Umanyolo we-nitrogen

Iyini i-nitrogen fertilizer

Lawa ama-fertilizer aqukethe inani elikhulu le-nitrogen(1). Kungaba ukuphela komsoco, noma kwezinye izakhi ezihambisana nayo, kodwa i-nitrogen kunoma yikuphi.

Njengoba i-nitrogen ihamba kakhulu emhlabathini, ngokuvamile ayanele ezitshalweni. Ngakho-ke, umanyolo we-nitrogen ungenye yezinto eziyinhloko.

Ukubaluleka Kwezivundisi Ze-Nitrogen

Umanyolo we-nitrogen unemisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile.

Thuthukisa ukukhula kwezitshalo. I-nitrogen iyingxenye ye-DNA, i-RNA namaprotheni, okungukuthi, kuzo zonke "izitini" okwakhiwa kuzo isitshalo, kune-nitrogen. Uma i-nitrogen iyiningi, izitshalo zithola isisindo ngokushesha.

Khulisa ukukhiqiza. Kuyavunywa ukuthi i-nitrogen inesibopho sokukhula, i-phosphorus yokuqhakaza, kanye ne-potassium yokuthela. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuyiqiniso. Kodwa i-nitrogen nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezitshalo: yandisa ubukhulu bamahlumela namaqabunga kuphela, kodwa futhi nezimbali nezithelo. Futhi isithelo esikhulu, isivuno esiphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sici sandisa hhayi kuphela ubukhulu bemifino nezithelo, kodwa futhi nekhwalithi yabo. Futhi ngenxa ye-nitrogen, izimbali zezimbali ziyabekwa. The more of them, izithelo more.

Upholisa amanxeba ezihlahleni. Ngokuvamile ngemva kokuthena, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuqina, izindawo zokusikeka nokusikeka azipholi isikhathi eside. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuqina kwasebusika kwezitshalo kuncipha: izihlahla ezithenwe kakhulu zingaqhwanda kancane ebusika. Futhi ngokhuni oluqandisiwe, umdlavuza omnyama nezinye izifo ngokushesha "zihlale phansi". Lesi yisikhathi lapho i-nitrogen engekho eyanele. Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kokuthena, ingadi kufanele yondliwe nge-nitrogen:

• ukugqoka okuphezulu kokuqala kwenziwa ngo-Ephreli: amabhakede angu-0,5 omquba obolile noma u-1 - 2 kg womquba wezinkukhu nge-1 sq. m eduze kwesiyingi se-trunk;
• okwesibili - ekuqaleni kukaJuni: umanyolo ofanayo ngemithamo efanayo.

Esikhundleni sezinto eziphilayo, ungasebenzisa umanyolo wamaminerali - ammophoska noma ammonium nitrate (ngokusho kwemiyalelo).

Sheshisa izithelo. Kwenzeka ukuthi izihlahla ze-apula noma amapheya ahlala esizeni iminyaka, akhule ngenkuthalo phezulu naphansi, kodwa akafuni ukuqhakaza. Kudlula iminyaka emihlanu, eyisikhombisa, eyishumi, kodwa namanje akusavunwa. Umanyolo we-nitrogen uzosiza ukulungisa isimo. Ukusheshisa ukuqhakaza kwezihlahla ze-apula ne-pear, kufanele zisetshenziswe kabili:

• eyokuqala - ekuqaleni kokukhula kwehlumela: 40 - 50 g isiyingi sesiqu ngasinye sesihlahla sama-apula esincane;
• okwesibili - ngaphambi kokuphela kokukhula kwehlumela (ekupheleni kukaJuni): 80 - 120 g umbuthano wesiqu ngasinye.

I-ammonium nitrate efanelekile noma i-urea. Kodwa khumbula: lokhu umthamo omkhulu kakhulu futhi akunakwenzeka ukusebenzisa inani elinjalo likamanyolo emhlabathini owomile! Kumele iqale iniselwe, bese ivundiswa, bese iphuziswa futhi.

Izinhlobo namagama omanyolo we-nitrogen

Umanyolo we-nitrogen uhlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-2:

• i-organic;
• amaminerali.

Iqembu lokuqala lihlanganisa umquba kanye nokuphuma kwawo (ukumnika kwe-mullein, i-humus, nabanye). Kodwa umanyolo we-nitrogen wamaminerali, wona, uhlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-4:

• i-amide (urea);
• ammonia (ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, ammonium sulfide);
• ammonium nitrate (ammonium nitrate);
• i-nitrate (i-sodium nitrate, i-calcium nitrate, i-potassium nitrate).

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen fertilizer

Umanyolo we-nitrogen, njengomthetho, usetshenziswa kusukela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kuze kube sekupheleni kukaJulayi - awukwazi ukusetshenziswa kamuva, ngoba uvusa ukukhula kwesisindo esiluhlaza, lapho izitshalo zisebenzisa wonke amandla azo ngokulimaza isivuno. Futhi ezihlahleni eduze nezihlahla, ukusetshenziswa sekwephuzile nitrogen ukubambezeleka ukukhula amahlumela, abanalo isikhathi ukuvuthwa, okunciphisa ukumelana frost kwezihlahla (2).

Okuhlukile wumquba omusha. Isetshenziswa ekwindla njengoba igxile kakhulu futhi ingashisa izimpande. Futhi ebusika, ibola kancane futhi iba ephephile ezitshalweni.

Umanyolo we-nitrogen ungasetshenziswa njengomanyolo oyinhloko - osetshenziswa entwasahlobo wokumba, njengokugqoka okuphezulu ehlobo - ngokunisela, kanye namanye amaminerali - ekugqokeni okuphezulu kwe-foliar emaqabunga.

Izinzuzo nezingozi zomanyolo we-nitrogen

Umanyolo we-nitrogen uhluke kakhulu, ngayinye yazo inezinzuzo nezingozi zayo ezithile, kodwa kukhona namaphuzu avamile.

buhle

Incibilika kahle emanzini. Izivundisi eziningi ze-nitrogen zincibilika kalula emanzini, ngakho-ke zingasetshenziswa njengokugqoka okuphezulu ngokunisela noma njengendawo yokugqoka ephezulu ye-foliar yokufafaza ngamahlamvu.

Zimuncwa ngokushesha izitshalo. Umphumela wesicelo sabo uza ngokushesha kakhulu - ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje.

bawo

Uma umanyolo we-nitrogen usetshenziswa ngendlela efanele, ngokwemiyalo, azikho izinkinga kuwo. Kodwa uma izitshalo zigcwele i-nitrogen, imiphumela ingaba mnandi.

Izitshalo ziyakhuluphala. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi emifino yezithelo - ukhukhamba, utamatisi nokunye. Baya emaqabunga, kodwa azikho izithelo. Iphinde ifake amafutha amazambane - ayiwakhi ama-tubers.

Izithelo, amajikijolo nama-perennials kubanda kancane. Uma engxenyeni yesibili yehlobo ugcwalise izitshalo nge-nitrogen, kungenzeka ukuthi zizoba yiqhwa kancane. Ngisho nasebusika obupholile.

Ukwehla kokuqina kwasebusika kuhlotshaniswa nokuqukethwe kwamanzi amaningi kumahlumela. Ngakho-ke kungcono ukungenzi ihlaya nge-nitrogen – kufanele uhambisane nakho kokubili imithamo nemibandela.

Izithelo, nezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye ama agcinwa sibi kakhulu. Amazambane agcwele ngokweqile nama-apula ngeke aqambe amanga isikhathi eside - azobola ngokushesha.

Izitshalo zingenwa kalula yizifo nezinambuzane. Uma kunezitshalo ezimbili engadini - eyodwa ivundiswa ngokwemithetho, kanti eyesibili i-overfed, khona-ke, isibonelo, ama-aphid kanye ne-powdery mildew izohlasela isitshalo esigcwele ngokweqile kuqala.

Ama-nitrate anqwabelana ezithelo nasemifino. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi uma isitshalo singenakho ukukhanya okwanele. Isibonelo, imifino itshalwa ngaphansi kwezihlahla.

Ngendlela, ama-nitrate, ahlala esethusa, awayona ingozi. Kuyingozi kakhulu kune-nitrite. Ngemithamo ephezulu kakhulu ye-nitrogen, ama-nitrosamine nawo anqwabelana ezitshalweni, futhi lezi zingama-carcinogens.

Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo we-nitrogen engadini nasengadini yemifino

Engadini, umanyolo we-nitrogen wamaminerali uvame ukusetshenziswa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo - ekuqaleni kwekhefu le-bud. Uma indawo engaphansi kwezihlahla ingenalutho, kukhona umhlaba nje, khona-ke zihlakazeke ngokulinganayo emibuthanweni eseduze nesiqu futhi zifakwe enhlabathini nge-rake. Uma kukhona utshani noma i-turf ngaphansi kwezihlahla, zivele zihlakazeke phezulu.

Engadini, umanyolo we-nitrogen wamaminerali nawo usetshenziswa entwasahlobo, ukumba isiza. Esikhathini esizayo, zisetshenziswa njengezingubo zokugqoka - zichithwa emanzini futhi ziphuziswa phezu kwemifino. Noma zifuthwa emaqabunga uma izitshalo zibonisa izimpawu ezicacile zokuntuleka kwe-nitrogen.

Umquba omusha engadini nasengadini ulethwa ekwindla ukuze kumbiwe (ngaphandle kwezivande ezinotshani noma i-turf - azisebenzisi umquba lapho). I-humus ingafakwa emigodini ngokushesha ngaphambi kokutshala noma isetshenziswe njengendawo yokumboza imibhede kanye neziqu zezihlahla nezihlahla.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ama-nitrogen fertilizer asebenza kakhulu emhlabathini omanzi (3).

Imibuzo nezimpendulo ezidumile

Siphendule imibuzo ethandwa kakhulu mayelana nomanyolo we-nitrogen isazi sezolimo namahlathi uSvetlana Mikhailova.

Imithombo ye

1. Kovalev ND, Atroshenko MD, Deconnor AV, Litvinenko AN Okuyisisekelo kwezolimo nokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo // M., Selkhozizdat, 1663 - 567 p.
2. I-Rubin SS Umanyolo wezitshalo zezithelo namajikijolo // M., "Kolos", 1974 - 224 p.
3. Ulyanova MA, Vasilenko VI, Zvolinsky VP Indima kamanyolo we-nitrogen kwezolimo zanamuhla // Isayensi, ubuchwepheshe kanye nemfundo, 2016 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-azotnyh-udobreniy-v-sovremennom-selskom-hozyaystve