ukuba zingangeni ezitolo, futhi ayidingi ukuba kubhalwe izixwayiso ezinhlanzini. Futhi lokhu naphezu kokuthi iBhodi ngokwalo liyabona ukuthi abesifazane abakhulelwe akufanele badle. Ngakho, kunzima kubathengi ukufunda ngengozi. Ngokombiko we-The General Accounting Office, imboni yokudoba ilawulwa kabi kakhulu. I-FDA ihlola abakhiqizi bezinhlanzi njalo ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbili, abakhiqizi abaningi abahlolisiswa nhlobo ngoba akudingeki ukuthi babhalise kuFood and Drug Administration. Iphesenti elingu-1-3 kuphela lezinhlanzi ezisuka kwamanye amazwe ezihlolwa emngceleni. Ezingxenyeni eziningi zemboni yokudoba, okuhlanganisa izindawo zokugcina izimpahla, akukho ukulawula nhlobo. Futhi uma ukuhlola kwenzeka, bachemile ngoba i-Food and Drug Administration ayizihloli izinhlanzi ukuze zibone izinkomba eziningi ezaziwayo ezibeka ingozi, kuhlanganise nobuthi be-mercury. NgokukaCarolyn Smith De Waal, umqondisi weFood Safety Science Center, “Uhlelo lwe-FDA lwezinhlanzi lunamaphutha, aluxhaswanga kahle ngezimali, futhi aluphephile kubathengi.” Basohlangothini lukabani? Nakuba izingozi ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlanzi zaziwa kahle, iziphathimandla zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka nokubeka izithakazelo zabakhiqizi bezinhlanzi ngaphambi kwempilo yabantu. I-Environmental Working Group ithi i-Food and Drug Administration isiguqule isimo sayo sokukhawulela i-tuna. Ngemva kokucindezelwa yimboni yokudoba. Omunye wochwepheshe abaphezulu be-FDA ushiye phansi ebhikisha ngemuva kokuzwa ukuthi i-FDA inqume ukungayinaki isayensi futhi ingaxwayisi abathengi ngobungozi bezempilo be-tuna. U-Vas Aposhian, udokotela we-toxicologist e-University of Arizona, uthi uhulumeni kufanele abeke imithetho eqinile mayelana ne-tuna ekheniwe. "Izincomo ezintsha ziyingozi kumaphesenti angama-99 abesifazane abakhulelwe nezingane zabo ezingakazalwa," esho. Ngicabanga ukuthi kufanele sikhathazeke kakhulu ngempilo yezingane zakusasa zezwe lethu kunemboni ye-tuna.” UVas Aposhian, isazi sobuthi e-University of Arizona, uthi uhulumeni kufanele umise imithetho eqinile mayelana neshuna esemathinini futhi uthi: “Lezi ziqondiso ezintsha ziyingozi ngamaphesenti angu-99 abesifazane abakhulelwe nabantwana babo abangakazalwa.” Isikhungo Samalungelo Ezilwane “Vita”