Yini eyenza sehluke kwezinye izilwane? Okuncane kakhulu kunalokho esikucabangayo, kusho isazi sezilwane eziphila ngaphansi kwemvelo uFrans de Waal. Usimema ukuba sehlise ukuziqhenya ukuze sibone kangcono kokubili ingqikithi yethu yezilwane kanye nokwakheka kwemvelo.
Ukuzazi, ukubambisana, ukuziphatha kahle… Kuvame ukucatshangwa ukuthi yilokhu okusenza sibe abantu. Kodwa ucwaningo olwenziwa ongoti bezinto eziphilayo, izazi zesayensi yemvelo, nososayensi bezinzwa kuphela olucekela phansi lezi zinkolelo nsuku zonke. U-Frans de Waal ungomunye walabo abahlale befakazela amakhono angavamile ezimfene ezinkulu (eziphakathi kwezithakazelo zakhe zesayensi), kodwa hhayi zona kuphela.
Amagwababa, ama-voles, izinhlanzi - zonke izilwane zithola kuye isibukeli esiqaphile kangangokuthi kwakungeke neze kumfikele ukuthi athi izilwane ziyiziphukuphuku. Eqhubeka nesiko likaCharles Darwin, owathi emuva ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye waphikisa ngokuthi umehluko phakathi kobuchopho bomuntu nobuchopho besilwane ungobuningi, kodwa hhayi ubunjalo bekhwalithi, uFrans de Waal usimema ukuba siyeke ukuzibheka njengabantu abaphakeme futhi ekugcineni sizibone njengathi ngempela. kukhona - izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezihlobene nazo zonke ezinye.
Psychology: Ufunde yonke idatha etholakalayo mayelana nengqondo yezilwane. Uyini umqondo vele?
I-France de Vaal: Kunamagama amabili - ingqondo kanye nekhono lokucabanga, okungukuthi, ikhono lokuphatha ulwazi, ukuzuza kulo. Isibonelo, ilulwane linohlelo lwe-echolocation olunamandla futhi lisebenzisa ulwazi olunikezayo ukuze lizulazule futhi lizingele. Ikhono lokucabanga, elihlobene eduze nokuqonda, likuzo zonke izilwane. Futhi ubuhlakani busho ikhono lokuthola izixazululo, ikakhulukazi ezinkingeni ezintsha. Ingatholakala ezilwaneni ezinobuchopho obukhulu, futhi nakuzo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni, ama-molluscs ...
Usho imisebenzi eminingi efakazela ukuba khona kwengqondo ezilwaneni. Pho, kungani ingqondo yezilwane ingafundwanga kangako, kungani ingaziwa?
Ucwaningo lwezilwane kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule lwenziwe ngokuhambisana nezikole ezimbili ezinkulu. Esinye isikole, esidumile eYurophu, sazama ukunciphisa yonke into ibe imvelo; omunye, isazi sokuziphatha, esandile e-USA, sathi izilwane ziyizidalwa ezingenzi lutho, futhi ukuziphatha kwazo kuwukusabela kuphela ekushukumiseni kwangaphandle.
Imfene yacabanga ukuhlanganisa amabhokisi ukuze ifinyelele kwelikabhanana. Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Ukuthi unomcabango, ukuthi uyakwazi ukubona ngeso lengqondo ikhambi lenkinga entsha. Ngamafuphi, uyacabanga
Lezi zindlela ezenziwe lula kakhulu zinabalandeli bazo kuze kube namuhla. Noma kunjalo, eminyakeni efanayo, kwavela amaphayona esayensi entsha. Ocwaningweni oludumile lukaWolfgang Köhler eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, ubhanana walengiswa endaweni ephakeme ethile ekamelweni lapho amabhokisi ayesakazwa khona. Imfene yaqagela ukuthi izozihlanganisa ukuze zifinyelele esithelweni. Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Ukuthi unomcabango, ukuthi uyakwazi ukubona ngeso lengqondo ekhanda lakhe ikhambi lenkinga entsha. Ngamafuphi: uyacabanga. Kuyamangaza!
Lokhu kwabashaqisa ososayensi bangaleso sikhathi, okwathi ngomoya kaDescartes, bakholelwa ukuthi izilwane azikwazi ukuba izidalwa ezizwelayo. Kukhona okushintshile kuphela eminyakeni engu-25 edlule, futhi ososayensi abaningi, kuhlanganise nami, baqala ukuzibuza umbuzo othi "Ingabe izilwane zihlakaniphile?", Kodwa "Hlobo luni lwengqondo ezisebenzisayo futhi kanjani?".
Kumayelana nokuba nesithakazelo ngempela ezilwaneni, ungaziqhathanisi nathi, akunjalo?
Manje uveza enye inkinga enkulu: ukuthambekela kokukala ubuhlakani bezilwane ngezindinganiso zethu zobuntu. Isibonelo, sithola ukuthi bangakwazi yini ukukhuluma, okusho ukuthi uma kunjalo, khona-ke banemizwa, futhi uma kungenjalo, khona-ke lokhu kufakazela ukuthi siyizidalwa eziyingqayizivele neziphakeme. Lokhu akuhambisani! Sinaka imisebenzi esinesiphiwo ngayo, sizama ukubona ukuthi izilwane zingenzani ngokumelene naso.
Ingabe enye indlela oyilandelayo ibizwa nge-evolutionary cognition?
Yebo, futhi kuhilela ukucabangela amakhono engqondo ohlobo ngalunye njengomkhiqizo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuhlobene nendawo ezungezile. Ihlengethwa elihlala ngaphansi kwamanzi lidinga ukuhlakanipha okuhlukile kunenkawu ehlala ezihlahleni; namalulwane anamakhono amangalisayo we-geolocalization, njengoba lokhu kuwavumela ukuba azulazule endaweni, agweme izithiyo futhi abambe inyamazane; izinyosi azifani ekutholeni izimbali...
Abukho ubuholi emvelweni, buqukethe amagatsha amaningi anwebeka ngezindlela ezihlukene. Ukuhlelwa kwezidalwa eziphilayo kuwumbono nje
Uhlobo ngalunye lunobuchwepheshe balo, ngakho-ke akunangqondo ukuzibuza ukuthi ihlengethwa lihlakaniphe yini kunenkawu noma inyosi. Kulokhu singafinyelela isiphetho esisodwa kuphela: kwezinye izindawo asikwazi njengezilwane. Ngokwesibonelo, izinga lenkumbulo yesikhashana yezimfene liphakeme kakhulu kunathi. Pho kungani kufanele sibe abangcono kakhulu kukho konke?
Isifiso sokugwema ukuziqhenya komuntu sithiya inqubekelaphambili yesayensi yenhloso. Sijwayele ukucabanga ukuthi kukhona isigaba esisodwa sezidalwa eziphilayo, esisuka phezulu (umuntu, yebo) siye phansi kakhulu (izinambuzane, ama-molluscs, noma angazi ukuthi yini enye). Kodwa emvelweni abukho ubuholi!
Imvelo iqukethe amagatsha amaningi anwebeka ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ukuhlelwa kwezidalwa eziphilayo kuwumbono nje.
Kodwa siyini-ke isimilo somuntu?
Wona lo mbuzo uchaza okuningi kwendlela yethu ye-anthropocentric emvelweni. Ukuyiphendula, ngithanda ukusebenzisa umfanekiso we-iceberg: ingxenye yayo enkulu engaphansi kwamanzi ihambisana nalokho okuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, kuhlanganise nathi. Futhi ingxenye yayo encane kakhulu engaphezu kwamanzi ihambisana nemininingwane yomuntu. Abantu bonke bagxumele kulesi siqeshana esincane! Kodwa njengososayensi, nginentshisekelo kulo lonke iqhwa.
Ingabe lokhu kucinga «komuntu kuphela» akuhlangene neqiniso lokuthi sidinga ukuthethelela ukuxhashazwa kwezilwane?
Kungenzeka kakhulu. Ngaphambili, lapho singabazingeli, saphoqeleka ukuba sihloniphe izilwane ezithile, ngoba wonke umuntu wayebona ukuthi kwakunzima kangakanani ukuzilandela nokuzibamba. Kodwa ukuba umlimi kuhlukile: sigcina izilwane zisendlini, siyazondla, siyazithengisa… Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi umbono wethu wezilwane obusayo futhi wakudala usukela kulokhu.
Isibonelo esisobala kakhulu lapho abantu bengahlukile khona ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi...
Akuzona nje inani lezinhlobo zezilwane ezizisebenzisayo, kodwa eziningi ziyazenza, nakuba lokhu sekuyisikhathi eside kubhekwa njengempahla yomuntu. Isibonelo: izinkawu ezinkulu zethulwa ngeshubhu lokuhlola elibonisa ngale, kodwa njengoba liqiniswe ngokuvikelekile endaweni eqondile, azikwazi ukukhipha amakinati kulo. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ezinye izinkawu zinquma ukuyokha amanzi esiphethwini esiseduze futhi ziwakhafulele eshubhuni lokuhlola ukuze linati lintante.
Lona umqondo ohlakaniphe kakhulu, futhi abakaqeqeshelwa ukuwenza: kufanele bacabange amanzi njengethuluzi, baphikelele (babuyele emuva naphambili emthonjeni izikhathi eziningana, uma kunesidingo). Lapho bebhekene nomsebenzi ofanayo, bangama-10% kuphela abantwana abaneminyaka emine kanye no-50% abaneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili abafika embonweni ofanayo.
Ukuhlola okunjalo futhi kudinga ukuzithiba okuthile ...
Ngokuvamile sivame ukucabanga ukuthi izilwane zinomuzwa wemvelo nemizwelo kuphela, kuyilapho abantu bekwazi ukuzibamba futhi bacabange. Kodwa akwenzeki ukuthi othile, kuhlanganise nesilwane, abe nemizwelo futhi angakwazi ukuyilawula! Cabanga ngekati elibona inyoni engadini: uma lilandela ngokushesha imvelo yalo, lizogijima liqonde phambili futhi inyoni izondiza.
Imizwa idlala indima ebalulekile emhlabeni womuntu. Ngakho-ke masingakuthathi ngokweqile ukuhlakanipha kwethu
Ngakho-ke udinga ukuyibamba kancane imizwa yakhe ukuze asondele kancane kancane esilwaneni sakhe. Ukwazi ngisho nokucasha ngemva kwehlathi amahora amaningi, elinde isikhathi esifanele. Esinye isibonelo: isigaba sobukhosi emphakathini, esibizwa ngezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, njengezinkawu, sisekelwe ngokunembile ekucindezelweni kwemizwelo nemizwelo.
Uyalwazi ukuhlolwa kwe-marshmallow?
Ingane ihlaliswe ekamelweni elingenalutho etafuleni, kubekwe ama-marshmallows phambi kwayo bathi uma ingawudli ngokushesha uzoyithola enye. Ezinye izingane ziyakwazi ukuzibamba, ezinye azikho nhlobo. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwenziwa nezinkawu ezinkulu kanye nopholi. Bayakwazi ukuzilawula - kanti abanye babi ngakho! - njengabantwana.
Futhi lokhu kuyakhathaza izazi zefilosofi eziningi, ngoba kusho ukuthi abantu akubona bodwa abanesifiso.
Ukuzwelana nomuzwa wobulungiswa nakho akukhona phakathi kwethu kuphela…
Iqiniso. Ngenze ucwaningo oluningi ngozwela ezimfaneni: ziyaduduza, ziyasiza... Ngokuqondene nomuzwa wobulungisa, usekelwa, phakathi kokunye, ucwaningo lapho izimfene ezimbili zikhuthazwa ukuba zenze umsebenzi ofanayo, nalapho ziphumelela. , omunye uthola omisiwe kanti omunye ukhukhamba ucezu (okuyiqiniso, futhi kuhle, kodwa hhayi okumnandi kakhulu!).
I-chimpanzee yesibili ithola ukungabi nabulungisa futhi ithukuthele, ilahla ikhukhamba. Futhi ngezinye izikhathi imfene yokuqala yenqaba amagilebhisi omisiwe kuze kube yilapho umakhelwane wayo enikezwa umvini omisiwe. Ngakho, umbono wokuthi umuzwa wobulungisa uwumphumela wokucabanga okunengqondo kolimi ubonakala uyiphutha.
Ngokusobala, izenzo ezinjalo zihlotshaniswa nokubambisana: uma ungakutholi okuningi njengami, ngeke usafuna ukubambisana nami, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuzongilimaza.
Kuthiwani ngolimi?
Kuwo wonke amakhono ethu, leli ngokungangabazeki liqondile kakhulu. Ulimi lwabantu lufanekisela kakhulu futhi luwumphumela wokufunda, kanti ulimi lwezilwane lwakhiwe izimpawu ezizalwa nazo. Nokho, ukubaluleka kolimi kulinganiswa kakhulu.
Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kudingekile ukucabanga, inkumbulo, uhlelo lokuziphatha. Manje siyazi ukuthi akunjalo. Izilwane ziyakwazi ukubona kusengaphambili, zinezinkumbulo. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uJean Piaget waphikisa ngeminyaka yawo-1960 ukuthi ukuqonda nolimi kuyizinto ezimbili ezizimele. Izilwane ziyakufakazela lokhu namuhla.
Ingabe izilwane zingasebenzisa izingqondo zazo ezenzweni ezingahlobene nokwaneliseka kwezidingo ezibalulekile? Ngokwesibonelo, for lokusungula.
Ngokwemvelo, bamatasa kakhulu ngokuphila kwabo ukuba bahlanganyele emisebenzini enjalo. Njengoba nje abantu benza izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Kodwa uma usunesikhathi, izimo, nengqondo, ungasebenzisa okwakamuva ngendlela ehlukile.
Isibonelo, ukudlala, njengoba kwenza izilwane eziningi, ngisho nabadala. Khona-ke, uma sikhuluma ngobuciko, kunemisebenzi ebonisa ukuba khona komqondo wesigqi, isibonelo, kuma-parrots; nezinkawu kwavela ukuthi zinesiphiwo sokudweba. Ngikhumbula, isibonelo, imfene yaseCongo, umdwebo wayo uPicasso awuthenga ngawo-1950.
Ngakho-ke kudingeka siyeke ukucabanga ngokuhlukana kwabantu nezilwane?
Okokuqala, sidinga ukufinyelela ukuqonda okunembe kakhudlwana kokuthi uhlobo lwethu luyini. Esikhundleni sokuyibona njengomkhiqizo wamasiko nokukhuliswa, ngiyibona ngendlela eqhubekayo: okokuqala, siyizilwane ezihlakaniphile nezingokomzwelo. Kunengqondo?
Kwesinye isikhathi yebo, kodwa ukuchaza izinhlobo zethu njengezinomqondo kungaba ukuhlulela kabi. Udinga kuphela ukubuka umhlaba wethu ukuze ubone ukuthi imizwa idlala indima ebalulekile kuwo. Ngakho-ke masingakuqinisi ngokweqile ukuqonda kwethu kanye "nokukhethekile". Asihlukaniseki kuyo yonke imvelo.