Okuqukethwe
Sinesimo sengqondo esibi maqondana neplanethi eyasinika ukuphila, isondla futhi isinika zonke izindlela zokuphila. Ngokuvamile umuntu uzama ngawo wonke amandla akhe ukushintsha indawo yakhe yokuhlala ibe indawo yokulahla udoti onukayo. Futhi ngokuvamile uyaphumelela. Amahlathi ayagawulwa nezilwane zicekelwe phansi, imifula ingcoliswe ukungcola okunobuthi, nolwandle luphendulwe izindawo zokulahla udoti.
Amanye amadolobha esihlala kuwo abukeka njengomfanekiso wefilimu esabekayo. Anamachibi anemibala eminingi, izihlahla ezimile kanye nomoya ogcwele izinto ezinobuthi. Abantu emadolobheni anjalo abaphili isikhathi eside, izingane ziyagula, futhi iphunga lamagesi okukhipha umoya liba iphunga elijwayelekile.
Izwe lethu kulokhu alihlukile kwamanye amazwe asethuthukile. Amadolobha lapho kwakhiwa khona amakhemikhali nanoma yimuphi omunye umkhiqizo oyingozi awumbono odabukisayo. Sikuhlanganisele uhlu oluhlanganisa amadolobha angcolile eRussia. Abanye babo kungathiwa basenhlekeleleni yangempela yemvelo. Kodwa iziphathimandla azinandaba nalokhu, futhi abantu bendawo babonakala sebekujwayele ukuhlala ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo.
Long idolobha elingcolile kunawo wonke eRussia Kwabhekwa Dzerzhinsk esifundeni Novgorod. Le ndawo esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izikhali zamakhemikhali, yayivaliwe ezweni langaphandle. Emashumini eminyaka omsebenzi onjalo, kuye kwanqwabelana imfucumfucu yamakhemikhali ehlukene kangangokuthi izakhamuzi zendawo azivamile ukuphila zize zibe neminyaka engu-45 ubudala. Kodwa-ke, senza uhlu lwethu ngokusekelwe ohlelweni lokubala lwaseRussia, futhi lucabangela izinto eziyingozi kuphela emkhathini. Umhlabathi namanzi akunakwa.
10 I-Magnitogorsk
Uhlu lwethu luvula ngedolobha okwathi kuwo wonke umlando walo omfushane lihlotshaniswa kakhulu ne-metallurgy, imboni esindayo kanye nempumelelo yezinhlelo zokuqala zeminyaka emihlanu. Idolobha liyikhaya leMagnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, okuyibhizinisi elikhulu kunawo wonke eRussia. Kudala ukungcola okuningi okulimazayo okulimaza izimpilo zezakhamizi. Sekukonke, amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-255 wezinto eziyingozi angena emoyeni wedolobha minyaka yonke. Vuma, inombolo enkulu. Izihlungi eziningi zifakwe esitshalweni, kepha azisizi kancane, ukugcwala kwe-nitrogen dioxide ne-soot emoyeni kudlula okujwayelekile izikhathi ezimbalwa.
9. kwase-Angarsk
Endaweni yesishiyagalolunye ohlwini lwethu kunelinye idolobha laseSiberia. Nakuba i-Angarsk ibhekwa njengephumelelayo, isimo semvelo lapha siyadabukisa. Imboni yamakhemikhali ithuthukiswe kakhulu e-Angarsk. Amafutha acutshungulwa lapha ngenkuthalo, kunezinkampani eziningi zokwakha umshini, futhi zilimaza imvelo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, kunesitshalo e-Angarsk esicubungula i-uranium futhi sichithe uphethiloli ovela ezitshalweni zamandla enyukliya. Umakhelwane onesitshalo esinjalo akukafaki impilo kunoma ubani. Unyaka ngamunye, amathani angu-280 ezinto ezinobuthi angena emoyeni wedolobha.
8. Omsk
Endaweni yesishiyagalombili kunelinye idolobha laseSiberia, umkhathi walo minyaka yonke uthola amathani angama-290 ezinto eziyingozi. Iningi lazo likhishwa yimithombo emile. Kodwa-ke, ngaphezu kuka-30% wezinto ezikhishwayo zivela ezimotweni. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi i-Omsk iyidolobha elikhulu elinabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1,16.
Imboni yaqala ukukhula ngokushesha e-Omsk ngemva kwempi, njengoba inqwaba yamabhizinisi avela engxenyeni yaseYurophu ye-USSR asuswa lapha. Manje idolobha linenani elikhulu lamabhizinisi ensimbi ayoni, imboni yamakhemikhali kanye nobunjiniyela bemishini. Bonke bangcolisa umoya wedolobha.
7. I-Novokuznetsk
Leli dolobha lingesinye sezikhungo zokusansimbi zaseRussia. Amabhizinisi amaningi anemishini ephelelwe yisikhathi futhi anobuthi obunzima emoyeni. Inkampani enkulu kunazo zonke ye-metallurgical edolobheni i-Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Works, nayo eyinhloko engcolisa umoya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imboni yamalahle ithuthuke kakhulu esifundeni, ephinde ikhiqize imimoya eminingi eyingozi. Izakhamizi zedolobha zibheka isimo esingesihle semvelo edolobheni njengenye yezinkinga zazo ezinkulu.
6. Lipetsk
Leli dolobha liyikhaya lesitshalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sase-Europe se-metallurgical (NLMK), esikhiphela isamba esikhulu sokungcola emoyeni. Ngaphezu kwakhe, kukhona amanye amabhizinisi amakhulu amaningana e-Lipetsk anomthelela ekuwohlokeni kwezimo zemvelo edolobhaneni.
Unyaka ngamunye, amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-322 ezinto ezihlukahlukene eziyingozi angena emoyeni wedolobha. Uma umoya uvunguza ohlangothini lwesitshalo se-metallurgical, khona-ke iphunga elinamandla le-hydrogen sulfide lizwakala emoyeni. Yiqiniso, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva inkampani ithathe izinyathelo ezithile zokunciphisa ukukhishwa okuyingozi, kodwa ayikho imiphumela okwamanje.
5. I-Asbestos
Okwesihlanu ohlwini lwethu amadolobha angcolile eRussia indawo yokuhlala yase-Ural itholakala. Njengoba kucaca egameni laleli dolobha, i-asbestos imbiwa futhi icutshungulwe kuwo, futhi isitini se-silicate sikhiqizwa. Nasi isitshalo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni esikhipha i-asbestos. Futhi yilezi zinkampani ezaletha idolobha onqenqemeni lwenhlekelele yemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-330 wezinto eziyingozi empilweni yomuntu akhishelwa emoyeni minyaka yonke, iningi lalokhu kukhishwa kwegesi liphuma emithonjeni emile. U-99% wabo ubalwa inkampani eyodwa. Ungengeza futhi ukuthi uthuli lwe-asbestos luyingozi kakhulu futhi lungabangela umdlavuza.
4. Ama-Cherepovets
Leli dolobha liyikhaya lezitshalo ezinkulu zamakhemikhali nezensimbi: iCherepovets Azot, iSeverstal, iSeverstal-Metiz, ne-Ammofos. Njalo ngonyaka, akhiphela amathani angaba ngu-364 ezinto eziyingozi empilweni yomuntu emoyeni. Idolobha linenani eliphakeme kakhulu lezifo zesistimu yokuphefumula, izifo zenhliziyo kanye ne-oncological.
Isimo sibi kakhulu entwasahlobo nasekwindla.
3. Petersburg
Endaweni yesithathu ohlwini lwethu idolobha laseSt. Petersburg, lapho kungekho khona amabhizinisi amakhulu ezimboni noma izimboni eziyingozi ikakhulukazi. Kodwa-ke, lapha indaba ihlukile: kunenani elikhulu kakhulu lezimoto edolobheni futhi iningi lokukhishwa kwamagesi okukhipha izimoto.
Ukuhamba kwezimoto edolobheni akuhlelekile kahle, izimoto zivame ukuma zingenzi lutho esiminyaminyeni sezimoto, kuyilapho zifaka ushevu emoyeni. Ingxenye yezimoto yenza ama-92,8% ayo yonke igesi eyingozi emoyeni wedolobha. Unyaka ngamunye, amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-488,2 ezinto eziyingozi angena emoyeni, futhi lokhu kungaphezulu kakhulu emadolobheni anezimboni ezithuthukile.
2. Moscow
Endaweni yesibili mayelana nokungcoliswa kwemvelo inhloko-dolobha yeRussian Federation - idolobha laseMoscow. Azikho izimboni ezinkulu neziyingozi lapha, awekho amalahle noma izinsimbi ezisindayo ezimbiwayo, kodwa minyaka yonke cishe amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1000 ezinto eziyingozi kubantu akhishelwa emoyeni wedolobha elikhulu. Umthombo oyinhloko walokhu kukhishwa yizimoto, zibalelwa ku-92,5% wazo zonke izinto eziyingozi emoyeni waseMoscow. Izimoto zingcolisa umoya kakhulu ikakhulukazi phakathi namahora amaningi emi esiminyaminyeni sezimoto.
Isimo siya ngokuba sibi minyaka yonke. Uma isimo siqhubeka sithuthuka, maduzane ngeke kwenzeke ukuphefumula enhloko-dolobha.
1. I-Norilsk
Okokuqala ohlwini lwethu amadolobha angcoliswe kakhulu eRussia, elinomkhawulo omkhulu kakhulu idolobha laseNorilsk. Le ndawo yokuhlala, etholakala eKrasnoyarsk Territory, ibilokhu ingumholi phakathi kwamadolobha aseRussia angewona neze imvelo iminyaka eminingi. Lokhu kuqashelwa hhayi ngochwepheshe basekhaya kuphela, kodwa futhi nabezemvelo bangaphandle. Abaningi babo babheka iNorilsk njengendawo yenhlekelele yemvelo. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, leli dolobha libe ngomunye wabaholi izindawo ezingcoliswe kakhulu emhlabeni.
Isizathu salesi simo silula: inkampani ye-Norilsk Nickel itholakala edolobheni, okuyinto engcolisa kakhulu. Ngo-2010, ithani elingu-1 lemfucuza eyingozi lakhishwa emoyeni.
Ucwaningo olwenziwe eminyakeni eminingana edlule lubonise ukuthi izinga lezinsimbi ezinzima, i-hydrogen sulfide, i-sulfuric acid lidlula izinga eliphephile izikhathi eziningana. Sekukonke, abacwaningi babala izinto eziyingozi ezingama-31, ukuhlushwa kwazo okudlula inkambiso evumelekile. Izitshalo nezinto eziphilayo ziyafa kancane kancane. E-Norilsk, isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila singaphansi kweminyaka eyishumi kunesilinganiso sikazwelonke.