Amaprotheni

Amaprotheni ayizinto zemvelo ze-macromolecular ezihlanganisa uchungechunge lwama-amino acid axhunywe isibopho se-peptide. Indima ebaluleke kakhulu yalezi zinhlanganisela ukulawula ukusabela kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni (indima ye-enzymatic). Ngaphezu kwalokho, benza umsebenzi wokuzivikela, we-hormonal, wesakhiwo, umsoco, wamandla.

Ngokwesakhiwo, amaprotheni ahlukaniswe abe alula (amaprotheni) futhi ayinkimbinkimbi (amaprotheni). Inani lezinsalela ze-amino acid kuma-molecule lihlukile: i-myoglobin ingu-140, i-insulin ngama-51, okuchaza isisindo esiphezulu se-molecule ye-compound (uMnu), esukela ku-10 000 kuya ku-3 000 000 Dalton.

Amaprotheni enza amaphesenti angu-17 esisindo somuntu: 10% yisikhumba, 20% uqwanga, amathambo, futhi 50% imisipha. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi indima yamaprotheni nama-proteid ayizange ifundwe kahle namuhla, ukusebenza kwesimiso sezinzwa, ikhono lokukhula, ukukhiqiza kabusha umzimba, ukugeleza kwezinqubo ze-metabolic ezingeni lamangqamuzana kuhlobene ngokuqondile nomsebenzi we-amino. ama-asidi.

Umlando wokutholakala

Inqubo yokufunda amaprotheni yaqala ngekhulu le-XVIII, lapho iqembu lososayensi elaliholwa usokhemisi ongumFulentshi u-Antoine Francois de Furcroix liphenya nge-albumin, fibrin, gluten. Njengomphumela walezi zifundo, amaprotheni afingqiwe futhi ahlukaniswa ekilasini elihlukile.

Ngo-1836, ngokokuqala ngqa, u-Mulder uhlongoze imodeli entsha yesakhiwo samakhemikhali samaprotheni esekelwe embonweni wama-radicals. Yahlala yamukelwa ngokuvamile kwaze kwaba ngawo-1850. Igama lesimanje lamaprotheni - amaprotheni - inhlanganisela etholwe ngo-1838. Futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, usosayensi waseJalimane u-A. Kossel wathola okuthakazelisayo: wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ama-amino acid ayizakhi eziyinhloko zesakhiwo. "izingxenye zokwakha". Lo mbono wafakazelwa ngokuhlolwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX ngusokhemisi waseJalimane u-Emil Fischer.

Ngo-1926, usosayensi waseMelika, uJames Sumner, phakathi nocwaningo lwakhe, wathola ukuthi i-enzyme urease ekhiqizwa emzimbeni ingeyamaprotheni. Lokhu kutholakala kwenze intuthuko emhlabeni wesayensi futhi kwaholela ekugcwalisekeni kokubaluleka kwamaprotheni empilweni yomuntu. Ngo-1949, isazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo esiyiNgisi, uFred Sanger, sahlola ngokuhlola ukulandelana kwe-amino acid ye-insulin yehomoni, okwaqinisekisa ukunemba kokucabanga ukuthi amaprotheni angama-polymer aqondile wama-amino acid.

Ngawo-1960, okokuqala ngqa ngesisekelo se-X-ray diffraction, izakhiwo zendawo zamaprotheni ezingeni le-athomu zatholakala. Ucwaningo lwalesi sakhi esiphezulu samangqamuzana aphilayo sisaqhubeka nanamuhla.

Isakhiwo samaprotheni

Amayunithi esakhiwo esikhulu samaprotheni ama-amino acid, ahlanganisa amaqembu amino (NH2) kanye nezinsalela ze-carboxyl (COOH). Kwezinye izimo, ama-nitric-hydrogen radicals ahlotshaniswa ne-carbon ions, inombolo kanye nendawo okunquma izici ezithile zezinto ze-peptide. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isikhundla sekhabhoni maqondana neqembu le-amino sigcizelelwa egameni ngesiqalo esikhethekile: i-alpha, i-beta, i-gamma.

Kumaprotheni, ama-alpha-amino acids asebenza njengamayunithi esakhiwo, njengoba kuphela, lapho enweba uchungechunge lwe-polypeptide, anikeza izingcezu zamaprotheni ukuzinza namandla okwengeziwe. Izinhlanganisela zalolu hlobo zitholakala emvelweni ngendlela yamafomu amabili: L no-D (ngaphandle kwe-glycine). Izakhi zohlobo lokuqala ziyingxenye yamaprotheni ezinto eziphilayo ezikhiqizwa izilwane nezitshalo, kanti uhlobo lwesibili luyingxenye yezakhiwo zama-peptide ezakhiwe yi-non-ribosomal synthesis kusikhunta namagciwane.

Amabhlogo wokwakha amaprotheni ahlanganiswa ndawonye ngesibopho se-polypeptide, esakheka ngokuxhumanisa i-amino acid eyodwa ne-carboxyl yenye i-amino acid. Izakhiwo ezimfushane zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-peptides noma ama-oligopeptides (isisindo se-molecular 3-400 daltons), kanye nezinde, ezihlanganisa ama-amino acid angaphezu kuka-10, ama-polypeptides. Ngokuvamile, amaketanga amaprotheni aqukethe izinsalela ze-amino acid ezingu-000 - 50, futhi ngezinye izikhathi 100 - 400. Amaprotheni akha izakhiwo ezithile zendawo ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwe-intramolecular. Abizwa ngokuthi ama-protein conformations.

Kunamazinga amane enhlangano yamaprotheni:

1. Okuyinhloko ukulandelana komugqa kwezinsalela ze-amino acid ezixhunywe ndawonye ngebhondi eqinile ye-polypeptide.
2. Okwesibili - inhlangano ehlelekile yezingcezu zamaprotheni emkhathini zibe yi-spiral noma i-conformation egoqiwe.
3. I-Tertiary – indlela yokubeka indawo yeketango le-helical polypeptide, ngokugoqa isakhiwo sesibili sibe yibhola.
4. I-Quaternary - iphrotheni ehlangene (i-oligomer), eyakhiwe ngokusebenzisana kwamaketanga e-polypeptide amaningana esakhiwo semfundo ephakeme.

Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo seprotheni kuhlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-3:

• i-fibrillary;
• i-globular;
• ulwelwesi.

Uhlobo lokuqala lwamaprotheni amangqamuzana afana nentambo axhumene kakhulu akha imicu ehlala isikhathi eside noma izakhiwo ezinezingqimba. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi amaprotheni e-fibrillar abonakala ngamandla amakhulu emishini, enza imisebenzi yokuzivikela kanye nesakhiwo emzimbeni. Abameleli abajwayelekile balawa maprotheni yizinwele ze-keratin nama-collagens wezicubu.

Amaprotheni ayi-globular aqukethe iketango elilodwa noma amaningi e-polypeptide eligoqiwe libe isakhiwo esihlangene se-ellipsoidal. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ama-enzyme, izingxenye zokuthutha igazi, namaprotheni ezicubu.

Izinhlanganisela ze-Membrane ziyizakhiwo ze-polypeptide ezishumekwe egobolondweni lama-cell organelles. Lezi zinhlanganisela zenza umsebenzi wama-receptors, zidlulisa ama-molecule adingekayo namasignali athile ebusweni.

Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zamaprotheni, ezinqunywa inani lezinsalela ze-amino acid ezifakiwe kuzo, ukwakheka kwendawo nokulandelana kwendawo yazo.

Kodwa-ke, ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile komzimba, ama-alpha-amino acid angama-20 kuphela ochungechunge lwe-L adingekayo, ayi-8 awo awakhiwanga ngumzimba womuntu.

Izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali

Isakhiwo sendawo kanye nokwakheka kwe-amino acid yephrotheni ngayinye inquma izici zayo ze-physicochemical.

Amaprotheni ayizinto eziqinile ezakha izixazululo ze-colloidal lapho zihlangana namanzi. Ku-emulsions enamanzi, amaprotheni akhona ngendlela yezinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe, njengoba ukwakheka kuhlanganisa amaqembu e-polar ne-ionic (-NH2, -SH, -COOH, -OH). Ukushaja kwe-molecule yephrotheni kuncike esilinganisweni se-carboxyl (-COOH), izinsalela ze-amine (NH) kanye ne-pH yendawo ephakathi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwamaprotheni emvelaphi yezilwane kuqukethe i-dicarboxylic amino acid eyengeziwe (i-glutamic ne-aspartic), enquma amandla awo amabi ezixazululweni ezinamanzi.

Ezinye izinto ziqukethe inani elikhulu le-diamino acids (i-histidine, i-lysine, i-arginine), ngenxa yalokho ziziphatha oketshezini njengama-protein cations. Ezixazululweni ezinamanzi, inhlanganisela izinzile ngenxa yokunyanyeka kwezinhlayiya ezinamashaji afanayo. Kodwa-ke, ukuguqulwa kwe-pH yendawo ephakathi kuhlanganisa ukuguqulwa kwenani lamaqembu ane-ionized kumaprotheni.

Endaweni ene-acidic, ukubola kwamaqembu e-carboxyl kuyacindezelwa, okuholela ekwehleni kwamandla amabi wezinhlayiyana zamaprotheni. Ku-alkali, ngokuphambene nalokho, i-ionization yezinsalela ze-amine iyancipha, ngenxa yalokho ukukhokhiswa okuhle kwamaprotheni kuncipha.

Kwi-pH ethile, indawo ebizwa ngokuthi yi-isoelectric point, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-alkaline kuyalingana ne-acidic, ngenxa yalokho izinhlayiya zamaprotheni zihlangana futhi zigoqe. Kuma-peptide amaningi, leli nani lisendaweni ene-acidic kancane. Kodwa-ke, kunezakhiwo ezine-predominance ebukhali yezakhiwo ze-alkali. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqwaba yamaprotheni iyagoqa endaweni ene-asidi, futhi ingxenye encane ibe yi-alkaline.

Ephuzwini le-isoelectric, amaprotheni awazinzile kwisisombululo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ahlangana kalula lapho eshiswa. Lapho i-asidi noma i-alkali yengezwa kumaprotheni anciphile, ama-molecule aphinde ashajwe, ngemva kwalokho i-compound iyancibilika futhi. Kodwa-ke, amaprotheni agcina izici zawo zesici kuphela kumapharamitha athile we-pH aphakathi nendawo. Uma izibopho ezibambe isakhiwo sendawo seprotheni zicekelwa phansi ngandlela thize, khona-ke ukuhleleka okuhlelekile kwento kukhubazekile, ngenxa yalokho i-molecule ithatha isimo sekhoyili yesiphithiphithi. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi i-denaturation.

Ukuguqulwa kwezakhiwo zeprotheni kuholela emthelela wezinto zamakhemikhali nezomzimba: izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, imisebe ye-ultraviolet, ukuzamazama okunamandla, ukuhlanganiswa nama-protein precipitants. Njengomphumela we-denaturation, ingxenye ilahlekelwa umsebenzi wayo wezinto eziphilayo, izakhiwo ezilahlekile azibuyiswa.

Amaprotheni anika umbala ngesikhathi sokusabela kwe-hydrolysis. Lapho isixazululo se-peptide sihlanganiswa ne-copper sulfate ne-alkali, kuvela umbala we-lilac (ukusabela kwe-biuret), lapho amaprotheni eshiswa nge-nitric acid - i-tint ephuzi (i-xantoprotein reaction), lapho ihlangana nesisombululo se-nitrate se-mercury - umbala wokusajingijolo (Milon). ukusabela). Lezi zifundo zisetshenziselwa ukuthola izakhiwo zamaprotheni ezinhlobo ezahlukene.

Izinhlobo amaprotheni kungenzeka synthesis emzimbeni

Inani lama-amino acids emzimbeni womuntu alinakubukelwa phansi. Benza indima yama-neurotransmitters, ayadingeka ukuze kusebenze kahle ubuchopho, anikeze amandla emisipha, futhi alawule ukufaneleka kokusebenza kwemisebenzi yawo ngamavithamini namaminerali.

Ukubaluleka okuyinhloko kokuxhumana ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa okujwayelekile nokusebenza komzimba. Ama-amino acid akhiqiza ama-enzyme, amahomoni, i-hemoglobin, amasosha omzimba. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni ezintweni eziphilayo kuhlala njalo.

Nokho, le nqubo iyamiswa uma amangqamuzana engenayo okungenani i-amino acid eyodwa ebalulekile. Ukwephulwa kokwakheka kwamaprotheni kuholela ekuphazamisekeni kokugaya ukudla, ukukhula kancane, ukungazinzi kwengqondo-ngokomzwelo.

Iningi lama-amino acid akhiqizwa emzimbeni womuntu esibindini. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlanganisela ezinjalo okufanele zize nsuku zonke nokudla.

Lokhu kungenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwama-amino acid ezigabeni ezilandelayo:

• ayinakushintshwa;
• i-semi-replaceable;
• engathathelwa indawo.

Iqembu ngalinye lezinto linemisebenzi ethile. Zicabangele ngokuningiliziwe.

Ama-Amino Acids abalulekile

Umuntu akakwazi ukukhiqiza ama-organic compounds aleli qembu yedwa, kodwa ayadingeka ukuze alondoloze impilo yakhe.

Ngakho-ke, ama-amino acid anjalo athole igama elithi "okubalulekile" futhi kufanele anikezwe njalo ngaphandle nokudla. Amaprotheni synthesis ngaphandle kwalesi sakhiwo zokwakha akunakwenzeka. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuntuleka okungenani kwenhlanganisela eyodwa kuholela ekuphazamisekeni kwe-metabolic, ukwehla kwesisindo somzimba, isisindo somzimba, nokuyeka ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni.

Ama-amino acid abaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni womuntu, ikakhulukazi kubasubathi nokubaluleka kwawo.

1. Valin. Iyingxenye yesakhiwo se-branched chain protein (BCAA) .Iwumthombo wamandla, ibamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwe-nitrogen ye-metabolic, ibuyisele izicubu ezilimele, futhi ilawule i-glycemia. I-Valine iyadingeka ekugelezeni kwe-muscle metabolism, umsebenzi ojwayelekile wengqondo. Isetshenziswa emisebenzini yezokwelapha ngokuhambisana ne-leucine, i-isoleucine yokwelapha ubuchopho, isibindi, abalimele ngenxa yokudakwa kwezidakamizwa, utshwala noma izidakamizwa zomzimba.
2. I-Leucine ne-Isoleucine. Yehlisa amazinga kashukela egazini, vikela izicubu zemisipha, ushise amafutha, usebenze njengama-catalyst okuhlanganiswa kwe-hormone yokukhula, ubuyisele isikhumba namathambo. I-Leucine, njenge-valine, ibandakanyeka ezinqubweni zokunikezwa kwamandla, okubaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni ukukhuthazela komzimba ngesikhathi sokusebenza kanzima. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-isoleucine iyadingeka ukuze kuhlanganiswe i-hemoglobin.
3. I-Threonine. Ivimbela ukuwohloka kwamafutha esibindi, ibambe iqhaza kumaprotheni kanye ne-fat metabolism, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-collagen, i-elastane, ukwakhiwa kwezicubu zamathambo (koqweqwe lwawo). I-amino acid ikhulisa ukuzivikela komzimba, ukuthambekela komzimba ezifweni ze-ARVI. I-Threonine itholakala emisipha yamathambo, isimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi, inhliziyo, isekela umsebenzi wabo.
4. I-Methionine. Ithuthukisa ukugaya, ibambe iqhaza ekucutshungulweni kwamafutha, ivikela umzimba emiphumeleni eyingozi yemisebe, inciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwe-toxicosis ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, futhi isetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-arthritis ye-rheumatoid. I-amino acid ibandakanyeka ekukhiqizweni kwe-taurine, i-cysteine, i-glutathione, enciphisa futhi isuse izinto ezinobuthi emzimbeni. I-Methionine isiza ukwehlisa amazinga e-histamine kumaseli kubantu abangezwani nezinto ezithile.
5. I-Tryptophan. Ivuselela ukukhululwa kwe-hormone yokukhula, ithuthukise ukulala, inciphisa imiphumela eyingozi ye-nicotine, igxilise isimo sengqondo, isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-serotonin. I-Tryptophan emzimbeni womuntu iyakwazi ukuphenduka ibe yi-niacin.
6. I-Lysine. Ibamba iqhaza ekukhiqizeni ama-albhamuin, ama-enzyme, amahomoni, amasosha omzimba, ukulungiswa kwezicubu kanye nokwakheka kwe-collagen. Le amino acid iyingxenye yawo wonke amaprotheni futhi iyadingeka ukunciphisa izinga le-triglycerides ku-serum yegazi, ukwakheka kwamathambo okujwayelekile, ukumuncwa okugcwele kwe-calcium nokuqina kwesakhiwo sezinwele. I-Lysine inomphumela we-antiviral, icindezela ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo eziphefumulayo zokuphefumula kanye ne-herpes. Yandisa amandla emisipha, isekela i-nitrogen metabolism, ithuthukisa inkumbulo yesikhashana, ukuqina, i-libido. Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinhle, i-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid isiza ukugcina inhliziyo inempilo, ivimbela ukukhula kwe-atherosclerosis, i-osteoporosis, kanye ne-herpes yezitho zangasese. I-Lysine ihlanganiswe ne-vitamin C, i-proline ivimbela ukwakheka kwama-lipoprotein, okubangela ukuvala imithambo futhi kuholele ekuguleni kwenhliziyo.
7. Phenylalanine. Icindezela isifiso sokudla, inciphisa ubuhlungu, ithuthukise imizwa, inkumbulo. Emzimbeni womuntu, i-phenylalanine iyakwazi ukuguquka ibe i-amino acid tyrosine, ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni kwama-neurotransmitters (i-dopamine ne-norepinephrine). Ngenxa yekhono le-compound ukuwela umgoqo wobuchopho-gazi, ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo zemizwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-amino acid isetshenziselwa ukulwa ne-white foci of depigmentation esikhumbeni (vitiligo), i-schizophrenia, nesifo sika-Parkinson.

Ukuntuleka kwama-amino acid abalulekile emzimbeni womuntu kuholela kulokhu:

• ukubambezeleka kokukhula;
• ukwephulwa kwe-biosynthesis ye-cysteine, amaprotheni, izinso, i-thyroid, isimiso sezinzwa;
• ukuwohloka komqondo;
• ukuncipha komzimba;
• phenylketonuria;
• ukunciphisa ukuzivikela kanye namazinga e-hemoglobin egazini;
• ukuphazamiseka kokuxhumanisa.

Uma udlala imidlalo, ukuntuleka kwamayunithi esakhiwo angenhla kunciphisa ukusebenza kwezemidlalo, okwandisa ingozi yokulimala.

Imithombo Yokudla Ye-Essential Amino Acids

Ithebula lisuselwe kudatha ethathwe kuMtapo Wezincwadi Wezolimo wase-United States - Isizindalwazi Sikazwelonke Somsoco sase-USA.

Ingathatha indawo kancane

Izithako ezikulesi sigaba zingakhiqizwa ngumzimba kuphela uma zihlinzekwa ngokudla. Izinhlobonhlobo ze-semi-essential acids zenza imisebenzi ethile engakwazi ukushintshwa.

Cabangela izinhlobo zazo.

1. I-Arginine. Ingenye yama-amino acid abaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni womuntu. Isheshisa ukuphulukiswa kwezicubu ezilimele, yehlisa amazinga e-cholesterol futhi iyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe impilo yesikhumba, imisipha, amalunga nesibindi. I-Arginine yandisa ukwakheka kwe-T-lymphocyte, eqinisa isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela, isebenza njengesithiyo, ivimbela ukwethulwa kwamagciwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-amino acid ikhuthaza ukuxoshwa kwesibindi, yehlisa umfutho wegazi, ibambezele ukukhula kwezimila, imelana nokwakheka kwamahlule egazi, yandisa amandla futhi ithuthukise imithambo yegazi. Ibamba iqhaza ku-nitrogen metabolism, i-creatine synthesis futhi iboniswa kubantu abafuna ukunciphisa umzimba futhi bazuze isisindo semisipha. I-Arginine itholakala oketshezini lwesidoda, izicubu ezixhumene zesikhumba kanye ne-hemoglobin. Ukushoda kwenhlanganisela emzimbeni womuntu kuyingozi ekuthuthukisweni kwesifo sikashukela, ukungazali emadodeni, ukubambezeleka kokuthomba, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, kanye ne-immunodeficiency. Imithombo yemvelo ye-arginine: ushokoledi, ukhukhunathi, i-gelatin, inyama, ubisi, i-walnut, ukolweni, i-oats, amantongomane, isoya.
2. I-Histidine. Kuhlanganiswe kuzo zonke izicubu zomzimba womuntu, ama-enzyme. Ibamba iqhaza ekushintshanisweni kolwazi phakathi kwesistimu yezinzwa emaphakathi neminyango yangaphandle. I-Histidine iyadingeka ekugayeni okuvamile, ngoba ukwakheka kwejusi yesisu kungenzeka kuphela ngokubamba iqhaza kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nto ivimbela ukuvela kwe-autoimmune, ukungezwani komzimba. Ukuntuleka kwengxenye kubangela ukulahlekelwa kwezindlebe, kwandisa ingozi yokuthuthukisa isifo samathambo. I-Histidine itholakala kokusanhlamvu (irayisi, ukolweni), imikhiqizo yobisi nenyama.
3. I-Tyrosine. Ikhuthaza ukwakheka kwama-neurotransmitters, inciphisa ubuhlungu besikhathi sangaphambi kokuya esikhathini, inomthelela ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile kwawo wonke umzimba, yenza njenge-antidepressant yemvelo. I-amino acid inciphisa ukuthembela ku-narcotic, izidakamizwa ze-caffeine, isiza ukulawula ukudla futhi isebenza njengengxenye yokuqala yokukhiqizwa kwe-dopamine, i-thyroxine, i-epinephrine. Ekuhlanganiseni kwamaprotheni, i-tyrosine ingena esikhundleni se-phenylalanine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukuze kuhlanganiswe ama-hormone egilo. Ukushoda kwe-amino acid kunciphisa izinqubo ze-metabolic, kwehlisa umfutho wegazi, kukhulisa ukukhathala. I-Tyrosine itholakala kumbewu yethanga, ama-alimondi, i-oatmeal, amantongomane, inhlanzi, ukwatapheya, ubhontshisi wesoya.
4. I-cystine. Itholakala ku-beta-keratin - iphrotheni eyinhloko yesakhiwo sezinwele, amapuleti wezinzipho, isikhumba. I-amino acid imuncwa njenge-N-acetyl cysteine ​​​​futhi isetshenziswa ekwelapheni ukukhwehlela komuntu obhemayo, ukushaqeka kwe-septic, umdlavuza kanye ne-bronchitis. I-Cystine igcina ukwakheka okuphezulu kwama-peptides, amaprotheni, futhi isebenza njenge-antioxidant enamandla. Ibopha ama-radicals mahhala abhubhisayo, izinsimbi ezinobuthi, ivikele amaseli kuma-x ray kanye nokuchayeka emisebeni. I-amino acid iyingxenye ye-somatostatin, i-insulin, i-immunoglobulin. I-cystine ingatholakala kulokhu kudla okulandelayo: i-broccoli, u-anyanisi, imikhiqizo yenyama, amaqanda, u-garlic, upelepele obomvu.

Isici esihlukile sama-amino acid abalulekile ukuthi kungenzeka asetshenziswe ngumzimba ukwakha amaprotheni esikhundleni se-methionine, i-phenylalanine.

Ungashintshashintsha

Izinhlanganisela eziphilayo zalesi sigaba zingakhiqizwa ngumzimba womuntu ngokuzimela, ezihlanganisa izidingo ezincane zezitho zangaphakathi nezinhlelo. Ama-amino acid ashintshwayo ahlanganiswa emikhiqizweni ye-metabolic kanye ne-nitrogen emuncwa. Ukugcwalisa okujwayelekile kwansuku zonke, kufanele kube nsuku zonke ekwakhiweni kwamaprotheni ngokudla.

Cabangela ukuthi yiziphi izinto eziyingxenye yalesi sigaba:

1. I-Alanine. Isetshenziswa njengomthombo wamandla, isusa ubuthi esibindini, isheshisa ukuguqulwa kweglucose. Ivimbela ukuwohloka kwezicubu zemisipha ngenxa yomjikelezo we-alanine, owethulwe ngendlela elandelayo: i-glucose - pyruvate - alanine - pyruvate - glucose. Ngenxa yalokhu kusabela, ingxenye yokwakha yamaprotheni ikhulisa amandla okugcina amandla, yandise ukuphila kwamangqamuzana. I-nitrogen eyengeziwe phakathi nomjikelezo we-alanine ikhishwa emzimbeni emchameni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-substance ivuselela ukukhiqizwa kwamasosha omzimba, iqinisekisa i-metabolism yama-acids, ushukela futhi ithuthukise ukungatheleleki. Imithombo ye-alanine: imikhiqizo yobisi, ukwatapheya, inyama, izinkukhu, amaqanda, inhlanzi.
2. I-Glycine. Ibamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwemisipha, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-hormone, inyusa izinga le-creatine emzimbeni, ikhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwe-glucose ibe amandla. I-Collagen ingu-30% we-glycine. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaselula akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwalesi sithako. Eqinisweni, uma izicubu zonakalisiwe, ngaphandle kwe-glycine, umzimba womuntu ngeke ukwazi ukuphulukisa amanxeba. Imithombo yama-amino acid yile: ubisi, ubhontshisi, ushizi, inhlanzi, inyama.
3. I-Glutamine. Ngemuva kokuguqulwa kwenhlanganisela ye-organic ibe yi-glutamic acid, ingena emgodleni wegazi nobuchopho futhi isebenze njengophethiloli ukuze ubuchopho busebenze. I-amino acid isusa ubuthi esibindini, yandisa amazinga e-GABA, igcina ithoni yemisipha, ithuthukisa ukugxila, futhi ihileleke ekukhiqizeni ama-lymphocyte. Amalungiselelo e-L-glutamine avame ukusetshenziswa ekwakheni umzimba ukuvimbela ukuwohloka kwemisipha ngokuhambisa i-nitrogen ezithweni, ukususa i-ammonia enobuthi nokwandisa izitolo ze-glycogen. Isidakamizwa sisetshenziselwa ukukhulula izimpawu zokukhathala okungapheli, ukuthuthukisa isizinda somzwelo, ukwelapha isifo samathambo, isilonda se-peptic, ukuphuza utshwala, ukungabi namandla, i-scleroderma. Abaholi bokuqukethwe kwe-glutamine yi-parsley nesipinashi.
4. I-Carnitine. Ibopha futhi ikhiphe ama-fatty acids emzimbeni. I-amino acid ithuthukisa ukusebenza kwamavithamini E, C, inciphisa isisindo esiningi, inciphisa umthwalo enhliziyweni. Emzimbeni womuntu, i-carnitine ikhiqizwa kusuka ku-glutamine ne-methionine esibindini nasezinso. Kulezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo: D no-L. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lomzimba yi-L-carnitine, okwandisa ukufinyeleleka kwamangqamuzana eseli ku-fatty acids. Ngakho-ke, i-amino acid ikhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-lipids, ibambezela ukwakheka kwama-molecule e-triglyceride edepho yamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba. Ngemuva kokuthatha i-carnitine, i-lipid oxidation iyanda, inqubo yokulahlekelwa kwezicubu ze-adipose iqala, ehambisana nokukhululwa kwamandla agcinwe ngendlela ye-ATP. I-L-carnitine ithuthukisa ukwakhiwa kwe-lecithin esibindini, yehlisa amazinga e-cholesterol, futhi ivimbele ukuvela kwama-atherosclerotic plaques. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi le-amino acid ayiyona ingxenye yesigaba sezinhlanganisela ezibalulekile, ukudla okujwayelekile kwento kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-pathologies yenhliziyo futhi kukuvumela ukuba uzuze impilo ende esebenzayo. Khumbula, izinga le-carnitine liyancipha ngokuya ngeminyaka, ngakho-ke asebekhulile kufanele baqale ukwethula isithasiselo sokudla ekudleni kwabo kwansuku zonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi lezinto lihlanganiswa namavithamini C, B6, methionine, iron, lysine. Ukuntuleka kwanoma iyiphi yalezi zinhlanganisela kubangela ukuntuleka kwe-L-carnitine emzimbeni. Imithombo yemvelo yama-amino acid: izinkukhu, izikhupha zamaqanda, ithanga, imbewu yesesame, iwundlu, i-cottage shizi, ukhilimu omuncu.
5. I-Asparagine. Kudingeka ukuze kuhlanganiswe i-ammonia, ukusebenza kahle kwesimiso sezinzwa. I-amino acid itholakala emikhiqizweni yobisi, i-asparagus, whey, amaqanda, inhlanzi, amantongomane, amazambane, inyama yenkukhu.
6. I-Aspartic acid. Ibamba iqhaza ekuhlanganisweni kwe-arginine, i-lysine, i-isoleucine, ukwakheka kwamafutha omhlaba wonke womzimba - i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), enikeza amandla ezinqubo ze-intracellular. I-aspartic acid igqugquzela ukukhiqizwa kwama-neurotransmitters, inyusa ukugcwala kwe-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), okudingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kwesimiso sezinzwa nobuchopho. I-compound ihlanganiswa ngokuzimela, kuyilapho ukugxila kwayo kumaseli kungandiswa ngokufaka imikhiqizo elandelayo ekudleni: umoba, ubisi, inyama yenkomo, inyama yenkukhu.
7. I-Glutamic acid. Kuyi-neurotransmitter ethokozisayo ebaluleke kakhulu emthonjeni womgogodla. I-organic compound ibandakanyeka ekuhambeni kwe-potassium yonkana umgoqo wegazi nobuchopho ingena oketshezini lwe-cerebrospinal futhi idlala indima enkulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-triglycerides. Ubuchopho buyakwazi ukusebenzisa i-glutamate njengophethiloli. Isidingo somzimba sokuthatha okwengeziwe kwama-amino acid siyanda ngesithuthwane, ukucindezeleka, ukubonakala kwezinwele ezimpunga zakuqala (kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30), ukuphazamiseka kwesimiso sezinzwa. Imithombo yemvelo ye-glutamic acid: ama-walnuts, utamatisi, amakhowe, izilwane zasolwandle, inhlanzi, iyogathi, ushizi, izithelo ezomisiwe.
8. I-Proline Ivuselela i-collagen synthesis, iyadingeka ekwakhiweni kwezicubu ze-cartilage, isheshisa izinqubo zokuphulukisa. Imithombo ye-proline: amaqanda, ubisi, inyama. Abadla imifino bayelulekwa ukuthi bathathe i-amino acid enezithako zokudla okunomsoco.
9. I-Serin. Ilawula inani le-cortisol ezicutshini zemisipha, ibamba iqhaza ekuhlanganisweni kwamasosha omzimba, ama-immunoglobulins, i-serotonin, ikhuthaza ukumuncwa kwe-creatine, idlala indima ekugayweni kwamafutha. I-Serine isekela ukusebenza okuvamile kwesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi. Imithombo yokudla eyinhloko yama-amino acid: ukholifulawa, i-broccoli, amantongomane, amaqanda, ubisi, ubhontshisi wesoya, i-koumiss, inyama yenkomo, ukolweni, amantongomane, inyama yenkukhu.

Ngakho-ke, ama-amino acid abandakanyeka ekusebenzeni kwayo yonke imisebenzi ebalulekile emzimbeni womuntu. Ngaphambi kokuthenga izithako zokudla, kunconywa ukuthi uthintane nochwepheshe. Naphezu kokuthi ukuthatha izidakamizwa ze-amino acid, nakuba kubhekwa njengephephile, kodwa kungandisa izinkinga zempilo ezifihliwe.

Izinhlobo zamaphrotheni ngokwemvelaphi

Namuhla, izinhlobo ezilandelayo zamaprotheni zihlukaniswa: iqanda, i-whey, imifino, inyama, inhlanzi.

Cabangela incazelo ngayinye yazo.

1. Iqanda. Njengoba kubhekwa uphawu lokuma phakathi kwamaprotheni, wonke amanye amaprotheni abalwa ngokuqhathaniswa nawo ngoba anokugaya okuphezulu kakhulu. Ukwakheka kwe-yolk kuhlanganisa i-ovomucoid, i-ovomucin, i-lysocin, i-albumin, i-ovoglobulin, i-coalbumin, i-avidin, ne-albumin iyisakhi samaprotheni. Amaqanda enkukhu eluhlaza awanconywa kubantu abanenkinga yokugaya ukudla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi aqukethe inhibitor ye-trypsin ye-enzyme, ebambezela ukugaya kokudla, kanye ne-protein avidin, ehlanganisa i-vitamin H ebalulekile. Ngakho-ke, izazi zokudla okunomsoco ziphikelela ekusetshenzisweni kweqanda elimhlophe kuphela ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa, okukhulula izakhi ezivela ku-biotin-avidin complex futhi kucekele phansi i-trypsin inhibitor. Izinzuzo zalolu hlobo lwamaprotheni: lunezinga lokumunca eliphakathi (9 amagremu ngehora), ukwakheka okuphezulu kwe-amino acid, kusiza ukunciphisa isisindo somzimba. Ukungalungi kweprotheyini yeqanda lezinkukhu kuhlanganisa izindleko zabo eziphezulu kanye ne-allergenicity.
2. Ubisi whey. Amaprotheni akulesi sigaba anezinga eliphezulu lokuwohloka (10-12 amagremu ngehora) phakathi kwamaprotheni aphelele. Ngemuva kokuthatha imikhiqizo esekelwe ku-whey, phakathi nehora lokuqala, izinga lama-peptide nama-amino acids egazini landa kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi wokwenza i-asidi wesisu awushintshi, oqeda amathuba okwakheka kwegesi nokuphazamiseka kwenqubo yokugaya. Ukwakheka kwezicubu zemisipha yomuntu ngokokuqukethwe kwama-amino acid abalulekile (i-valine, i-leucine ne-isoleucine) kusondele kakhulu ekubunjweni kwamaphrotheni e-whey. Lolu hlobo lwamaprotheni lwehlisa i-cholesterol, lukhuphula inani le-glutathione, lunezindleko eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zama-amino acid. Ukungalungi okuyinhloko kwe-whey protein ukumuncwa okusheshayo kwe-compound, okwenza kube kuhle ukuyithatha ngaphambi noma ngokushesha ngemva kokuqeqeshwa. Umthombo oyinhloko wamaprotheni i-sweet whey etholakala ngesikhathi kukhiqizwa ushizi we-rennet. Hlukanisa ukugxila, ukuhlukanisa, i-whey protein hydrolyzate, i-casein. Eyokuqala yamafomu atholakele ayihlukaniswa nokuhlanzeka okuphezulu futhi iqukethe amafutha, i-lactose, evuselela ukwakheka kwegesi. Izinga lamaprotheni kulo lingama-35-70%. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-whey protein concentrate iyindlela eshibhile kakhulu yokwakha emibuthanweni yokudla kwezemidlalo. I-Isolate ingumkhiqizo onezinga eliphakeme lokuhlanzwa, iqukethe ama-fractions amaprotheni angama-95%. Kodwa-ke, abakhiqizi abangenangqondo ngezinye izikhathi bayakhohlisa ngokuhlinzeka ngengxube ye-isolate, i-concentrate, i-hydrolyzate njenge-whey protein. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwesengezo kufanele kuhlolwe ngokucophelela, lapho ukuhlukaniswa kufanele kube ingxenye kuphela. IHydrolyzate iwuhlobo olubiza kakhulu lweprotheyini ye-whey, elungele ukumuncwa ngokushesha futhi ingena ngokushesha kwezicubu zemisipha. I-Casein, lapho ingena esiswini, iphenduka ihlule, elihlukana isikhathi eside (4-6 amagremu ngehora). Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo, amaprotheni afakiwe kumafomula ezinsana, ngoba angena emzimbeni ngokuzinzile nangokulinganayo, kuyilapho ukugeleza okukhulu kwama-amino acid kuholela ekuphambukeni ekukhuleni kwengane.
3. Imifino. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amaprotheni emikhiqizweni enjalo ayiphelele, ngokuhlanganiswa komunye nomunye akha iphrotheni ephelele (inhlanganisela engcono kakhulu i-legumes + okusanhlamvu). Abahlinzeki abakhulu bezinto zokwakha zemvelaphi yezitshalo yimikhiqizo yesoya elwa ne-osteoporosis, egcwalisa umzimba ngamavithamini E, B, phosphorus, iron, potassium, zinc. Uma idliwe, amaprotheni e-soy ehlisa amazinga e-cholesterol, axazulule izinkinga ezihlobene nokwandiswa kwe-prostate, futhi anciphise ingozi yokuthuthukisa ama-neoplasms ayingozi esifubeni. Iboniswa kubantu abanenkinga yokungabekezelelani emikhiqizweni yobisi. Ukuze kukhiqizwe izithasiselo, i-soy isolate (iqukethe amaprotheni angama-90%), i-soy concentrate (70%), ufulawa wesoya (50%) usetshenziswa. Izinga lokumuncwa kwamaprotheni lingama-4 amagremu ngehora. Ukungalungi kwe-amino acid kuhlanganisa: umsebenzi we-estrogenic (ngenxa yalokhu, i-compound akufanele ithathwe ngamadoda ngamanani amakhulu, njengoba ukungasebenzi kahle kokuzala kungase kwenzeke), ukuba khona kwe-trypsin, okunciphisa ukugaya. Izitshalo eziqukethe ama-phytoestrogens (ama-non-steroidal compounds afana nesakhiwo samahomoni ocansi wesifazane): i-flax, i-licorice, i-hops, i-clover ebomvu, i-alfalfa, amagilebhisi abomvu. Amaprotheni emifino atholakala futhi emifino nezithelo (iklabishi, amahalananda, ama-apula, izaqathe), okusanhlamvu kanye nemifino (irayisi, i-alfalfa, i-lentils, imbewu yefilakisi, i-oats, ukolweni, isoya, ibhali), iziphuzo (ubhiya, i-bourbon). Ngokuvamile ezemidlalo Ukudla kusebenzisa amaprotheni e-pea. Kuyi-isolate ehlanzwe kakhulu equkethe inani eliphakeme kakhulu le-amino acid arginine (8,7% ngegremu ngalinye leprotheni) uma kuqhathaniswa ne-whey, soy, casein kanye neqanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaprotheni e-pea acebile ku-glutamine, i-lysine. Inani le-BCAAs kulo lifinyelela ku-18%. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amaprotheni elayisi athuthukisa izinzuzo ze-hypoallergenic pea protein, esetshenziswa ekudleni kokudla okuluhlaza, abasubathi, nabadla imifino.
4. Inyama. Inani lamaprotheni elikuwo lifinyelela ku-85%, lapho ama-35% angama-amino acid angenakushintshwa. Iprotheni yenyama ibonakala ngokuqukethwe kwamafutha angu-zero, inezinga eliphezulu lokumuncwa.
5. Inhlanzi. Le nkimbinkimbi inconywa ukuthi isetshenziswe umuntu ojwayelekile. Kodwa akuthandeki kakhulu ukuthi abasubathi basebenzise amaprotheni ukumboza imfuneko yansuku zonke, ngoba i-fish protein isolate ihlukana ibe ama-amino acid amahlandla ama-3 kune-casein.

Ngakho-ke, ukunciphisa isisindo, thola isisindo semisipha, lapho usebenza ekusizeni kunconywa ukusebenzisa amaprotheni ayinkimbinkimbi. Banikeza ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwama-amino acid ngokushesha ngemva kokusetshenziswa.

Abasubathi abakhuluphele abajwayele ukwakheka kwamafutha kufanele bakhethe amaprotheni ahamba kancane angama-50-80% kunamaprotheni asheshayo. I-spectrum yabo eyinhloko yesenzo ihloselwe umsoco wesikhathi eside wemisipha.

Ukumuncwa kwe-Casein kuhamba kancane kune-whey protein. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukuhlushwa kwama-amino acid egazini kukhula kancane kancane futhi kugcinwa ezingeni eliphezulu amahora angu-7. Ngokungafani ne-casein, amaprotheni e-whey adonswa ngokushesha kakhulu emzimbeni, okwenza ukukhululwa okunamandla kwe-compound esikhathini esifushane (isigamu sehora). Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukuthatha ukuvimbela i-catabolism yamaprotheni emisipha ngokushesha ngaphambi nangemva kokuzivocavoca.

Isikhundla esimaphakathi sithathwa umhlophe weqanda. Ukuze ugcwalise igazi ngokushesha ngemva kokuzivocavoca nokugcina amaprotheni amaningi ngemva kokuzivocavoca kwamandla, ukuthathwa kwawo kufanele kuhlanganiswe ne-whey isolate, i-amino acid maduze. Le ngxube yamaprotheni amathathu iqeda ukushiyeka kwengxenye ngayinye, ihlanganisa zonke izimfanelo ezinhle. Ihambisana kakhulu ne-whey soy protein.

Inani lomuntu

Indima edlalwa amaprotheni ezintweni eziphilayo inkulu kangangokuthi cishe akunakwenzeka ukucabangela umsebenzi ngamunye, kodwa sizoqokomisa kafushane okubaluleke kakhulu kuzo.

1. Ukuzivikela (ngokomzimba, amakhemikhali, omzimba). Amaprotheni avikela umzimba emiphumeleni eyingozi yamagciwane, ubuthi, amabhaktheriya, aqala umshini wokuhlanganisa ama-antibody. Lapho amaprotheni avikelayo ehlangana nezinto zangaphandle, isenzo sebhayoloji sama-pathogens siyancipha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaprotheni ahilelekile ohlelweni lwe-fibrinogen coagulation ku-plasma yegazi, okufaka isandla ekwakhekeni kwehlule kanye nokuvinjelwa kwesilonda. Ngenxa yalokhu, uma kwenzeka umonakalo wekhava yomzimba, iphrotheni ivikela umzimba ekulahlekelweni kwegazi.
2. i-catalytic. Wonke ama-enzyme, okuthiwa ama-biological catalysts, angamaprotheni.
3. Ezokuthutha. Umthwali oyinhloko womoya-mpilo yi-hemoglobin, iphrotheni yegazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlobo zama-amino acids enqubweni yokusabela zakha inhlanganisela namavithamini, amahomoni, amafutha, okuqinisekisa ukulethwa kwawo kumaseli, izitho zangaphakathi nezicubu.
4. Okunomsoco. Okubizwa ngokuthi ama-reserve proteins (i-casein, i-albumin) ayimithombo yokudla yokwakheka nokukhula kombungu esibelethweni.
5. I-Hormonal. Iningi lamahomoni asemzimbeni womuntu (adrenaline, norepinephrine, thyroxine, glucagon, insulin, corticotropin, somatotropin) angamaprotheni.
6. Ukwakhiwa kweKeratin - ingxenye eyinhloko yesakhiwo sezinwele, i-collagen - izicubu ezixhumeneyo, i-elastin - izindonga zemithambo yegazi. Amaprotheni e-cytoskeleton anikeza ama-organelles namaseli isimo. Amaprotheni amaningi esakhiwo ane-filamentous.
7. Imoto. I-Actin ne-myosin (amaprotheni emisipha) ahilelekile ekuphumuleni nasekufinyezweni kwezicubu zemisipha. Amaphrotheni alawula ukuhumusha, ukuhlanganisa, ukushuba kokulotshwa kofuzo, kanye nenqubo yokunyakaza kwamaseli ngomjikelezo. Amaprotheni ezimoto anesibopho sokuhamba komzimba, ukunyakaza kwamangqamuzana ezingeni lamangqamuzana (cilia, flagella, leukocytes), ukuthutha kwe-intracellular (kinesin, dynein).
8. Isiginali. Lo msebenzi wenziwa ama-cytokines, izici zokukhula, amaprotheni e-hormone. Badlulisela amasignali phakathi kwezitho, izinto eziphilayo, amaseli, izicubu.
9. Isamukeli. Ingxenye eyodwa ye-protein receptor ithola isignali ecasulayo, enye isabela futhi ikhuthaze izinguquko zokuvumelana. Ngakho-ke, ama-compounds abangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, abophe ama-molecule axhumanisa ama-intracellular, asebenze njengeziteshi ze-ion.

Ngaphezu kwale misebenzi engenhla, amaprotheni alawula izinga le-pH lendawo yangaphakathi, asebenza njengomthombo wamandla, aqinisekise ukuthuthukiswa, ukukhiqizwa kabusha komzimba, kwakha ikhono lokucabanga.

Ngokuhlanganiswa ne-triglycerides, amaprotheni ahilelekile ekwakhiweni kolwelwesi lwamaseli, nama-carbohydrate ekukhiqizeni izimfihlo.

Amaprotheni synthesis

Ukwenziwa kwamaprotheni kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi eyenzeka ezinhlayiyeni ze-ribonucleoprotein zeseli (ribosomes). Amaprotheni aguqulwa asuka kuma-amino acid nama-macromolecules ngaphansi kokulawulwa kolwazi olubethelwe kuzakhi zofuzo (ku-nucleus yeseli).

Iphrotheni ngalinye liqukethe izinsalela ze-enzyme, ezinqunywa ukulandelana kwe-nucleotide ye-genome ehlanganisa le ngxenye yeseli. Njengoba i-DNA igxile ku-nucleus yeseli, futhi ukwakheka kwamaprotheni kwenzeka ku-cytoplasm, ukwaziswa okuvela kukhodi yenkumbulo yezinto eziphilayo kuye kuma-ribosomes kudluliselwa umxhumanisi okhethekile okuthiwa i-mRNA.

I-protein biosynthesis yenzeka ngezigaba eziyisithupha.

1. Ukudluliswa kolwazi kusuka ku-DNA kuya ku-i-RNA (okulotshiweyo). Kumaseli e-prokaryotic, ukubhalwa kabusha kwe-genome kuqala ngokuqashelwa kokulandelana kwe-nucleotide ye-DNA ethile nge-enzyme ye-RNA polymerase.
2. Ukwenza kusebenze ama-amino acid. "Isandulela" ngasinye seprotheni, sisebenzisa amandla e-ATP, sixhunywe ngamabhondi ahlangene ne-molecule ye-RNA yokuthutha (t-RNA). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-t-RNA iqukethe ama-nucleotide axhumeke ngokulandelana - ama-anticodon, anquma ikhodi yofuzo ngayinye (i-triplet-codon) ye-amino acid ecushiwe.
3. Amaprotheni abopha kuma-ribosomes (ukuqala). I-molecule ye-i-RNA equkethe ulwazi mayelana nephrotheni ethile ixhunywe kuyizinhlayiyana ezincane ze-ribosome kanye ne-amino acid eqalayo exhunywe ku-t-RNA ehambisanayo. Kulokhu, ama-macromolecules ezokuthutha ahambisana ngokufanayo ne-i-RNA triplet, ebonisa ukuqala kochungechunge lwamaprotheni.
4. Ukwelulwa kweketango le-polypeptide (elongation). Ukwakheka kwezingcezu zamaprotheni kwenzeka ngokwengezwa okulandelanayo kwama-amino acid ochungechungeni, athuthelwa ku-ribosome kusetshenziswa i-RNA yokuthutha. Kulesi sigaba, kwakhiwa isakhiwo sokugcina samaprotheni.
5. Misa ukuhlanganiswa kweketango le-polypeptide (ukuqedwa). Ukuqedwa kokwakhiwa kwephrotheni kusayinwa yi-triplet ekhethekile ye-mRNA, ngemva kwalokho i-polypeptide ikhishwa ku-ribosome.
6. Ukugoqa nokucubungula amaprotheni. Ukuze yamukele ukwakheka kwesici se-polypeptide, iyazibopha ngokuzenzekelayo, yakhe ukumisa kwayo kwendawo. Ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa kwe-ribosome, iphrotheni idlula ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali (ukucubungula) ngama-enzyme, ikakhulukazi, i-phosphorylation, i-hydroxylation, i-glycosylation, ne-tyrosine.

Amaprotheni asanda kwakhiwa aqukethe izingcezu ze-polypeptide ekugcineni, ezisebenza njengezimpawu eziqondisa izinto endaweni yethonya.

Ukuguqulwa kwamaprotheni kulawulwa izakhi zofuzo zomqhubi, okuthi, kanye nezakhi zofuzo zesakhiwo, zakhe iqembu le-enzymatic elibizwa ngokuthi i-operon. Lolu hlelo lulawulwa yizakhi zofuzo zokulawula ngosizo lwento ekhethekile, okuthi, uma kunesidingo, ihlanganise. Ukusebenzisana kwalesi sici nomsebenzisi kuholela ekuvinjweni kofuzo olulawulayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuqedwa kwe-operon. Isignali yokuqalisa kabusha ukusebenza kwesistimu ukusabela kwento ngezinhlayiya ze-inductor.

Izinga lansuku zonke

Njengoba ubona, isidingo somzimba samaprotheni sincike eminyakeni yobudala, ubulili, isimo somzimba, nokuzivocavoca. Ukuntuleka kwamaprotheni ekudleni kuholela ekuphazamisekeni komsebenzi wezitho zangaphakathi.

Ukushintshana komzimba womuntu

I-protein metabolism iqoqo lezinqubo ezibonisa ukusebenza kwamaprotheni ngaphakathi komzimba: ukugaya, ukuwohloka, ukulinganisa emgudwini wokugaya ukudla, kanye nokubamba iqhaza ekuhlanganiseni izinto ezintsha ezidingekayo ukuze kusekelwe ukuphila. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi i-protein metabolism ilawula, ihlanganisa, futhi iqondise ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuningi, kubalulekile ukuqonda izinyathelo ezinkulu ezihilelekile ekuguquleni amaprotheni.

Isibindi sidlala indima ebalulekile kumetabolism ye-peptide. Uma isitho sokuhlunga siyeka ukubamba iqhaza kule nqubo, emva kwezinsuku ezingu-7 umphumela obulalayo uvela.

Ukulandelana kokugeleza kwezinqubo ze-metabolic.

1. Ukususwa kwe-amino acid. Le nqubo iyadingeka ukuguqula izakhiwo zamaprotheni ngokweqile zibe amafutha nama-carbohydrate. Ngesikhathi sokuphendula kwe-enzymatic, ama-amino acid aguqulwa abe yi-keto acid ehambisanayo, enze i-ammonia, umkhiqizo wokubola. I-deanimation ye-90% yezakhiwo zamaprotheni kwenzeka esibindi, futhi kwezinye izimo ezinso. Okuhlukile yi-branched chain amino acids (i-valine, i-leucine, i-isoleucine), edlula i-metabolism emisipha yohlaka lwamathambo.
2. Ukwakhiwa kwe-urea. I-Amonia, eyakhishwa ngesikhathi sokuchithwa kwama-amino acid, inobuthi emzimbeni womuntu. Ukungathathi hlangothi kwento enobuthi kwenzeka esibindini ngaphansi kwethonya lama-enzyme asiguqula abe yi-uric acid. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-urea ingena ezinso, lapho ikhishwa khona kanye nomchamo. Ingxenye esele ye-molecule, engenayo i-nitrogen, iguqulwa ibe i-glucose, ekhipha amandla lapho iphuka.
3. Ukuguqulwa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezithathelwanayo zama-amino acid. Njengomphumela wokusabela kwe-biochemical esibindini (i-reductive amination, transamination of keto acids, amino acid transformation), ukwakheka kwezakhiwo zamaprotheni ezithathelwanayo nezibalulekile ngokwemibandela, ezinxephezela ukuntuleka kwazo ekudleni.
4. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni e-plasma. Cishe wonke amaprotheni egazi, ngaphandle kwama-globulins, akheka esibindini. Okubaluleke kakhulu kuzo futhi okuvelele ngokwezibalo ama-albumin kanye nezici zokuhlangana kwegazi. Inqubo yokugaya amaprotheni emgudwini wokugaya yenzeka ngokulandelana kwesenzo sama-proteolytic enzymes kuwo ukunikeza imikhiqizo eqhekeka amandla okumuncwa egazini ngodonga lwamathumbu.

Ukuwohloka kwamaprotheni kuqala esiswini ngaphansi kwethonya lejusi yesisu (pH 1,5-2), equkethe i-enzyme pepsin, esheshisa i-hydrolysis ye-peptide bond phakathi kwama-amino acid. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukugaya kuyaqhubeka ku-duodenum ne-jejunum, lapho ijusi le-pancreatic nelamathumbu (pH 7,2-8,2) equkethe izandulela ze-enzyme engasebenzi (trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase) ingena. I-mucosa yamathumbu ikhiqiza i-enzyme ye-enteropeptidase, eyenza lawa ma-protease asebenze. Izinto ze-proteolytic nazo ziqukethwe kumaseli we-mucosa yamathumbu, yingakho i-hydrolysis yama-peptide amancane kwenzeka ngemva kokumuncwa kokugcina.

Ngenxa yokusabela okunjalo, ama-95-97% amaprotheni ahlukaniswa abe ama-amino acid amahhala, angena emathunjini amancane. Ngokuntuleka noma umsebenzi ophansi wama-protease, amaprotheni angagayeki angena emathunjini amakhulu, lapho enza khona izinqubo zokubola.

Ukuntuleka kwamaprotheni

Amaprotheni ayikilasi lamakhompiyutha aphezulu ane-nitrogen, ingxenye esebenzayo nesakhiwo sokuphila komuntu. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi amaprotheni anesibopho sokwakhiwa kwamangqamuzana, izicubu, izitho, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-hemoglobin, ama-enzyme, amahomoni e-peptide, inkambo evamile yokusabela kwe-metabolic, ukuntuleka kwabo ekudleni kuholela ekuphazanyisweni kokusebenza kwazo zonke izinhlelo zomzimba.

Izimpawu zokuntuleka kwamaprotheni:

• i-hypotension kanye ne-muscular dystrophy;
• ukukhubazeka;
• ukunciphisa ukushuba kwesibaya sesikhumba, ikakhulukazi phezu kwemisipha ye-triceps yehlombe;
• ukuncipha okukhulu kwesisindo;
• ukukhathala ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba;
• ukuvuvukala (okufihliwe, bese kuba sobala);
• ukugodola;
• ukwehla kwe-turgor yesikhumba, ngenxa yalokho iba yomile, i-flabby, i-lethargic, ishwabene;
• ukuwohloka kwesimo sokusebenza kwezinwele (ukulahlekelwa, ukuncipha, ukoma);
• ukuncipha kokudla;
• ukuphulukiswa kokulimala kabi;
• umuzwa oqhubekayo wendlala noma ukoma;
• ukungasebenzi kahle kwengqondo (inkumbulo, ukunaka);
• ukuntuleka kwesisindo somzimba (ezinganeni).

Khumbula, izimpawu zohlobo oluthile lokuntuleka kwamaprotheni zingase zingabi khona isikhathi eside noma zingase zifihleke.

Kodwa-ke, noma yisiphi isigaba sokuntuleka kwamaprotheni sihambisana nokuba buthakathaka kokuzivikela kwamaselula kanye nokwanda kokungenwa yizifo.

Ngenxa yalokho, iziguli zivame ukuhlushwa izifo zokuphefumula, inyumoniya, i-gastroenteritis, kanye ne-pathologies yezitho zomchamo. Ngokushoda isikhathi eside kwamakhompiyutha e-nitrogenous, kuvela uhlobo olunzima lokuntuleka kwamaprotheni-amandla, okuhambisana nokuncipha kwevolumu ye-myocardium, i-atrophy yezicubu ezingaphansi, nokucindezeleka kwesikhala se-intercostal.

Imiphumela yohlobo olunzima lokuntuleka kwamaprotheni:

• ishayela kancane;
• ukuwohloka kokumuncwa kwamaprotheni nezinye izinto ngenxa yokungalingani kwama-enzyme;
• ukunciphisa umthamo wenhliziyo;
• i-anemia;
• ukwephulwa kwe-egg implantation;
• ukukhubazeka kokukhula (kubantwana abasanda kuzalwa);
• ukungasebenzi kahle kwezindlala ze-endocrine;
• ukungalingani kwe-hormonal;
• immunodeficiency ithi;
• ukubhebhetheka kwezinqubo zokuvuvukala ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kokuhlanganiswa kwezici zokuzivikela (i-interferon ne-lysozyme);
• ukwehla kwezinga lokuphefumula.

Ukuntuleka kwamaprotheni ekudleni okudliwayo ikakhulukazi kuthinta kabi umzimba wezingane: ukukhula kunciphisa, ukwakheka kwamathambo kuphazamiseka, ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo kubambezelekile.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuntuleka kwamaprotheni ezinganeni:

1. Ukusangana (ukuntula amaprotheni okomile). Lesi sifo sibonakala nge-atrophy enzima yemisipha kanye nezicubu ezingaphansi kwesikhumba (ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamaprotheni), ukukhubazeka kokukhula, nokuncipha kwesisindo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhukhumeza, okucacile noma okufihliwe, akukho ku-95% yamacala.
2. Kwashiorkor (ukuntuleka kwamaprotheni okukodwa). Esigabeni sokuqala, umntwana unokunganaki, ukucasuka, ukukhathala. Khona-ke ukuncipha kokukhula, i-hypotension yemisipha, ukuwohloka kwamafutha esibindi, nokuncipha kwe-tissue turgor kuyaphawulwa. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, i-edema ibonakala, ukufihla isisindo somzimba, i-hyperpigmentation yesikhumba, ukuxebuka kwezingxenye ezithile zomzimba, nokuncipha kwezinwele. Ngokuvamile, nge-kwashiorkor, ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo, i-anorexia, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kuba ne-coma noma isithukuthezi, okuvame ukuholela ekufeni.

Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, izingane kanye nabantu abadala bangase bahlakulele izinhlobo ezixubile zokuntuleka kwamaprotheni.

Izizathu zokuthuthukiswa kokuntuleka kwamaprotheni

Izizathu ezingenzeka zokuthuthukiswa kokuntuleka kwamaprotheni yilezi:

• ukungalingani kwekhwalithi noma okulinganiselwe kokudla okunomsoco (ukudla, indlala, imenyu ye-lean-to-protein, ukudla okungenamsoco);
• ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic kokuzalwa kwama-amino acid;
• ukwanda kwamaprotheni kusuka kumchamo;
• ukuntula isikhathi eside kwezakhi zokulandelela;
• ukwephulwa kwe-protein synthesis ngenxa ye-pathologies engapheli yesibindi;
• umlutha wotshwala, umlutha wezidakamizwa;
• ukushisa okukhulu, ukopha, izifo ezithathelwanayo;
• ukumuncwa okungalungile kwamaprotheni emathunjini.

Ukuntuleka kwamaprotheni-amandla kuyizinhlobo ezimbili: okuyisisekelo nesesibili. Ukuphazamiseka kokuqala kungenxa yokungatholi ngokwanele kwezakhi emzimbeni, kanti okwesibili - umphumela wokuphazamiseka kokusebenza noma ukuthatha izidakamizwa ezivimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwama-enzyme.

Ngesigaba esincane futhi esilinganiselwe sokuntuleka kwamaprotheni (okuyinhloko), kubalulekile ukuqeda izimbangela ezingenzeka zokuthuthukiswa kwe-pathology. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ukwandisa ukudla kwansuku zonke kwamaprotheni (ngokulingana nesisindo somzimba esifanele), chaza ukutholakala kwama-multivitamin complexes. Uma engekho amazinyo noma ukuncipha kwesifiso sokudla, izingxube zemisoco ewuketshezi zibuye zisetshenziselwe ukuhlola noma ukuzincelisa. Uma ukuntuleka kwamaprotheni kuyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yohudo, ngakho-ke kungcono ukuthi iziguli zinikeze ukwakheka kweyogathi. Kunoma yikuphi, kunconywa ukudla imikhiqizo yobisi ngenxa yokungakwazi komzimba ukucubungula i-lactose.

Izinhlobo ezinzima zokungakwazi ukusebenza kahle kwesibili zidinga ukwelashwa kwesiguli, ngoba ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri kuyadingeka ukuze kutholakale ukuphazamiseka. Ukucacisa imbangela ye-pathology, izinga le-soluble interleukin-2 receptor egazini noma i-C-reactive protein iyalinganiswa. I-albumin ye-plasma, ama-antigen esikhumba, isibalo se-lymphocyte esiphelele, nama-CD4+ T-lymphocyte nawo ayahlolwa ukuze kusizwe ukuqinisekisa umlando nokunquma izinga lokungasebenzi kahle komsebenzi.

Okubalulekile okuyinhloko kokwelashwa ukunamathela ekudleni okulawulwayo, ukulungiswa kwamanzi kanye nebhalansi ye-electrolyte, ukuqedwa kwama-pathologies athathelwanayo, ukugcwala komzimba ngezakhi. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuntuleka kwephrotheni okwesibili kungavimbela ukwelashwa kwesifo esibangele ukukhula kwaso, kwezinye izimo, ukondliwa kwe-parenteral noma i-tube kunqunyelwe izingxube ezigxiliwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwelashwa ngamavithamini kusetshenziswa imithamo kabili kunesidingo sansuku zonke somuntu onempilo.

Uma isiguli sine-anorexia noma imbangela yokungasebenzi kahle ingabonwa, izidakamizwa ezandisa isifiso sokudla ziyasetshenziswa ngaphezu kwalokho. Ukwandisa imisipha yemisipha, ukusetshenziswa kwe-anabolic steroids kuyamukeleka (ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukadokotela). Ukubuyiselwa kwebhalansi yamaprotheni kubantu abadala kwenzeka kancane, ngaphezu kwezinyanga ezingu-6-9. Ezinganeni, isikhathi sokululama ngokuphelele sithatha izinyanga ezi-3-4.

Khumbula, ukuze ugweme ukuntula amaprotheni, kubalulekile ukufaka imikhiqizo yamaprotheni yezitshalo nezilwane ezivela ekudleni kwakho usuku ngalunye.

ukweqisa izidakamizwa

Ukudla ukudla okunothe ngamaprotheni ngokweqile kunomthelela omubi empilweni yomuntu. I-overdose yamaprotheni ekudleni akuyona ingozi encane kunokuntuleka kwayo.

Izimpawu zezimpawu zamaprotheni amaningi emzimbeni:

• ukwanda kwezinkinga zezinso nesibindi;
• ukulahlekelwa ukudla, ukuphefumula;
• ukwanda kokucasula kwemizwa;
• ukugeleza kokuya esikhathini (kwabesifazane);
• ubunzima bokuqeda isisindo esiningi;
• izinkinga zesistimu yenhliziyo;
• ukwanda kokubola emathunjini.

Unganquma ukwephulwa kwe-protein metabolism usebenzisa ibhalansi ye-nitrogen. Uma inani le-nitrogen elithathwe futhi elikhishwe lilingana, umuntu kuthiwa unebhalansi enhle. Ibhalansi engalungile ikhombisa ukungadli ngokwanele noma ukumuncwa kabi kwamaprotheni, okuholela ekushisweni kwephrotheni yomuntu siqu. Lesi simo sibangela ukuthuthukiswa kokukhathala.

Ukweqisa kancane kwamaprotheni ekudleni, okudingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi ye-nitrogen evamile, akuyingozi empilweni yomuntu. Kulokhu, ama-amino acid amaningi asetshenziswa njengomthombo wamandla. Kodwa-ke, lapho kungekho msebenzi womzimba kubantu abaningi, ukudla amaprotheni angaphezu kuka-1,7 amagremu ngekhilogremu eyodwa yesisindo somzimba kusiza ukuguqula amaprotheni amaningi abe yizinhlanganisela ze-nitrogenous (urea), i-glucose, okumele ikhishwe yizinso. Inani eleqile lengxenye yokwakha liholela ekwakhekeni kokusabela kwe-asidi yomzimba, ukwanda kokulahlekelwa kwe-calcium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaprotheni ezilwane ngokuvamile aqukethe ama-purines, angafakwa emalungeni, okuyisandulela sokuthuthukiswa kwe-gout.

Ukweqisa kwamaprotheni emzimbeni womuntu kuyivelakancane kakhulu. Namuhla, ekudleni okuvamile, amaprotheni asezingeni eliphezulu (ama-amino acid) ashoda kakhulu.

FAQ

Yiziphi izinzuzo nezingozi zamaprotheni ezilwane nezitshalo?

Inzuzo eyinhloko yemithombo yezilwane yamaprotheni ukuthi iqukethe wonke ama-amino acid adingekayo emzimbeni, ikakhulukazi efomini eligxilile. Ukungalungi kwamaprotheni anjalo ukutholwa kwenani eleqile lengxenye yokwakha, okuyizikhathi ezingama-2-3 kunejwayelekile nsuku zonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo yemvelaphi yezilwane ngokuvamile iqukethe izingxenye eziyingozi (amahomoni, ama-antibiotic, amafutha, i-cholesterol), okubangela ubuthi emzimbeni ngemikhiqizo ebolile, geza "i-calcium" emathanjeni, idale umthwalo owengeziwe esibindi.

Amaprotheni emifino amuncwa kahle ngumzimba. Aziqukethe izithako eziyingozi eziza namaprotheni ezilwane. Kodwa-ke, amaprotheni ezitshalo awekho ngaphandle kokushiyeka kwawo. Imikhiqizo eminingi (ngaphandle kwe-soy) ihlanganiswe namafutha (embewu), iqukethe isethi engaphelele yama-amino acid abalulekile.

Imaphi amaprotheni amuncwa kangcono kakhulu emzimbeni womuntu?

1. Iqanda, izinga lokumunca lifinyelela ku-95 - 100%.
2. Ubisi, ushizi - 85 - 95%.
3. Inyama, inhlanzi - 80 - 92%.
4. I-Soy - 60 - 80%.
5. Okusanhlamvu - 50 - 80%.
6. Ubhontshisi - 40 - 60%.

Lo mehluko ungenxa yokuthi umgudu wokugaya ukudla awukhiqizi ama-enzyme adingekayo ekuqhekekeni kwazo zonke izinhlobo zamaprotheni.

Yiziphi izincomo zokuthatha amaprotheni?

1. Ukumboza izidingo zansuku zonke zomzimba.
2. Qinisekisa ukuthi inhlanganisela ehlukene yamaprotheni iza nokudla.
3. Ungakusebenzisi kabi ukudla amanani amaningi amaprotheni isikhathi eside.
4. Ungakudli ukudla okunamaprotheni amaningi ebusuku.
5. Hlanganisa amaprotheni emvelaphi yemifino neyezilwane. Lokhu kuzothuthukisa ukumuncwa kwabo.
6. Kubadlali ngaphambi kokuqeqeshwa ukuze banqobe imithwalo ephezulu, kunconywa ukuphuza amaprotheni acebile amaprotheni shake. Ngemuva kwekilasi, i-gainer isiza ukugcwalisa izinqolobane zomsoco. Isengezo sezemidlalo siphakamisa izinga lama-carbohydrates, ama-amino acids emzimbeni, akhuthaze ukululama ngokushesha kwezicubu zemisipha.
7. Amaprotheni ezilwane kufanele enze u-50% wokudla kwansuku zonke.
8. Ukususa imikhiqizo ye-protein metabolism, amanzi amaningi adingekayo kunokwephulwa nokucutshungulwa kwezinye izingxenye zokudla. Ukuze ugweme ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, udinga ukuphuza amalitha angu-1,5-2 oketshezi olungenayo i-carbonated ngosuku. Ukugcina ibhalansi kasawoti wamanzi, abagijimi banconywa ukuba badle amalitha angu-3 amanzi.

Mangakanani amaprotheni angagaywa ngesikhathi?

Phakathi kwabasekeli bokudla okuvamile, kunombono wokuthi akukho ngaphezu kwama-30 amagremu amaprotheni angamuncwa ngokudla ngakunye. Kukholelwa ukuthi umthamo omkhulu ulayisha umgudu wokugaya ukudla futhi awukwazi ukubhekana nokugaya komkhiqizo. Nokho, lokhu akuyona into engaphezu kwenganekwane.

Umzimba womuntu endaweni eyodwa uyakwazi ukunqoba amagremu angaphezu kuka-200 amaprotheni. Ingxenye yamaprotheni izohamba ukuze ibambe iqhaza ezinqubweni ze-anabolic noma i-SMP futhi izogcinwa njenge-glycogen. Into esemqoka okufanele uyikhumbule ukuthi amaprotheni amaningi angena emzimbeni, azogayeka isikhathi eside, kodwa wonke azomuncwa.

Inani eliningi lamaprotheni liholela ekwandeni kwama-fat deposits esibindini, ukwanda kwe-excitability yezindlala ze-endocrine kanye nesistimu yezinzwa ephakathi, kuthuthukisa izinqubo zokubola, futhi kube nomthelela omubi ezinso.

Isiphetho

Amaprotheni ayingxenye ebalulekile yawo wonke amaseli, izicubu, izitho zomzimba womuntu. Amaprotheni anomthwalo wemfanelo wokulawula, wezimoto, wokuthutha, amandla kanye nemisebenzi ye-metabolic. Ama-compounds abandakanyeka ekumunceni amaminerali, amavithamini, amafutha, ama-carbohydrates, ukwandisa ukuzivikela komzimba futhi asebenze njengempahla yokwakha yemisipha yemisipha.

Ukudla amaprotheni okwanele nsuku zonke (bheka Ithebula No. 2 “Isidingo Somuntu Samaprotheni”) kuyisihluthulelo sokugcina impilo nokuphila kahle usuku lonke.