Okuqukethwe
Ngokwe-WHO, iHhovisi Lomhlaba Lezempilo, eFrance, ukufa komuntu oyedwa kwabayishumi kuhlobene nemvelo. Emhlabeni wonke, ingxenye yesine yokufa kwezinsana ingathola umsuka wayo lapho.
Kunezinsongo eziningi: ikhwalithi yomoya, ikhwalithi yomhlabathi, izindawo ezingcolile. EFrance, ihlazo lamuva nje liye lathinta izikole ezithile, ezikhethelwe izinkinga zokungcola kwangaphakathi.
Ngakho yiziphi izindawo ezithinteka kakhulu ensimini yethu? Kuvelaphi lokhu kungcola? Imaphi amadolobha angcoliswe kakhulu eFrance ngo-2018?
Le dosi ikunikeza amazwibela wezinsongo ezilenga phezu kwamadolobha ethu, kanye nezindlela zokuzivikela kanye nokuthatha isinyathelo.
Faka umbhalo wakho lapha...
Amadolobha angcoliswe kakhulu eFrance ngo-2019
Yimaphi-ke amadolobha angcoliswe kakhulu eFrance? Ukuhlukaniswa ngokusobala kuzoba ngokunganaki: ikhwalithi yomoya, amanzi nomhlabathi kuyacatshangelwa, kodwa yikuphi okubaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni?
Amadolobha amahlanu angaphezulu kwale nkundla angaphansi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokungcola, kodwa atholakala ngokuphindaphindiwe [1]
1 - Lyon Villeurbanne
Ngokuhlangana kwezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwesigidi, iLyon, isifunda sase-Rhône, isezingeni eliphezulu. Ukhona idolobha lesibili laseFrance lapho kugcinwa khona imfucuza enemisebe eminingi.
Ngezigidi ezi-2 m2 zezindawo ezinsundu ezingcoliswe umthofu, i-chromium noma ama-hydrocarbon, inhlabathi ingcoliswe kakhulu: kunezindawo ezingama-66 ezihlukaniswa njengezingcolile, ezinye zazo eziyingozi. ILyon ikhathazekile ngamacala asanda kusungulwa yi-European Union.
Lawa aqondise amadolobha aseFrance lapho imingcele yezinhlayiyana ifinyelele imikhawulo ebalulekile. Ihlangabezane neziqephu ezimbalwa zeziqongo zokungcola ngo-2017 naphezu kwezinyathelo ezithile. Ezindaweni, kukhona nemikhondo ye-arsenic kanye namazinga aphezulu e-nitrate emanzini.
Singaphinda futhi, edolobheni elikhulu, idolobha laseVilleurbanne elinezindawo ezingcolile ezingama-34. Njengoba inabantu abangu-140, ifinyelele emazingeni abalulekile mayelana namazinga e-nitrogen dioxide kanye nezinhlayiya ze-PM000.
Bude buduze nalapho, isigodi sase-Arve saziwa njengenye yezindawo ezingcole kakhulu eFrance, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yendawo yaso, kanye nokushisisa kwezinkuni okusetshenziswa kakhulu ebusika okumelele cishe ama-80%. ukukhishwa kwezinhlayiyana.
2 - Marseilles
Ikhredithi yesithombe: Cyrille Dutrulle (isixhumanisi)
I-Marseille ne-Paris bavame ukulwela isikhundla esiphezulu mayelana nekhwalithi yomoya. Njengoba kunezindawo ezibucayi ezingu-50, izingosi ezi-2 ezihlukaniswe nge-Seveso, okusho ukuthi kuyingozi uma kwenzeka ingozi, i-Marseille, ngaphezu kokungcoliswa okujwayelekile okuxhunyaniswa nokuthutha emgwaqeni, inamazinga aphezulu okungcola axhumene nezokuthutha zasolwandle, ngaphandle kokubala izigameko zikaphethiloli. Yilokhu okurekhoda izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lezinhlayiya ezinhle emoyeni.
Omunye angase acabange ukuthi iParis ingaphambi kwayo, kodwa isimo sezulu sihilelekile: izinga lokushisa eliphezulu livame ukwandisa izinga lokungcola emoyeni. Ngaphandle kokukhohlwa umoya wasolwandle obuyisela ukungcola phakathi nezwe.
Ezokuthutha zomphakathi azithuthukisiwe ngokuqhathaniswa enhloko-dolobha yase-Marseille: ulayini webhasi kagesi owodwa, akukho nzuzo uma kwenzeka kuba nenani eliphakeme lokungcola okuqinisekisiwe: akukho sitifiketi noma ithrafikhi ehlukanisiwe.
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi eminye imizila kunzima ukuyiphambukisa, ikakhulukazi ukuletha izimpahla echwebeni.
Nokho, izitika ze-Crit'air kufanele zivele ngokushesha.
3 - eParis
Idolobha lokuqala laseFrance ngokwezindawo zemfucuza enemisebe, iParis ngokusobala ikulesi simo.
Ngokusho kocwaningo lwe-Air'Parif, izinkinga eziningi zekhwalithi yomoya zivela esiminyaminya emgwaqeni. U-39% wokungcola kwezinhlayiyana uvela kwenye indawo: izinhlayiya nazo zithwalwa umoya.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva kakhulu lwe-WHO lubeka idolobha lokuqala laseFrance elingcolile ngokwezinga lomoya, kanye nedolobha le-17 ngobukhulu emhlabeni.
Ngenkathi umkhawulo wokulawula we-PM10 eFrance ungama-20 μg / m3 - i-microgram nge-cubic meter ngayinye - ukugxila okuqoshwe ngo-2015 enhloko-dolobha 35 μg/m3
4 - Roubaix
Ikhredithi yesithombe: GabianSpirit (isixhumanisi)
Ukungcoliswa kwezindawo ezithile edolobheni lase-Roubaix kuvela esikhathini esidlule esixhumene nezindwangu zezimboni.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu Izindawo ezingama-38 ezingcoliswe umthofu nama-hydrocarbon, amazinga ezinhlayiya ezinhle emoyeni nawo angaphezulu kwesilinganiso.
KuseRoubaix naseHauts-de-France lapho kuqubuke khona amahlazo akamuva mayelana nezikole ezingcolisiwe.
Kukhona nezinkinga zekhwalithi yomoya emadolobheni afana neLens noma iDouai.
5-Strasbourg
Ikhredithi yesithombe: ALexandre Prévot (isixhumanisi)
Ngezindawo ezingcolile ezingama-40, iStrasbourg, esengxenyeni esempumalanga yezwe enezimboni kakhulu, nayo ibhala amazinga aphezulu ezinhlayiya ezinhle nesikhutha emoyeni.
Lokhu kukhishwa kwegesi kubangelwa ikakhulukazi izimoto zikadizili nokugcwala emgwaqeni.
Naphezu kokwehla okuvamile kokungcoliswa komoya, idolobha lisabhekana neziqongo ezimbalwa zokungcola unyaka ngamunye.
Isexwayiso socingo iphinde yabekwa ukuze kuxwayiswe abantu kusenesikhathi.
Izinkinga zokungcola zithinta ikakhulukazi imigwaqo emikhulu.
Izeluleko uma kwenzeka kuba nenani eliphakeme lokungcola - ngokusho koMnyango Wezempilo
Ukuze abantu abasengozini - izinsana, izingane ezincane, asebekhulile, abantu abaphethwe yinhliziyo noma i-pathologies yokuphefumula
✓ Gwema ukuphrakthiza imisebenzi yezemidlalo, ikakhulukazi ejulile, kungaba ngaphandle noma ngaphandle (ukujikeleza komoya)
✓ Uma ukuphefumula noma ukungakhululeki kwenhliziyo kuvela, thintana nodokotela
✓ Phuma kancane kancane uma izimpawu zingamakiwe ungaphakathi endlini
✓ Gwema imigwaqo emikhulu, ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kosuku noma phakathi nehora lejubane
✓ Hlehlisa imisebenzi edinga umzamo omkhulu
Kwabanye
✓ Gwema ukuzikhandla okukhulu ngokomzimba
✓ Umkhuba wemidlalo emaphakathi efana nokuhamba ngebhayisikili akuyona inkinga
✓ Faka umoya ngaphakathi kwakho: gwema ugwayi, imikhiqizo yokuhlanza, amakhandlela anephunga elimnandi, njll.
✓ Air imoto yakho ukuze unciphise ukunqwabelana kwezinto ezingcolisayo
6- Encane
Ikhredithi yesithombe: Fred romero (isixhumanisi)
Uma izindawo zokuqala ezi-5 ezisezingeni zingashiyi indawo yokungabaza, kuba nzima-ke ukuhlukanisa amadolobha ngokuya ngokuthi sinikeza ukubaluleka okukhulu noma okuncane ekungcolisweni komoya noma ukuba khona kwezindawo ezingcolile.
Idolobha laseLille liza ngokwezinga lethu: kakade ngezinkinga ezifakazelwe zokunukubezeka komoya, kodwa futhi nokuba khona kwezindawo ezingcolile nenhlabathi.
Cishe izikole ezingamashumi amabili nama-nursery ezingase zithinteke. Izinkinga zokungcoliswa komoya nazo zisekhona: ngesikhathi kubhalwa lesi sihloko, idolobha libhekene nesiqephu sokungcola okuphezulu okuholela, ikakhulukazi, emikhawulweni yesivinini kanye nomkhawulo wemisebenzi ethile.
Lesi simo sigcizelelwa amazinga okushisa asehlobo aphakeme kakhulu
7 - Kuhle
Ikhredithi yesithombe: Hans Põldoja (isixhumanisi)
Umuntu angase acabange ukuthi amadolobha aseningizimu, kude kakhulu nezindawo zezimboni ezinomlando, asindisiwe.
Kodwa isimo sezulu sidlala ngokumelene nabo, futhi kunezinsuku eziningi lapho imingcele yokulawula yeqiwa.
Ilanga linamandla, izimoto ziningi, futhi nakuba i-mistral inomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlanza umoya, izinkinga zokungcola ziyaqhubeka.
Amanani ahlala elungile ngenxa yokungabikho kwezimboni, kodwa amandla edolobha asebenza ngokumelene nawo.
Isimo sezulu sithanda ukuba khona kwezinhlayiya, ukungabi khona kwemimoya enamandla kuvimbela ukusakazeka kwazo, futhi okunye ukungcola kuvela kude. Ngaphezu kwalesi simo, zonke izimoto zihlala zigcwele ogwini, okugxilisa imithombo yokungcola.
8 - I-Grenoble
Idolobha laseGrenoble laziwa ngomoya walo ongcolile: alikakafiki esicongweni futhi lisasele ngemuva kweParis noma eMarseille.
Ingaphezu kwayo yonke indawo yayo yendawo eyenza ukungcola kuyama esigodini, kodwa isimo sivame ukuba ngcono phakathi neminyaka, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yenqubomgomo yokulwa nokungcola.
Ezindaweni ezibalelwa kumashumi amathathu ezingcolile, udaba lwezinga lomhlabathi luwumgogodla wenqubomgomo yedolobha, esebenzise umdwebo wezindawo zalo ezaziyizimboni, ukuze kulungiswe futhi kubonwe ubungozi.
9 - Izingoma
Ikhredithi yesithombe: Num (isixhumanisi)
Kuphinde kukhathazwe isinqumo seNkantolo YaseYurophu ngokumelene neFrance ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokungcoliswa komoya: izinyathelo seziqala ukubekwa, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuvela kweziqephu zeziqongo zokungcola. kuya ku-PM10 izinhlayiya.
Nakhona lapho, ezinye izikole zibhekene nezinkinga zokunukubezeka komhlabathi : imisebenzi yokuqeda ukungcola isivele yethuliwe.
Amazinga e-PM10 emoyeni ahlala engaphezulu kakhulu kwesilinganiso sikazwelonke. Futhi izinga lamanzi liyancishiswa ngokuba khona kwama-nitrate.
10 - Indawo yokuphumula
Ikhredithi yesithombe: daniel.stark (isixhumanisi)
Idolobha laseLe Havre liqeda lesi simo. Umoya esiwuphefumulayo lapho ungowezinga elihle, kodwa lapha izinkinga zokungcola zikhathaza kakhulu izindawo zamachweba kanye nezindawo zezimboni, kanye nezindawo ezingcolile.
Ngokuphathelene nokungcoliswa komoya, imingcele idlula i-nitrogen dioxide, izinhlayiya ezinhle, kodwa ne-sulphur dioxide ne-ozone. Ngaphandle kokukhohlwa, ngasolwandle, izindaba zakamuva zokulahla ngokungemthetho.
Amadolobha anezinga eliphansi lokungcola ezweni
Ngeke siqinisekise ukuthi idolobha lizokhululeka kukho konke ukungcola, kodwa amanye amadolobha aziwa ngomoya wawo ophefumula kancane. Nazi ezimbalwa:
✓ Amaphayiphu
Kungaba idolobha elingcoliswe kancane eFrance. Sazi ngokukhethekile ukuthi amazinga esibabule, i-nitrogen dioxide, nezinhlayiya ezinhle, aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa. Iziqongo zokungcola azivamile lapho.
✓ Limoges
Izinga lomoya e-Limoges lihle cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zonyaka.
✓ Brest
Kukhona cishe izinsuku ezingamashumi amabili kuphela lapho umoya uthathwa njengomubi, ngokuvamile ebusika.
✓ I-Pau (FR)
Ngaphandle kwehlobo lapho indawo yedolobha, eseceleni kombhede wePyrenees, ikhiqiza iziqongo zokungcola, ungakwazi ukugcwalisa umoya ohlanzekile unyaka wonke.
✓ Perpignan
Naphezu kwesiminyaminya esikhulu, ikakhulukazi enkabeni yedolobha, ukungabikho kokungcoliswa kwezimboni kubeka uPerpignan esilinganisweni.
Umbono omfishane wezifunda zethu
Mayelana nekhwalithi yenhlabathi, ukungalingani kukhulu ngaphakathi kwedolobha laseFrance. Ngaphambi kokuthola izinga lamadolobha, nansi umbono osheshayo wezifunda ezinenani elikhulu lenhlabathi engcolile neziza. Emqondweni wakho:
➔ Enyakatho (59)
Isifunda sezolimo esingaphezu kuka-70%, esinesikhathi esidlule sezimboni esiqinile, isifunda saseNyakatho sinezindawo ezingcolile ezingu-497 ezifakazelwe, okuyisibalo esiphezulu kunazo zonke ezweni. Yilapho futhi kuqubuke khona amahlazo akamuva mayelana nezikole ezingcolile edolobheni laseRoubaix.
➔ USeine-et-Marne (77)
Kunezindawo ezingcolile ezingama-303 kulo mnyango. Lokhu kungcola empeleni kuyizimboni. Singabona futhi izinga eliphansi lamanzi ngenxa ye-nitrate, i-mercury nama-phosphates angatholakala lapho.
➔ I-Gironde (33)
Ukungcola e-Gironde kuvela ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yokulima iwayini nezibulala-zinambuzane. Nakhona lapho, ukusondela kwezikole ezithile emavinini sekuqala ukuvusa imibuzo.
Ngokuphambene, iminyango ethile cishe ayinayo indawo engcolile: iCantal, Creuse, Gers, noma iLozère.
Lamadolobha aseFrance lapho siphefumula kabi
Ngabe siphila kangcono emaphandleni kunasedolobheni?
Ngisho noma amadolobha egxile kakhulu ezimbonini nezokuthutha, futhi enamazinga aphezulu okungcola, umuntu akufanele akushaye indiva ukungcoliswa kwezindawo zezolimo. Isigodi sase-Arve, esisenkabeni ye-French Alps, kuthiwa ingenye yezindawo ezingcoliswe kakhulu eFrance.
Iseduze ne-axis yethrafikhi ematasa kakhulu, futhi ebusika, izakhamuzi zishisa ngokhuni. Izimoto zezimpahla ezisindayo ezingu-500 ezizungeza esigodini unyaka ngamunye zivimbela izakhamuzi ukuba zingaphefumuli. Ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka, kulesi sigodi, ukuthi inani eliphakeme lokungcola lisakazwa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa (2)
Lesi simo siwumsuka wezinkinga eziningi zempilo, kusukela ekuhlulekeni kokuphefumula okungapheli kuya kumdlavuza.
Maphakathi nendawo yasemaphandleni, awuthinteki kangako ngenxa yezimoto, kodwa ungase utholakale ezibulala-zinambuzane nezinto ezingcolisa ezolimo. Ingasaphathwa ukuthi izinhlayiya ezinhle ezibangela ukungcoliswa komoya ziyanyakaza.
Emadolobhaneni ethu / emaphandleni umehluko, masingakhohlwa indaba yezindawo zezimboni noma. Ikakhulukazi itholakala empumalanga yeFrance, ngaphandle kwemimoya ekhona ivela entshonalanga.
Isigodi saseRhône, njengoba saba neqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni zezwe, ngokuvamile singcoliswe kakhulu, njengoba kunjalo nesigodi esingaphansi kweSeine.
Izinga lomoya wasemadolobheni liphakamisa imibuzo eFrance
Uhola indawo yesikhulumi? Asikwazi ukuthola labo ebesingabacabanga. Akuwona ngempela amadolobha amakhulu aqopha amazinga aphezulu ezinhlayiya ezinhle ezisemoyeni.
Idolobha laseSeine-Saint-Denis, Ipipi irekhoda irekhodi mayelana nokugcwala kwezinhlayiya ezinhle emoyeni, ngo-36 μg / m3 wedolobha elinezakhamuzi ezingama-55 (3)
Umasipala wesibili kulokhu kuhlukaniswa, oseSeine-et-Marne, unezakhamuzi eziyi-15. Izinkinga zokungcoliswa komoya zenezelwa emahlazweni akamuva mayelana namanzi angaphephile.
Kodwa-ke, uma sigcina kuphela amadolobha anabantu abangaphezu kuka-100, singakwazi ukuhlonza amadolobha amakhulu aseFrance avela phezulu kuzinga lemimoya engaphefumuleki kakhulu. Kuya ngokuthi sikala izinhlayiya ze-PM000 noma ze-PM10, izinga liyashintsha kancane, kodwa sithola amadolobha athile ngokuphindaphindiwe. (4)
Singakhohlwa futhi ukuthi ukungcoliswa kwezinhlayiyana akukhona kuphela ukungcoliswa komoya esingase sibhekane nakho. Amadolobha anamazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-carbon monoxide ahlala eParis endaweni yokuqala, iToulouse nedolobha laseSaint-Denis.
Ngakho-ke kuyinkimbinkimbi ukwenza isigaba esiqondile samadolobha ezwe umoya walo ongcoliswe kakhulu: kakade kuncike ekuqaleni ohlotsheni lokungcola olulinganiswayo. Isimo singase sihluke unyaka nonyaka.
Kodwa okuguquguqukayo okuyinhloko kuhlala kuyinani lezinsuku ezithintekayo phakathi nonyaka: idatha ebaluleke kakhulu. Idolobha lingathinteka ngenxa yeziqongo zokungcoliswa kwabagibeli ngenxa yemisebenzi ethile noma izimo zezulu.
Kungase futhi kungcoliswe njalo nangokuphikelela. Uma sicabangela le datha, amadolobha aphezulu esilinganisweni, i-Marseille, i-Cannes, ne-Toulon, ikakhulukazi atholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-France. (5)
Ukuqonda ukungcola
Sikhuluma ngani ngempela?
Ukungcoliswa komoya kuyingqikithi yezindaba futhi kuyisihloko secala lakamuva le-European Union ngokumelene ne-France kanye nezikhalazo ezivamile zezakhamuzi. Kuhlanganiswe nezinye izinkinga zokungcola okuvela emisebenzini yabantu engathinta amanzi nomhlabathi.
Nsuku zonke, cishe 14 amalitha omoya dlula emgudwini wethu wokuphefumula. Futhi kulo moya sithola izinsongo ezingabonakali. Zivela emisebenzini yezimboni nezolimo, emkhakheni wezokuthutha, kodwa futhi nasezitshalweni ezivuthayo, imisebenzi yasekhaya, noma ngisho nokubhema.
Ngokusho kweWorld Health Organization [1], cishe Amadolobha angama-500 aseFrance adlula imikhawulo yokuhlangana kwezinhlayiya ezinhle emoyeni. Emhlabeni, ngaphezu kwalokho 9 abantu 10 phila nomoya ongcolile, okungenani ogcwele izinhlayiya ezinhle PM10 kanye ne-PM2,5.
Ukufa okubangelwa ukungcoliswa komoya kungabalwa ezigidini, ngenxa yakho kokubili ukungcoliswa komoya wangaphandle, ikakhulukazi okuvela emisebenzini yezimboni nethrafikhi, kanye nokungcoliswa komoya endlini. Kuyinani elikhulu lezingozi zobuchopho, izifo zokuphefumula, izifo zamaphaphu noma ngisho nomdlavuza.
Ziyini izimbangela zokungcola?
Ukungcoliswa kwezinhlayiyana okuhle, okokuqala okubangela izifo eziningi zokuphefumula, kuvela ikakhulukazi emikhakheni yezimboni, ezokuthutha kanye nezolimo, kanye nasekukhiqizweni kweziteshi zikagesi ngamalahle.
Sivame ukukhohlwa izinga lomoya wasendlini : ekhaya, ehhovisi, ngisho nasesikoleni. Le khwalithi ingathinteka ngokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezivuthayo, imisebenzi yabantu efana nokubhema noma ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yasendlini, kodwa futhi ingavela ngokuqondile ezintweni zokwakha kanye nefenisha.
I-PM, noma izinhlayiya ezihamba emoyeni, ziyizinhlayiya ezincane ezithwalwa emoyeni futhi zingene enhliziyweni yamaphaphu nezindlela zomoya. Kukholakala ukuthi ziyimbangela yokufa kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-40 ngonyaka eFrance [000].
Zihlukaniswa ngokobukhulu bazo: i-particle ngayinye inomkhawulo wokulawula, ngaphezu kwalokho isimo siqala ukuba yingozi empilweni yomuntu.
Izinhlayiya ezinhle, futhi ikakhulukazi i-PM10, zinqwabelana endaweni. Ikhwalithi yomoya ephansi iyimbangela yesithathu yokufa kwabantu eFrance, ngemuva kukagwayi notshwala.
Ngokusho kweNkantolo Yabacwaningi Bamabhuku[8], u-60% wabantu bazothinteka e-France, ikakhulukazi ebusika lapho kubanda futhi somile. Yilapho umoya ungavuselelwa khona futhi izinhlayiya zimile emoyeni bese zingena emaphashini ethu.
Ngaphandle kwezinhlayiya ezinhle, izinhlangano ezilawulayo ziqapha ezinye izinto: i-nitrogen dioxide, ekuthuthweni nasekushiseni; i-sulphur dioxide, ekhishwa amafektri; kanye ne-ozone, imiphumela yokusabela kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene ngaphansi komphumela wemisebe ye-ultraviolet.
Isimo sezulu kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu
Uma uthi nhlá, imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ekungcoliseni ingabonakali. Kodwa ezinye izixhumanisi ezifakazelwe sezisunguliwe.
Kakade, ukunyuka kwamazinga okushisa kusho ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwezipholile, iziqandisi, nezinye izinto ezibangela ukungcola kwasendlini.
Izinhlayiya ezinhle ne-carbon monoxide okulengiswe emkhathini nakho kungaba imbangela yokwanda kwemililo yehlathi.
Ukufuduka kwezitshalo ezintsha kungabangela ukungezwani nempova kubantu ababengakaze bavezwe kuyo ngaphambilini. Umoya osizungezile usesengozini yokushintsha.
Isimo sezulu ngaphandle siphinde sithinte izinga lomoya: noma kushisa noma kubanda, noma kunomoya noma cha, imvula noma ingekho.
Isimo sezulu ngasinye sizoba nomthelela ohlukile ekungcoleni: sizohlakazeka noma sigxile esikhaleni. Uma umoya ubuthakathaka futhi isimo sezulu sizolile, kuyoba nzima ukuthi izinto ezingcolile zihlakazeke futhi zihlale zisezingeni eliphansi, isibonelo.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, ukungcoliswa komhlabathi: imiphumela kanye nemiphumela
Singakhohlwa futhi ukuthi akusiwo wodwa umoya othintekayo emisebenzini yabantu. Amanzi, okuyimpahla ebalulekile, asongelwa ikakhulukazi amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene.
Ama-nitrate, ama-phosphates, izinsimbi ezisindayo ezifana nomthofu ophuma kwezolimo noma embonini, noma ngisho nama-hydrocarbon.
Kwezinye izinto, okuhlanganisa iziphazamisi ze-endocrine kanye nensalela yezidakamizwa, kunzima ngisho nokuhlola imiphumela yangempela empilweni yesikhathi eside.
Lokhu, edolobheni, kunganezelwa ekugcinweni kabi kwamapayipi okwenza kube yingozi empilweni. Amanye amanzi awasaphuzi, kwamanye awusakwazi ukugeza. Izingozi ezithintekayo zihlukile ngokuya ngezinhlobo zokungcola.
Izimpawu zesikhathi eside zincike kakhulu kumthamo kanye nesikhathi sokuchayeka. Umthofu uyimbangela yobuthi bomthofu. I-Hydrocarbons, i-nitrate, noma i-arsenic i-carcinogenic.
Esikhathini esifushane, iziyaluyalu ziyathelelana. Iziyaluyalu Benign ezifana iziyaluyalu wokugaya ukudla kanye mycoses; kanye neziyaluyalu ezimbi kakhulu njenge-legionellosis noma i-hepatitis. Ama-nitrate, isibonelo, atholakala ekugxiliseni ngaphezu kwemingcele yokulawula ezindaweni eziningi zensimu ngenxa yomsebenzi wezolimo kanye nokusetshenziswa komanyolo.
Lokhu kubangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu okubili: kushintsha ibhalansi yebhayoloji yezindawo zasemanzini ngenxa yesimo se-eutrophication, futhi zinobuthi kubantu.
Ziba nobuthi obungaphezu komkhawulo othile ngoba ziguqulwa zibe ama-nitrites, ngamabhaktheriya akhona emzimbeni. Ngalesi simo, igazi alisakwazi ukuthutha umoya-mpilo owanele kumaseli: kuyingozi ethinta ikakhulukazi abantu ababuthaka njengezinsana.
Kubantu abadala, bayingozi ngoba, kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezithile, bakha i-cocktail yangempela ye-carcinogenic.
Thatha isinyathelo futhi uzivikele
Izithuthi zomphakathi kanye ne-carpooling
Ohambweni olufushane noma olude, ngincamela izixazululo zokusebenzisana: izimoto eziningi kakhulu zinqamula izwe nomgibeli oyedwa. Ngakho-ke ngibheka izixazululo ezikhona kimi: isitimela, ibhasi, i-carpooling ...
Ukuhamba ngebhayisikili, ukuhamba ngezinyawo: 0 ukukhishwa kwamabanga amafushane
Kufakazelwa ukuthi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ibhayisikili lihlala liyindlela yokuthutha esheshayo ohambweni olungaphansi kwamakhilomitha angu-5. Umuntu oyedwa kwababili baseYurophu uzothatha imoto yakhe ahambe amakhilomitha angaphansi kwama-3.
Inkinga ukuthi lolu hambo olufushane olwenziwe ngamakhaza enjini lukhipha ukungcola okuningi.
Ngithathe imoto noma kunjalo? Kodwa ekushayeleni nge-eco
I-Eco-driving iyindlela yokushayela eyonga uphethiloli futhi ngenxa yalokho inciphisa ukungcola okungcolisayo. Imayelana nokushayela ngokushelela, nokuhlonipha imikhawulo yesivinini.
Ngamafuphi, hhayi ukushayela ngokuzumayo nangobudlova. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi imoto icushwe futhi inakekelwe.
Imithetho yegolide yokuvimbela ukungcola
Ukuze uzivikele uzozazisa
Ngendlela efanayo esibheka ngayo isibikezelo sezulu ekuseni, singabheka inkomba yokungcoliswa kosuku, kungaba kuwebhu, emsakazweni noma kuthelevishini.
Izibikezelo zenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhawulela imisebenzi eqine ngokwedlulele uma kwenzeka kuba nenani eliphakeme lokungcola, ikakhulukazi kubantu abasengozini.
Kuwebhu, ungathintana nesayithi le-Prév'air noma le-Airparif lesifunda ngasinye. Izicelo ezengeziwe ezifana ne-Plume air Report nazo zenza kube nokwenzeka ukwazi inkomba yekhwalithi yomoya ngesikhathi sangempela.
Uzoba nekhono kwezokuthutha zomphakathi
Uma kwenzeka kuba nesiqephu sokungcola okukhulu, izinhlayiya eziyingozi zinqwabelana endaweni yabagibeli yemoto yakho. Ingasaphathwa eyokuthi iwumthombo wokungcola.
Sibe sesikhetha i-tram, ibhasi, ibhayisikili nezinye izindlela ezithambile zokuthutha zasemadolobheni ohambweni olufushane; carpooling kanye isitimela uhambo olude.
Futhi uma ufuna ngempela ukuthatha imoto yakho, thatha abanye abagibeli nge-carpooling futhi ungakhohlwa nge-eco-driving.
Enhliziyweni yezemidlalo uzokwenza
Njengoba sishilo, kuhle ukugwema imisebenzi eqinile yomzimba uma kwenzeka ukungcola okuphezulu.
Ngempela, uma wenza umzamo, i-bronchi ivulekile futhi incela umoya omningi: usengozini kakhulu futhi udalulwe kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukugijima noma ukudlala imidlalo, khetha ukuya endaweni yemvelo.
Imoto edla kancane uzoyiphromotha
Lapho uthenga imoto, thola mayelana nokukhipha kwayo i-CO2 usebenzisa ilebula yayo. Ilebula eluhlaza ingaphansi kwamagremu ayi-100 we-CO2 ngekhilomitha elihanjwayo.
Ilebula elibomvu lingaphezu kuka-250 amagremu we-CO2 ngekhilomitha elihanjwayo. Singathuthukisa izimoto zikagesi: ngaphandle kokukhohlwa ukuthi ingxube kagesi yezwe ivuna amandla enuzi.
Ohambweni olufushane, luhlala lufanelekile; imoto eyi-hybrid izofaneleka kakhulu ohambweni olude.
Uzokhathazeka ngekhwalithi yomoya
Ukungcoliswa komoya wasendlini kuvame ukunganakwa, kanti imithelela yezempilo iyafana. Faka umoya ngaphakathi kwakho njalo ukuze uvimbele i-CO2 nezinto ezingcolisayo emikhiqizweni yokuhlanza nezingubo zokumboza ukuthi zinganqwabelana. Ungakwenza lokhu kabili ngosuku okungenani imizuzu eyishumi.
Izitshalo ezingcolisayo nazo zingaba yisixazululo esihle: i-cacti, ivy, noma ama-succulents.
Futhi gwema imikhiqizo yokuhlanza enobuthi, esekelwe ku-solvents nama-chlorinated compounds. Kukhona izixazululo zemvelo ezengeziwe: uviniga omhlophe, i-baking soda, noma ngisho nensipho emnyama.
Kuma-antioxidants uzodla
Kungani lokhu kubalulekile? Umzimba uguqula cishe wonke umoya-mpilo esiwuphefumulayo, ngaphandle kwenani elincane lama-molecule abizwa ngokuthi ama-radicals mahhala.
Ukungcola kukhulisa lesi simo, futhi kusheshisa ukuguga kwamangqamuzana. Ukudla ukudla okulwa ne-antioxidant kusiza ukuqinisa amasosha akho omzimba ngokumelene nale nkinga.
Sicabanga ngezithelo ezincane ezifana namajikijolo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, amajikijolo e-goji, ama-prunes, noma ama-strawberries nama-raspberries, kodwa nemifino efana nopelepele ne-broccoli.
Ekuphetheni
Yini ongaphetha ngayo kulokhu kuhlukaniswa? Asikwazi ukukhomba idolobha njengomfundi omubi: izinhlayiya ziyahamba, ukungcola kuyahlakazeka, futhi inkinga isakazeka emhlabeni wonke. Asikho futhi isidingo sokwethuka mayelana nedatha yakho: umqondo uwukusebenzisa ukuziphatha okufanele futhi uqaphele inkinga.
Izinqubomgomo nezinyathelo eziningi ziyasebenza, futhi sezivele zivumela ukuthuthukiswa okuthile.
Ake sengeze ukuthi ngisho noma amadolobha ethu edlula imingcele yokulawula, nokuthi iFrance yayiyisihloko sokulahlwa kwakamuva okuzodingeka kuphumele emizamweni emisha, sihlala sithandwa uma siqhathaniswa namanye amazwe omhlaba lapho umoya ungaphefumuleki ngokuphelele, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, noma Pakistan.