Ukucindezeleka komnkantsha ukuncipha kwenani lamangqamuzana egazi. Kungase kuthinte izinga lamaseli abomvu egazi, amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi kanye / noma ama-platelet. Ukukhathala okuvamile, ubuthakathaka, izifo eziphindaphindiwe nokopha okungavamile kungenzeka. Sivame ukukhuluma nge-idiopathic aplastic anemia ngoba imvelaphi yayo ayaziwa ezimweni eziningi.

Incazelo ye-aplastic anemia

I-Bone marrow aplasia iyi-pathology yomnkantsha, okungukuthi, isifo esithinta indawo lapho amangqamuzana egazi akhiqizwa khona. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuthinteka kakhulu, okuholela ekwehleni kwenani lamaseli egazini.

Njengesikhumbuzo, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamangqamuzana egazi: amangqamuzana abomvu egazi (amangqamuzana abomvu egazi), amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi (leukocyte) namaplatelet (thrombocyte). Njengawo wonke amaseli, lawa avuselelwa ngokwemvelo. Amaseli amasha egazi ahlala ehlanganiswa umnkantsha osuka kuma-stem cells. Endabeni ye-anemia ye-aplastic, ama-stem cells ayanyamalala. 

Imiphumela ye-aplastic anemia

Imiphumela ingahluka kumuntu nomuntu. Ukuncipha kwamangqamuzana egazi kungaba kancane kancane noma kungazelelwe, futhi kube nzima kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli azithintwa ngendlela efanayo.

Ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa:

• i-anemia, ukuncipha kwenani lamangqamuzana abomvu egazi, adlala indima ebalulekile ekuhambiseni umoya-mpilo emzimbeni;
• i-leukopenia, ukwehla kwenani lamangqamuzana amhlophe egazi ahilelekile ekuvikelweni kwamasosha omzimba;
• i-thrombocytopenia, ukwehla kwezinga lama-platelet egazini elaziwa ngokuthi libalulekile esimweni sokuhlangana uma kwenzeka ukulimala.

Izimbangela ze-aplastic anemia

Ezimweni eziningi, imvelaphi yale pathology yomnkantsha ayaziwa. Sikhuluma nge-idiopathic aplastic anemia.

Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo luvame ukukhombisa ukuthi i-aplastic anemia ingumphumela we-autoimmune phenomenon. Nakuba amasosha omzimba ngokuvamile ebhubhisa amagciwane, ahlasela amangqamuzana anempilo abalulekile ukuze umzimba usebenze kahle. Endabeni ye-anemia ye-aplastic, amasosha omzimba abhubhisa ama-stem cells adingekayo ekukhiqizeni amangqamuzana egazi amasha.

Ukuxilongwa kwe-anemia ye-aplastic

Ukuxilongwa kuqala kusekelwe esibalweni segazi eliphelele (CBC), noma isibalo segazi esiphelele. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kuthathwa ukuze kuhlolwe amazinga ezinhlobo ezahlukene zamangqamuzana (amangqamuzana egazi abomvu, amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe, amaplatelet).

Uma amazinga engajwayelekile, ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kungenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kwe-aplastic anemia. Ngokwesibonelo :

• i-myelogram, ukuhlola okuhilela ukukhipha ingxenye yomnkantsha ukuze ihlaziywe;
• i-bone marrow biopsy, ukuhlolwa okukhipha ingxenye yomnkantsha kanye nethambo.

Abantu abahlushwa i-aplastic anemia

Bobabili ubulili buthinteka ngokulinganayo yilesi sifo. Kungenzeka futhi kunoma iyiphi iminyaka. Kodwa-ke iziqongo ezimbili zokuvama zabonwa eziphakathi kweminyaka engama-20 nengama-25 nangemva kweminyaka engama-50.

Le pathology ihlala ingavamile. EYurophu nase-United States, izehlakalo zayo (inani lamacala amasha ngonyaka) yi-1 kubantu abangu-500 futhi ukusabalala kwayo (inani lezifundo ezithintekayo yilesi sifo kubantu abathile ngesikhathi esithile) kungu-000 ku-1 ngayinye.

Le pathology yomnkantsha ingabonakala ngokuncipha kwezinga legazi lamaseli abomvu egazi (i-anemia), amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi (leukopenia) kanye / noma amaplatelet (thrombocytopenia). Izimpawu ze-aplastic anemia zincike ezinhlotsheni zamangqamuzana egazi athintekile.

Ukukhathala okujwayelekile kanye nobuthakathaka obuhambisana ne-anemia

I-anemia ibonakala ngokushoda kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Kungabangela izimpawu ezifana nalezi:

• ukukhanya kwesikhumba kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila;
• ukukhathala;
• isiyezi;
• ukuphelelwa umoya;
• i-palpitations lapho uzikhandla.

Ingozi ethathelwanayo ye-leukopenia

I-leukopenia ibangela ukwehla kwenani lamaseli amhlophe egazi. Umzimba ulahlekelwa amandla awo okuzivikela ekuhlaselweni ngamagciwane. Ukutheleleka okuphindaphindiwe kungenzeka emazingeni ahlukene omzimba.

Ukopha ngenxa ye-thrombocytopenia

I-Thrombocytopenia, noma ukwehla kwenani lamaplatelet, kuthinta ukwenzeka kwe-coagulation. Ukopha kwamazinga ahlukahlukene okuqina kungase kubonakale. Bangaphumela kokuthi:

• ukopha emakhaleni nasezinsini;
• imihuzuko nemihuzuko evela ngaphandle kwesizathu.

Ukuphathwa kwe-anemia ye-aplastic kuncike ekuziphendukeleni kwayo. Nakuba ukugadwa okulula kwezokwelapha ngezinye izikhathi kunganele, ukwelashwa kuyadingeka ezikhathini eziningi.

Esimeni samanje solwazi, izinketho ezimbili zokwelapha zingabhekwa ukwelapha i-aplastic anemia:

• ukwelashwa kwe-immunosuppressive okusekelwe ezidakamizweni ezikwazi ukuvimbela isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni ukuze kukhawulwe, noma kumise, ukucekelwa phansi kwama-stem cells;
• ukufakelwa komnkantsha, okubandakanya ukubuyisela umnkantsha wethambo ogulayo esikhundleni somnkantsha onempilo othathwe kumnikeli onesibopho sokuziphendulela.

Nakuba ukufakelwa komnkantsha njengamanje kuwukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kakhulu kwe-aplastic anemia, lokhu kusebenza kubhekwa kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ukwelashwa okunzima okungenayo ingozi yezinkinga zangemva kokuhlinzwa. Ngokuvamile, ukufakelwa komnkantsha kugcinelwe iziguli ezingaphansi kweminyaka engama-40 ubudala ezinohlobo olunzima lwe-aplasia yomnkantsha.

Ukwelashwa okusekelayo kungase kunikezwe ukuphatha izimpawu ze-aplastic anemia. Ngokwesibonelo :

• ama-antibiotics ukuvimbela noma ukwelapha izifo ezithile;
• ukumpontshelwa amangqamuzana abomvu egazi uma kwenzeka kuba ne-anemia;
• Ukumpontshelwa kweplatelet ku-thrombocytopenia.

Kuze kube manje, azikho izinyathelo zokuvimbela ezihlonziwe. Ezimweni eziningi, imbangela ye-aplastic anemia ayaziwa.