Amaphaphu (asuka ku-Latin pulmo, -onis) ayizinhlaka zohlelo lokuphefumula, ezisezintanjeni zezimbambo.

Isikhundla. Amabili ngenombolo, amaphaphu atholakala ku-thorax, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwekheji ye-thoracic lapho ehlala khona kakhulu. Amaphaphu amabili, kwesokudla nesobunxele, ahlukaniswa yi-mediastinum, ephakathi nendawo futhi yakhiwe ikakhulukazi inhliziyo (1) (2).

I-pleural cavity. Iphaphu ngalinye lizungezwe umgodi wokuncenga (3), owakhiwa ngezingqimba ezimbili:

• ungqimba lwangaphakathi, oluthintana namaphaphu, olubizwa ngokuthi i-pulmonary pleura;
• ungqimba lwangaphandle, oluthinta udonga lwesifuba, olubizwa ngokuthi i-parietal pleura.

Lesi sikhala sakhiwe uketshezi lwe-serous, i-transudate, evumela amaphaphu ukuthi ashelele. Isethi ibuye isize ekugcineni iphaphu futhi ilivimbele lingantengantengi.

Isakhiwo jikelele samaphaphu. Amaphaphu angakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele axhunywe yi-bronchi ne-trachea.

• I-Trachea. Uqhoqhoqho, umgudu wokuphefumula ophuma emphinjeni, udlula phakathi kwamaphaphu amabili ezingxenyeni zawo ezingenhla bese uhlukana ube yi-bronchi emibili yesokudla nesobunxele.
• I-Bronchi. I-bronchus ngayinye ifakwa ezingeni lephaphu. Ngaphakathi kwephaphu, i-bronchi iyahlukana ukuze yakhe izakhiwo ezincane nezincane kuze kufike kuma-terminal bronchioles.

Amaphiramidi anomumo, amaphaphu anobuso obuningana:

• Ubuso bangaphandle, obuhlangene ne-grill ebiza kakhulu;
• Ubuso obungaphakathi, lapho i-bronchi ifakwa khona futhi imithambo yegazi ijikeleza;
• Isisekelo, esihlezi ku-diaphragm.

Amaphaphu nawo akhiwe ama- lobes, ahlukaniswe imifantu: amabili ephaphu lesokunxele futhi amathathu awephaphu elingakwesokudla (2).

Isakhiwo se-lobe. I-lobe ngayinye yakhiwe futhi isebenza njengephaphu elincane. Ziqukethe amagatsha e-bronchi kanye nemithambo yamaphaphu kanye nemithambo. Ukuphela kwe-bronchi, okuthiwa i-terminal bronchioles, kwakha isaka: i-acinus. Lesi sakamuva senziwe ngamazinyo amaningi: i-alveoli yamaphaphu. I-acinus inodonga oluncane kakhulu lapho ixhumana nomoya oqhamuka kuma-bronchioles nakunethiwekhi eyakhiwe yimikhumbi ye-pulmonary capillary (2).

I-vascularization kabili. Amaphaphu athola i-vascularization ephindwe kabili:

• i-vascularization esebenzayo eyenziwe yinethiwekhi yemithambo yegazi yamaphaphu nemithambo, okwenza kube lula ukungenisa igazi egazini;
• i-vascularization enomsoco eyenziwe yimithambo nemithambo ye-bronchial, okwenza kube lula ukuhlinzeka ngezinto ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwamaphaphu (2).

Amaphaphu adlala indima ebalulekile ekuphefumuleni nasekufakeni umoya-mpilo egazini.

I-Pneumothorax. Le pathology ihambelana nokungena okungavamile komoya emgodini we-pleural, isikhala esiphakathi kwamaphaphu kanye nezimbambo. Kubonakala njengobuhlungu obukhulu besifuba, kwesinye isikhathi obuhambisana nobunzima bokuphefumula (3).

I-pneumonia. Lesi simo isifo esibucayi sokuphefumula esithinta ngqo amaphaphu. Ama-alveoli ayathinteka futhi agcwala ubomvu noketshezi, okudala izinkinga zokuphefumula. Ukutheleleka kungabangelwa ikakhulukazi amagciwane, amagciwane noma isikhunta (4).

TB. Lesi sifo sihambisana nokutheleleka kwebhaktheriya okuvame ukutholakala emaphashini. Izimpawu ukukhwehlela okungapheli okuhambisana nokuchitheka kwegazi, imfiva enamandla nokujuluka ebusuku, nokuncipha kwesisindo (5).

I-bronchitis enamandla. Le pathology ibangelwa ukutheleleka, ngokuvamile okubangelwa yigciwane, ku-bronchi. Njalo ebusika, kubanga ukukhwehlela nomkhuhlane.

Umdlavuza we-Lung. Amaseli e-tumor ayingozi angakhula emaphashini nase-bronchi. Lolu hlobo lomdlavuza lungenye evame kakhulu emhlabeni (6).

Ukwelashwa. Ngokuya nge-pathology etholakele, ukwelashwa okuhlukile kungabekwa njengama-antibiotics noma ama-analgesics.

Ukwelapha okuhlinzwa. Ngokuya ngesifo esitholakele, ukuhlinzwa kungadingeka.

Ukuhlolwa komzimba. Ukuhlaziywa kokuphefumula, ukuphefumula, amaphaphu kanye nezimpawu ezibonwa isiguli kwenziwa ukuze kuhlolwe i-pathology.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging yezokwelapha. I-radiology yamaphaphu, i-CT yesifuba, i-MRI noma i-lung scintigraphy ingenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxilongwa.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezokwelapha. Ukuze kutholakale ama-pathologies athile, ukuhlolwa kwegazi noma ukuhlaziya uketshezi lwamaphaphu, njengokuhlolwa kwe-cytobacteriological of sputum (ECBC), kungenziwa.

Ukutholakala kwesifo sofuba. Isifo sofuba yisifo esaziwa kusukela kwa-Antiquity futhi sachazwa ngokuphawulekayo nguHippocrates. Kodwa-ke, i-pathogen ebhekene nalesi sifo ayizange ikhonjwe kuze kube ngu-1882 ngudokotela waseJalimane uRobert Koch. Uchaze ibhaktheriya, futhi ikakhulukazi i-tubercle bacillus, ebizwa nge-bacillus kaKoch noma Isifo sofuba iMycobacterium (5).