Intamo (kusuka ku-Old French col, kusukela ku-Latin collum) isifunda somzimba esixhumanisa ikhanda nethorax.

Intamo ihlukaniswe ngaphambili ngomphimbo, ngemuva ngenkaba yentamo, ngezansi ngama-collarbones nangaphezulu nge-mandible.

Ezingeni lomphimbo, intamo iwela izingxenye ezingenhla zesimiso sokugaya ukudla, i-pharynx ne-esophagus, futhi izingxenye ezingenhla zesimiso sokuphefumula, i-larynx kanye ne-trachea. Kukhona nezindlala ezine entanyeni:

• Indlala yegilo, etholakala ebusweni bangaphambili boqhoqhoqho, ikhiqiza amahomoni amabili egilo asebenza kumetabolism.
• Ama-parathyroids yizindlala ezincane ezisendaweni engemuva yegilozi, zikhipha i-hormone esebenza ezingeni le-calcium egazini.
• Izindlala zamathe ezimelelwe i-parotid (etholakala ngaphambi kwezindlebe) kanye ne-submandibular (etholakala ngaphansi komhlathi).
• Imisipha ye-platysma, imboza ingaphambili lentamo futhi ivumela ukunyakaza komlomo nokuqina kwesikhumba sentamo.
• Umsipha we-sternocleidomastoid, welulelwe ezinhlangothini zentamo phakathi kwe-sternum ne-collarbone kanye nethambo lesikhashana. Ivumela ukugoba, ukutsheka nokujikeleza kwekhanda.

Ngemuva kwalokho, i-nape yentamo iqukethe ama-vertebrae ayisikhombisa omgogodla womlomo wesibeletho, abalwe kusuka ku-C1 kuya ku-C7. Banikeza amandla nokuhamba entanyeni. Ama-vertebrae amabili okuqala, abizwa ngokuthi i-atlas (C1) ne-axis (C2), ane-morphology ehlukile kwamanye ama-vertebrae okubanikeza indima ebalulekile ekuhambeni kwentamo. I-atlas ihambisana nethambo le-occipital lekhanda, elisivumela ukuthi sitshekise ikhanda lethu ukuze sivume. I-axis (C2) inomsebenzi we-pivot ovumela ukujikeleza kwe-atlas, ngakho-ke kwekhanda. Inkulumo phakathi kwe-C1 ne-C2 ivumela ikhanda elingemuva ukuthi lijikeleze njengophawu lokuphika.

Imisipha yentamo

Imisipha eminingi imboza intamo, inamathiselwe kugebhezi, amathambo omlomo wesibeletho namakhola. Bavumela ukuhamba kwekhanda futhi ingxenye enkulu isesimweni sebhande. Sithola phakathi kwabanye:

Ukunikezwa kwegazi kanye nezakhi zemizwa

Intamo iwela ohlangothini ngalunye ngomthambo ovamile we-carotid ohlukanisa i-carotid yangaphandle nangaphakathi, i-vertebral artery kanye nemithambo emibili ye-jugular (yangaphakathi nangaphandle).

Izinzwa eziningi zihamba ngentamo, ikakhulukazi i-vagus (noma i-pneumogastric nerve, indima ekugayeni nasekushayeni kwenhliziyo), i-phrenic (i-innervation ye-diaphragm) kanye nomgogodla (ukuhamba nokuzwela kwezitho) izinzwa.

Indima eyinhloko yentamo iwukusekelwa nokuhamba kwekhanda ngenxa yesakhiwo salo samathambo nemisipha.

Ngenxa yazo zonke izakhiwo ezikuwo, liphinde libe neqhaza elibalulekile ekugayeni ukudla, ekuphefumuleni, ekufowuneni nasekuphatheni umzimba.

I-Cervicalgies. Ubuhlungu bezintambo bungaba nemvelaphi eminingi. Ngokwesibonelo, zibangelwa:

• Ukuqina kwemisipha nokuqina: ukufinyela kwemisipha isikhathi eside emahlombe nangemuva kwentamo okungaba buhlungu. Ngokuvamile zibangelwa ukugcina isikhundla amahora ambalwa noma isimo esingesihle.
• I-Whiplash: Ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-whiplash (ukunyakaza kwekhanda phambili, bese emuva). Kungenzeka ngesikhathi sengozi yemoto noma umthelela onamandla ngenkathi udlala umdlalo.
• I-Torticollis: Ukufinyela kwemisipha okungahleliwe komunye wemisipha yentamo. Kubangela ubuhlungu obunamandla entanyeni kanye nokuvinjelwa kokunyakaza. Umuntu utholakala "ebambekile".
• I-Cervical osteoarthritis: ukuguga nokudabuka koqwanga olutholakala emalungeni omgogodla womlomo wesibeletho. Le pathology ithinta ikakhulukazi abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 futhi ibangela ubuhlungu, ikhanda (ikhanda elibuhlungu), ukuqina kwentamo. Kuyisifo esingelapheki esiqhubeka kancane kancane eminyakeni embalwa.

I-disc ye-Herniated : i-disc ye-herniated ihambelana nokukhishwa kwengxenye yediski ye-intervertebral. Lawa madiski anika ukuguquguquka kwekholomu futhi asebenze njengezinciphisi ezishaqisayo uma kwenzeka kuba nomthelela. I-disc ye-herniated yenzeka lapho i-disc ibuthakathaka, iqhekeka, noma iqhuma futhi ingxenye ye-nucleus ye-gelatinous iqhuma. Kungathinta noma iyiphi indawo yomgogodla. Endabeni yentamo, sikhuluma nge-herniated disc yomlomo wesibeletho.

Ukuvuvukala

I-Angina: ukutheleleka emphinjeni, futhi ikakhulukazi kumathoni. Ingadlulela kuyo yonke i-pharynx. I-Angina ibangelwa igciwane - lesi yisimo esivame kakhulu - noma amagciwane futhi ibonakala ngomphimbo obuhlungu kakhulu.

I-Laryngitis: ukuvuvukala kwe-larynx, ikakhulukazi ezintambo zezwi. Ukukhuluma-ke kuba buhlungu. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-laryngitis: i-laryngitis eyingozi kanye ne-laryngitis engapheli, futhi kukhona umehluko phakathi kwe-laryngitis yengane neyomuntu omdala.

I-Pharyngitis: ukuvuvukala kwe-pharynx, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokutheleleka okuncane, okubangelwa igciwane noma amagciwane. Lapho ukuvuvukala kuthinta nolwelwesi lwamafinyila emakhaleni, kubizwa nge-nasopharyngitis.

I-cyst: I-cyst umgodi oqukethe uketshezi noma into eqinile eyakha isitho noma isicubu. Iningi lama-cysts alinawo umdlavuza. Entanyeni, okuvame kakhulu i-cyst ye-thyroglossal tract (3) (cishe i-70% yezinkinga zokuzalwa kule ndawo). Ngokwemvelaphi ye-embryonic, kungumphumela wokukhula okungavamile kwe-thyroid phakathi namasonto okuqala okukhulelwa. Ezimweni ezingama-50% kwenzeka ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala engama-20. Ukutheleleka ngokuvamile kuyinkinga eyinhloko.

I-Lymphadenopathy (i-lymph nodes): imvamisa, lena i-lymph node evuvukala ukuphendula ukutheleleka, njengomkhuhlane nje isibonelo. Kodwa-ke, kunezinye izimbangela eziningi ezingabangela "ukuvuvukala" okwenzeka entanyeni noma emphinjeni. Ngakho-ke kuhle ukuthi uxhumane nodokotela wakho ngokungabaza okuncane ukuze uthole umsuka.

I-Pathologies ye-thyroid gland

I-Goiter: ibhekisela ekwandeni kobukhulu bendlala yegilo. Kuvamile, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane. I-Goiter ngokwayo ayisona isifo. Kungaba khona ezinhlobonhlobo zezifo.

I-thyroid nodule: Akuvamile ukuthi inqwaba encane yakheke endlaleni yegilo, ngenxa yezizathu ezingakaziwa njalo. Inikezwa igama le-nodule yegilo.

Umdlavuza wegilo: Umdlavuza wegilo umdlavuza oyivelakancane. Kunamacala amasha angama-4000 eFrance ngonyaka (kumdlavuza wamabele angama-40). Ithinta abesifazane ngo-000%. Lo mdlavuza uvame ukutholakala kusenesikhathi. Ukwelashwa bese kuba ngempumelelo kakhulu ngekhambi kuma-75% ezimweni.

I-Hypothyroidism: umphumela wokukhiqizwa kwamahomoni okwanele yindlala yegilo. Abantu abahlaselwe kakhulu yilesi simo ngabesifazane ngemuva kweminyaka engu-50.

I-Hyperthyroidism: ibhekisela ekukhiqizweni okuphezulu ngokungavamile kwamahomoni yindlala yegilo. Akuvamile kakhulu kune-hypothyroidism. Kubantu abane-hyperthyroidism, i-metabolism yabo isebenza ngokushesha. Bangase bazizwe benovalo, bathumbe njalo, baqhaqhazele futhi banciphe, isibonelo.

Ubuhlungu bentamo buthinta i-10-20% yabantu abadala. Ukwehlisa nokuvikela lezi zinkinga, kungenzeka ukuzitika ngokuzivocavoca umzimba nsuku zonke okungaba imikhuba ngokushesha.

Ngama-pathologies athile, njenge-laryngitis, izincomo ezithile zingakuvimbela ukuthi ungaguli. Kwabanye, ukudla okunothe nge-iodine kuzovimbela ukuntula, okuyisici esiyingozi se-nodule yegilo ngokwesibonelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwamanye ama-pathologies afana nomdlavuza we-thyroid noma i-goiter, azikho izindlela zokuvimbela.

Isithombe sezokwelapha :

• I-Cervical ultrasound: indlela yokucabanga yezokwelapha esekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-ultrasound, amaza omsindo angezwakali, okwenza kube nokwenzeka "ukubona" ​​ingaphakathi lomzimba. Ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa ubukhona be-cyst, isibonelo, noma umdlavuza we-thyroid (isilinganiso se-gland, ukuba khona kwama-nodules, njll.).
• Iskena: Indlela yokuxilonga ehlanganisa "ukuskena" indawo ethile yomzimba ukuze udale izithombe ezihlukene kusetshenziswa i-X-ray. Igama elithi “isithwebuli” empeleni igama lensiza yezokwelapha, kodwa ngokuvamile lisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela ekuhlolweni. Siphinde sikhulume nge-computed tomography noma i-computed tomography. Ingasetshenziselwa ukunquma ubukhulu be-cyst noma ubukhona besimila ngokwesibonelo.
• I-MRI (i-magnetic resonance imaging): ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha ngezinjongo zokuxilonga okwenziwa kusetshenziswa isisetshenziswa esikhulu esiyicylindrical lapho kukhiqizwa khona insimu kazibuthe namaza omsakazo ukuze kukhiqizwe izithombe ezinembe kakhulu, ku-2D noma ku-3D, zezingxenye zomzimba (lapha intamo kanye izingxenye zangaphakathi). I-MRI inikeza izithombe ezinemininingwane yomgogodla womlomo wesibeletho, izinzwa kanye nezicubu ezizungezile. Ingasetshenziselwa ukuxilonga ukuhlukumezeka komgogodla, i-hernia yomlomo wesibeletho noma isimila somgogodla isibonelo.

I-Laryngoscopy: ukuhlolwa okwenziwa udokotela ukuze abheke ngemuva komphimbo, amalaka kanye nezintambo zezwi esebenzisa i-endoscope (ithuluzi elincanyana, elifana neshubhu elinomthombo wokukhanya kanye nelensi). Kwenziwa ukufuna isibonelo izimbangela zobuhlungu emphinjeni, ukopha noma ukuxilonga umdlavuza.

I-cervicotomy yokuhlola: ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa okuhlanganisa ukuvula intamo ukuze kukhishwe i-cyst noma i-lymph node engaziwa imvelo yayo noma ukucinga ukuxilongwa.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Ukuhlolwa kwe-TSH kuyinkomba engcono kakhulu yokuhlola isifo se-thyroid. Isetshenziselwa ukuxilonga i-hypo- noma i-hyperthyroidism, ukuqapha i-pathology ye-thyroid noma yenziwa kubantu abane-goiter.

Isilinganiso se-hormone ye-Parathyroid (PTH): I-hormone ye-Parathyroid (ekhishwe yizindlala ze-parathyroid) idlala indima enkulu ekulawuleni i-calcium emzimbeni. Umthamo unconywa uma kwenzeka i-hypercalcemia (izinga eliphakeme kakhulu le-calcium egazini noma amatshe ezinso ngokwesibonelo.

“Umfana wendlulamithi” (7) yindlela umfana waseShayina oneminyaka engu-15 abizwa ngayo, onesifo sohlangothi eside kunazo zonke emhlabeni esinezitho zomqolo zomlomo wesibeletho eziyishumi esikhundleni sika-10. ubunzima bokuhamba (ukucindezelwa kwemizwa entanyeni).

Indlulamithi, enentamo ende, iyisilwane esincelisayo sasemhlabeni eside kunazo zonke. Njengoba ikwazi ukufinyelela ku-5,30 m kwabesilisa kanye no-4,30 m kwabesifazane, indlulamithi nokho inenani lomgogodla womlomo wesibeletho elifanayo nezilwane ezincelisayo, okusho ukuthi u-7, okala cishe u-40 cm ngayinye (8) .