Ekuhlelweni, uhlu mhlawumbe luwusizo njengesakhiwo sedatha njengama-array. Ziyini izinhlu, zingakha kanjani? Ungasebenza kanjani ngohlu kuPython? Uzofunda ngalokhu esihlokweni sethu.

Yiziphi izinhlu kuPython?

Uhlu lungakhonjwa ngokwengxenye ngamaqoqo, kodwa umehluko nenzuzo yokufakwa kuhlu (ngaphandle kwalokho zibuye zibizwe ngohlu) ukuthi zingahlanganisa izinhlobo zedatha ezihlukile. Okusho ukuthi, ukufakwa kuhlu kuvula amathuba amaningi okugcina noma yikuphi ukulandelana kwezinto. Okuguquguqukayo, okubizwa ngokuthi uhlu, kuqukethe ireferensi yesakhiwo esisenkumbulweni esiqukethe izinkomba zezinye izakhiwo.

Uhlu ku-Python iqoqo eli-odwe lezinto zezinhlobo ezixubile ezingashintshwa futhi izinto zazo zingahluka.

Kusho ukuthini? Ake sibheke incazelo ngokuningiliziwe.

Ubukhulu bohlu bungashintshwa, buncishiswe, kwengezwe imigqa emisha kukho. Ungakwazi futhi ukushintsha sonke isakhiwo sohlu. Khumbula ukuthi njalo lapho kusetshenziswa indlela ohlwini, uhlu lwangempela luyashintshwa, hhayi ikhophi.

Ukuze uthole ukucaca okwengeziwe, ungacabanga ngohlu ku-Python njengohlu lwemikhiqizo edinga ukuthengwa esitolo. Uma, lapho wenza uhlelo lokuthenga, zonke izinto ezidingekayo zitholakala ngaphansi kwesinye, futhi ngayinye yazo inomugqa wayo, khona-ke ukufakwa kuhlu ku-Python kuqukethe zonke izakhi ezihlukaniswe ngamakhoma kanye kubakaki abayisikwele ukuze iPython iqonde lokho. uhlu lukhonjisiwe lapha. Izakhi zifakwe ezimpawu zokucaphuna. Lesi yisimo esiyisibopho, ngoba isici ngasinye siwumugqa ohlukile.

Izindlela zokudala uhlu

Ukuqhubekela esibonelweni sakudala, masidale uhlu esizolusebenzisa futhi silulungise esikhathini esizayo. Kunezindlela eziningana zokwenza uhlu.

Enye yazo isicelo uhlu lomsebenzi owakhelwe ngaphakathi( ). Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukucubungula noma iyiphi into engaphindaphindwa (uchungechunge, i-tuple, noma uhlu olukhona). Kulokhu, intambo.

Nakhu okwenzeka ekugcineni:

>>> list('list') ['c', 'n','i', 'c', 'o', 'to']

Isibonelo sesibili sibonisa ukuthi izinhlu zingaqukatha inani elingenamkhawulo lezinto ezihluke kakhulu. Futhi, uhlu lungahlala lungenalutho.

>>> s = [] # Uhlu olungenalutho >>> l = ['s', 'p', ['isok'], 2] >>> s [] >>> l ['s', 'p' , ['isok'], 2]

Indlela elandelayo, yesithathu, yokwenza ukufakwa kuhlu yilokho okubizwa ijeneretha yohlu.

Ijeneretha yokufakwa kuhlu iyisakhiwo sohlelo sokudala uhlu. Kuyafana ne-loop.

>>> c = [c * 3 for c in 'list'] >>> c ['ll', 'iii', 'ss', 'ttt']

Ingase futhi isetshenziselwe ukwakha izakhiwo ezigqamile:

>>> c = [c * 3 ku-c 'kuhlu' uma c != 'i'] >>> c ['ll', 'sss', 'ttt'] >>> c = [c + d for c 'kuhlu' uma c != 'i' ku-d ku-'spam' uma d != 'a'] >>> c ['ls', 'lp', 'lm', 'ss', 'sp' , 'sm', 'ts', 'tp', 'tm']

Nokho, le ndlela yokukhiqiza ayisebenzi kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho kuhlanganiswa ukufakwa kuhlu okuningi. Ngakho-ke, kuhle ukusebenzisa i-loop ukwenza uhlu.

Uma udinga ukubhekisela kunoma iyiphi i-elementi ohlwini, bese kusetshenziswa izinkomba. I-elementi ngayinye inenkomba yayo.

Inkomba yinombolo ye-elementi esohlwini.

Uma ufuna ukugcwalisa uhlu ngokuphindaphinda, izakhi ezifanayo, uphawu * luyasetshenziswa. Isibonelo, udinga ukwengeza izinombolo ezifanayo kuhlu: [100] * 3.

Uhlu lwemisebenzi

imisebenzi - lokhu mhlawumbe inzuzo enkulu yePython ngaphezu kwezinye izilimi zokuhlela. Imisebenzi eyisisekelo eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ingasetshenziswa ezinhlwini.

Cabangela ezidume kakhulu kuzo:

• uhlu(ububanzi( )) – uma umsebenzi uwukudala uhlu olulandelanayo, bese kusetshenziswa umsebenzi webanga. Lo msebenzi unamafomu alandelayo:

1. ububanzi (ekupheleni). Isetshenziswa uma kudingekile ukudala ukufakwa kuhlu kusuka ku-zero kuya enombolweni elinganiselwe.
2. ububanzi (ukuqala, ukuphela). Zombili izinombolo zokuqala nezokugcina zicacisiwe.
3. ububanzi (isiqalo, isiphetho, isinyathelo). Ipharamitha yesinyathelo icacisa isici sokukhetha. Isibonelo, uma udinga ukukhetha inombolo ngayinye yesihlanu kusukela ku-1 kuya ku-21, khona-ke uhlu oluphumayo luzobukeka kanje: [10,15, 20].

Umsebenzi wobubanzi unganciphisa kakhulu inani lekhodi.

• iflaksi (uhlu) - ikuvumela ukuthi uthole ukuthi zingaki izakhi ezisohlwini.
• kuhlungiwe(uhlu, [ukhiye]) – uhlela izinto ezisohlwini ngohlelo olukhuphukayo.
• ubuningi (uhlu) – ibuyisela isici esikhulu kunazo zonke.
• iminithi (uhlu) – umsebenzi ophambene – ikuvumela ukuthi ubuyisele i-elementi enenani elincane.

Ungasebenzisa futhi eminye imisebenzi eyakhelwe ngaphakathi:

• uhlu(i-tuple) - Iguqula into ye-tuple ibe uhlu.
• isamba(uhlu) - ihlanganisa zonke izakhi ohlwini uma wonke amanani eyizinombolo, asebenza kukho kokubili izinombolo namadesimali. Nokho, akakutholi kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi. Uma kukhona into engeyona inombolo ohlwini, umsebenzi uzophonsa iphutha: “TypeError: uhlobo(s) lwe-operand olungasekelwe lwe-+: 'int' kanye ne-'str'”.

Izindlela Zokufaka ohlwini

Ake sibuyele ohlwini lwethu lwezinto esingazithenga esitolo futhi sikubize ngohlu lwezitolo:

uhlu lwesitolo = []

Okulandelayo, cabangela izindlela zokufakwa kuhlu:

• engeza(into) – ngosizo lwayo, ungakwazi ukwengeza into ohlwini. Kulokhu, i-elementi entsha izoba sekupheleni.

Masigcwalise uhlu lwethu olusha ngemikhiqizo efanele:

shoplist.append(isinkwa)

shoplist.append(ubisi)

• uhlu.andisa (A) - yengeza "uhlu ohlwini". Lesi sici songa isikhathi njengoba ungakwazi ukwengeza izinto eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ake sithi sesivele sinalo uhlu lwezithelo, sidinga ukuzifaka ohlwini oluyinhloko.

shoplist.extend(izithelo)

• faka(inkomba, into) – ifaka entweni ngenkomba eshiwo inani elishiwo ngaphambi kwenkomba eshiwo.
• Isibalo(into) - ikhombisa inani lokuphindaphinda kwesici.
• uhlu.susa(nto) umsebenzi ophambene uhlu.hlanganisa (x). Ingasetshenziselwa ukususa noma iyiphi ingxenye. Uma into ekhethiwe ingekho ohlwini, kubikwa iphutha.
• pop([index]) – ikhipha into ekhethiwe bese iyibuyisela ngendlela efanayo. Uma i-elementi ingacacisiwe, khona-ke ingxenye yokugcina iyakhishwa ohlwini.
• hlunga([ukhiye]) – ibeka izakhi ohlwini ngokulandelana okunyukayo, kodwa futhi ungacacisa umsebenzi.
• inkomba(into) – ikhombisa inkomba yento yokuqala ekhethiwe.
• Ungakwazi ukwandisa uhlu, okungukuthi, isibuko zonke izakhi zalo, usebenzisa indlela hlehla(uhlu). I-elementi yokugcina iba ngeyokuqala, i-penaltimate element iba eyesibili, njalo njalo.
• Ikhophi yohlu idaliwe ngomyalo kopisha(uhlu).
• i-deepcopy(uhlu) - ukukopisha okujulile.
• Susa zonke izakhi zohlu usebenzisa indlela sula(uhlu).

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izindlela zokufakwa kuhlu zihlukile ezindleleni zezintambo ngoba zishintsha ngokushesha uhlu, okungukuthi, asikho isidingo sokubuyisela umphumela wokubulawa.

>>> l = [1, 2, 3, 5, 7] >>> l.sort() >>> l [1, 2, 3, 5, 7] >>> l = l.sort() > >> phrinta(l) Akukho

Okulandelayo yisibonelo sokusebenza ngohlu:

>>> a = [66.25, 333, 333, 1, 1234.5] >>> phrinta(a.count(333), a.count(66.25), a.count('x')) 2 1 0 >>> a.insert(2, -1) >>> a.append(333) >>> a [66.25, 333, -1, 333, 1, 1234.5, 333] >>> a.index(333) 1 >> > a.remove(333) >>> a [66.25, -1, 333, 1, 1234.5, 333] >>> a.reverse() >>> a [333, 1234.5, 1, 333, -1, 66.25] ] >>> a.sort() >>> a [-1, 1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5]