Ayibonakali emehlweni ethu, nokho inikeza ukulondeka, imini nobusuku. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwelapha isifo sezindlebe noma umdlavuza, amasosha omzimba abalulekile.

Amasosha omzimba akhiwe uhlelo lokusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi okubandakanya izitho eziningi ezahlukene, amaseli kanye nezinto. Iningi lamaseli awatholakali egazini, kodwa kunalokho eqoqweni lezitho ezibizwa ngokuthi izitho ze-lymphoid.

• La umkantsha futhi i-thymus. Lezi zitho zikhiqiza amangqamuzana omzimba omzimba (ama-lymphocyte).
• La amazinga, lo ama-lymph node, lo amalaka futhi amaqoqo e-lymphoid cell etholakala kulwelwesi lwamafinyila lokugaya ukudla, ukuphefumula, izitho zangasese kanye namapheshana omchamo. Kukulezi zitho eziseceleni lapho amaseli abizwa khona ukuthi asabele.

Isivinini sesenzo sokuzivikela komzimba sibaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kusekelwe, phakathi kokunye, ekusebenzeni kahle kokuxhumana phakathi kwabadlali abahlukene abathintekayo. I-cardiovascular system iwukuphela kwendlela exhuma izitho ze-lymphoid.

Nakuba singeke sikwazi ukuchaza zonke izindlela, manje sesiyazi ukuthi kukhona ukuxhumana okubalulekile phakathi kwamasosha omzimba, isimiso sezinzwa kanye nesistimu ye-endocrine. Ezinye izimfihlo zamangqamuzana omzimba omzimba zifaniswa namahomoni akhiqizwe izindlala ze-endocrine, kanti izitho ze-lymphoid zine-receptors yemiyalezo yemizwa neyehomoni.

Izigaba zokuphendula komzimba zingahlukaniswa zibe ezimbili:

• impendulo engaqondile, ehlanganisa "immunity innate" (ebizwa kanjalo ngoba ikhona kusukela ekuzalweni), yenza ngaphandle kokucabangela isimo se-micro-organism elwa nayo;
• impendulo ethize, enikeza "ukuvikeleka okutholiwe", ihlanganisa ukuqashelwa kwe-ejenti okufanele ihlaselwe kanye nokubamba ngekhanda lesi senzakalo.

Izithiyo ezingokomzimba

La isikhumba futhi izimbungulu ezinamaqanda yizithiyo zokuqala zemvelo abahlaseli abaqhamuka nazo. Isikhumba siyisitho esikhulu kunazo zonke emzimbeni futhi sinikeza ukuvikeleka okumangalisayo ezifweni. Ngaphezu kokwenza ukuxhumana okubonakalayo phakathi kwemvelo nezinhlelo zethu ezibalulekile, inikeza indawo ephikisana namagciwane: indawo yayo ine-acidic kancane futhi yomile, futhi imbozwe amagciwane "amahle". Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani ukuhlanzeka ngokweqile kungeyona into enhle empilweni yakho.

Umlomo, amehlo, izindlebe, ikhala, umgudu womchamo nezitho zangasese kusahlinzeka ngamaphaseji amagciwane. Le mizila iphinde ibe nohlelo lwayo lokuvikela. Isibonelo, ukukhwehlela kanye nokukhalipha kokuthimula kukhipha ama-microorganisms ngaphandle kwemigudu yomoya.

Ukuvuvukala

Ukuvuvukala kuyisithiyo sokuqala esihlangabezana nama-microorganisms we-pathogenic awela imvilophu yomzimba wethu. Njengesikhumba kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila, lolu hlobo lokusabela komzimba lusebenza ngaphandle kokwazi uhlobo lwe-ejenti olulwa nalo. Inhloso yokuvuvukala wukuvala abahlaseli nokwenza ukulungisa izicubu (uma kwenzeka ukulimala). Nazi izigaba eziyinhloko zokuvuvukala.

• La i-vasodilating futhi enkulu kunazo zonke imvume ama-capillaries endaweni ethintekile anomphumela wokwandisa ukugeleza kwegazi (okunesibopho sokubomvu) nokuvumela ukufika kwabalingisi bokuvuvukala.
• Ukucekelwa phansi kwamagciwane ngu ama-phagocyte : uhlobo lwengqamuzana elimhlophe legazi elikwazi ukuthatha amagciwane e-pathogenic noma amanye amaseli anesifo liwabhubhise. Kunezinhlobo eziningana: ama-monocyte, ama-neutrophils, ama-macrophages namaseli abulalayo wemvelo (amaseli e-NK).
• Uhlelo lwe umphelelisi, okuhlanganisa cishe amaprotheni angamashumi amabili enza i-cascade futhi avumele ukubhujiswa okuqondile kwama-microbes. Uhlelo oluhambisanayo lungenziwa lusebenze ngamagciwane ngokwawo noma ngokusabela okuthile kokuzivikela komzimba (bona ngezansi).

Ama-Interferon

Uma kwenzeka ukutheleleka ngegciwane, i- interferon ama-glycoprotein avimbela ukuphindaphindeka kwamagciwane ngaphakathi kwamaseli. Uma sezifihliwe, zisakazeka ezicubu futhi zikhuthaze amangqamuzana omzimba angomakhelwane. Ukuba khona kwe-microbial toxin nakho kungabangela ukukhiqizwa kwama-interferon.

Yilapho ama-lymphocyte angena khona, uhlobo lwengqamuzana elimhlophe legazi okuhlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: ama-lymphocyte B kanye nama-T lymphocytes.

• The ama-lymphocyte B akhawunti cishe 10% lymphocyte ajikeleza egazini. Lapho amasosha omzimba ehlangana ne-ejenti yangaphandle, ama-B cell ayavuselelwa, aphindaphindeke futhi aqale ukukhiqiza amasosha omzimba. Ama-antibodies angamaprotheni azinamathisela kumaprotheni angaphandle; lesi yisiqalo sokubhujiswa kwe-pathogen.
• The T lymphocyte amelela ngaphezu kwama-80% wama-lymphocyte ajikelezayo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-T lymphocyte: amaseli e-cytotoxic T okuthi, lapho ecushiwe, abhubhise ngokuqondile amangqamuzana atheleleke ngamagciwane namaseli esimila, namaseli T ongumgqugquzeli, alawula ezinye izici zokusabela komzimba.

Ukusabela okuqondile kokuzivikela komzimba kudala ukungatheleleki okutholakele, okuthuthuka ngokuhamba kweminyaka ngenxa yokuhlangana kwemizimba yethu nama-molecule athile angaphandle. Ngakho, isimiso sethu sokuzivikela komzimba sikhumbula amagciwane athile kanye namagciwane esesivele sihlangabezane nawo ukuze senze ukuhlangana kwesibili kuphumelele kakhulu futhi kusheshe. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi umuntu omdala unenkumbulo engu-10⁹ Ku-10¹¹ amaprotheni angaphandle ahlukene. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani umuntu engabambi inkukhu kanye ne-mononucleosis kabili, isibonelo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi umphumela wokugoma uwukunxenxa le nkumbulo yokuhlangana kokuqala ne-pathogen.

lwezincwadi

I-Canadian Medical Association. I-Family Medical Encyclopedia, Ikhethwe ku-Reader's Digest, eCanada, ngo-1993.

I-Starnbach MN (Ed). Iqiniso mayelana namasosha akho omzimba; okudingeka ukwazi, uMongameli kanye Nabalingani baseHarvard College, United States, 2004.

Vander Aj et al. Imizimba yabantu, Editions de la Chenelière inc., Canada, 1995.