Ukulahlekelwa othandekayo kuyisenzakalo esibuhlungu kakhulu. Ngemva kokushona, umndeni kamufi ungacela ukwelashwa okonga, okubizwa ngokuthi ukugqumisa. Lokhu kunciphisa ukubola kwemvelo komzimba futhi kusiza ekulondolozeni. Ukulondolozwa komuntu oshonile kakade kwakukhona eminyakeni engu-5000 edlule: ngakho-ke, abaseGibhithe - futhi ngaphambi kwabo amaTibet, amaShayina - bagqumisa abafileyo babo. Namuhla, lezi zenzo ezenziwa emzimbeni womuntu osanda kushona zihlanganisa ukufaka igazi esikhundleni se-formalin, ngaphandle kokuthi kukhishwe noma yikuphi. Lokhu kunakekela ukongiwa kwemvelo, okwenziwa umgqumisi oqeqeshiwe, akuphoqelekile. Ukwelashwa kokugqumisa ngokuvamile kucelwa phakathi namahora angu-XNUMX eshonile.

Kwakungo-1963 lapho kwaqanjwa khona igama elithi dethana elithi “topraxia”. Leli gama lisuka kwelesiGrikhi elithi: “Thanatos” uhlakaniphe lokufa, futhi elithi “praxein” lisho ukukhohlisa ngomqondo wokunyakaza, ukucubungula. Ngakho-ke ukugqumisa kuyisethi yezindlela zobuchwepheshe ezisetshenziswa ukuze kulondolozwe imizimba ngemva kokufa. Leli gama lithathe indawo yelithi “embalm”, okusho ukuthi “ukufaka ibhalisamu”. Impela leli gama alisahambisani nezindlela ezintsha zokonga izidumbu zabashonile. 

Kusukela ngo-1976, ukugqumisa kuye kwaqashelwa iziphathimandla zikahulumeni, ezigunyaze uketshezi lokongiwa kwemvelo: ngakho-ke kusukela ngalolu suku kuphela lapho igama elithi "ukunakekelwa kwemvelo" lingene khona emithethweni yomngcwabo. Ukugqumisa kuhlanganisa umjovo wesisombululo esilondolozayo nesihlanzekile ohlelweni lwemithambo yomufi, ngaphambi kokuphuma koketshezi emigodini yethoracic nesisu, ngaphandle kokukhipha uketshezi.

Ukongiwa komufi bekuvele kukhona eminyakeni engu-5000 edlule. AbaseGibhithe - nangaphambi kwabo abaseTibet, amaShayina - bagqumisa abafileyo. Ngempela, izindlela zokungcwaba izidumbu ezisongwe ngendwangu bese zifakwa emathuneni esihlabathi azisakuvumeli ukongiwa okufanele. Indlela yaseGibhithe yokugqumisa cishe isuselwa ohlelweni lokulondoloza inyama emanzini anosawoti. 

Le nqubo yokugqumisa yayihlobene eduze nenkolelo ye-metaphysical ye-metempsychosis, imfundiso umphefumulo ofanayo ongakwazi ukuphilisa ngayo imizimba eminingana ngokulandelana. Isazi-mlando esingumGreki uHerodotus sabuye sachaza ukuthi inkolelo yokungafi yayithinta kokubili umphefumulo nomzimba, inqobo nje uma lokhu kwakamuva kungaboli. UHerodotus wachaza izindlela ezintathu zokugqumisa ezazisetshenziswa ama-taricheute aseGibhithe, ngokwezimali zemikhaya.

Ngokweminye imithombo, ukugqumisa kwesimanje kuvela enqubweni yokujova emithanjeni eyasungulwa udokotela ohlinzayo ongumFulentshi ebuthweni laseMelika, uJean-Nicolas Gannal, okwathi cishe ngo-1835 wathola le nqubo yokugcina izidumbu, wabe eseyinika ilungelo lobunikazi: wajova ukulungiswa okusekelwe ku-arsenic ngokusebenzisa. umzila we-arterial. Eminye imithombo iveza ukuthi bekungangcono ukugqumisa odokotela abangekho embuthweni, kodwa okukhokhelwa imindeni yamasosha, abenza lokhu kunakekela ngaphambi kokubuyiselwa “kwabafele empini” kuze kube umngcwabo. Kunoma ikuphi ukuqiniseka ukuthi le ndlela yathola umfutho phakathi neMpi Yombango yaseMelika. Indlela yasabalala kakhulu eFrance kusukela ngawo-1960.

Umgomo wokugqumisa, okuyindlela yokunakekela inhlanzeko nokwethulwa komufi, uwukunciphisa inqubo yokubola kwesidumbu. Ngakho, ngokusho kwesazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu uHélène Gérard-Rosay, “Ukwethula umufi ezimeni ezifanele zobuhle nenhlanzeko”. Isimo sokuqala somufi sibalulekile ukuze kufezeke ukunakekelwa komgqugquzeli. Ukwengeza, lapho lokhu kwelashwa kokugqumisa kwenzeka ngokushesha ngemva kokufa, umphumela uyoba ngobuhle kakhulu. Eqinisweni, ukugqumisa kuhlanganisa zonke izindlela zokwelapha ezisetshenziswayo ngenjongo yokunciphisa inqubo yemvelo yokubola, ukuze kulondolozwe futhi kugcinwe isidumbu somufi.

Njengamanje, i-thanatopraxy, noma konke ukunakekelwa okunikezwa umufi, kuhlanganisa amasu ahloselwe ukubambezela imiphumela engenakugwemeka ye-biochemical, futhi evame ukuhlukumeza, yokubola (okubizwa nangokuthi i-thanatomorphosis) yomzimba womphakathi. Isifundiswa uLouis-Vincent Thomas uphakamisa ukuthi lokhu kungenelela ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo, ngisho nobuhle, kumisa inqubo ye-cadaverization isikhathi esilinganiselwe ukuze "Ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa nokwethulwa komuntu oshonile ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zokuhlanzeka ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo."

Ukunakekela okwenziwa umgqugquzeli kuhlose ukumiselela cishe lonke igazi lomufi ngekhambi le-formalin, i-aseptic. Ngalokhu, umgqumisi usebenzisa i-trocar, okusho ukuthi insimbi yokuhlinza ebukhali nesikayo esetshenziselwa ukwenza ukubhoboza kwenhliziyo nesisu. Isici sangaphandle somzimba sihlala sivikelekile. Ukunakekelwa okunikezwa umgqugquzeli akuphoqelekile, futhi kufanele kucelwe izihlobo. Lokhu kwelashwa kokugqumisa kuyakhokhiswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma lo mkhuba ungeyona isibopho eFrance, kungaphansi kwezimo ezithile, esimweni sokubuyiselwa phesheya emazweni athile.

Yavinjelwa ngo-1846, i-arsenic eyayisetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi yabe isithathelwa indawo i-glycine eborated njengesisebenzi esingena ukuze sihambise uketshezi olulondolozayo luyise ezicutshini zomufi. Khona-ke kuyoba i-phenol ezosetshenziswa, esasetshenziswa nanamuhla ekugqumeni kwesimanje.

Ngokuningiliziwe, ukwelapha ukugqumisa kwenziwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:

• Umzimba uqala ukuhlanzwa ukuze ugweme ukwanda kwamagciwane;
• Bese kuba khona ukukhishwa ngokubhoboza amagesi kanye nengxenye yoketshezi lomzimba nge-trocar;
• Umjovo wenziwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngomzila we-intra-arterial wesisombululo se-biocidal, i-formalin;
• I-wicking kanye ne-ligature yenziwa ukugwema ukugeleza, amehlo avaliwe. Abaqholi bafaka isembozo samehlo lapho ukuze banxephezele amehlo axegayo;
• Umzimba-ke uyagqokiswa, uyalungiswa, wethulwe;
• Eminyakeni yakamuva, lesi senzo siphelile ngokunamathiselwa, eqakaleni likamufi, isampula yebhodlela lapho umgqugquzeli ebeka khona umkhiqizo abewusebenzisela ukunakekela ukonga.

Kumele kusayinwe imvume yangaphambili evela kumeya kamasipala wendawo yokushonela noma yendawo lapho ukwelashwa kwenziwa khona, esho indawo nesikhathi sokungenelela, igama nekheli lomgqugquzeli kanye noketshezi. esetshenzisiwe.

Izigaba ezimbili zokunakekelwa zingenziwa, ngomphumela wokulondoloza umzimba isikhathi esithile:

• Ukunakekelwa kwesethulo, okuqukethe indlu yangasese yomngcwabo, kubizwa ngokuthi ukunakekelwa kwakudala ngezinjongo zenhlanzeko. Umgqumisi uyawasha, enze futhi agqokise umzimba futhi avimbe imigudu yokuphefumula. Ukongiwa kwemvelo, okwenziwa ngamakhaza, kubizwa ngokuthi ukulondolozwa kwemishini. Kunqunyelwe emahoreni angama-48;
• Ukunakekela ukongiwa kwemvelo kunomgomo wenhlanzeko nobuhle. Umgqugquzeli ubuye enze indlu yangasese, izimonyo, zokugqoka, ukuvimbela imigudu yokuphefumula, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ujova uketshezi olulondolozayo. Umphumela uba ukungcoliswa okukhanyayo kwezindwangu. Lolu ketshezi lune-fungicidal kanye ne-bactericidal. Ngokuqhwaza kwezicubu, kuvumela umzimba kamufi ukuba ugcinwe endaweni yokushisa yasekamelweni kuze kube yizinsuku eziyisithupha.

Umsuka wokunakekela ukongiwa kwemvelo, esesibalulile, ngokuvamile kubantu baseGibhithe, wawungenazo izinhloso ezifanayo nalezi esizifeza namuhla. Namuhla, umkhuba wokunakekela ukongiwa kwemvelo eFrance uhlose ukugcina isidumbu somufi sisesimweni esihle. Imiphumela yokwelapha okwenziwa umgqugquzeli yenza kube nokwenzeka ukunikeza umufi umoya wokuthula, ikakhulukazi lapho isenzo sokugqumisa senziwa ngemva kobuhlungu bokugula isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kunakekela kunikeza abahambeli indawo engcono yokuzindla. Nezihlobo zikamufi ziqala ukulila zisesimweni esihle.