Ama- integuments ayisimbozo sangaphandle somzimba. Kubantu, yisikhumba kanye nezithako zaso ezinjengama- integuments: izinwele, izinwele, izinzipho. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we- integuments ukuvikela umzimba ekuhlaselweni okuvela endaweni yangaphandle. Izincazelo.

Ama- integuments ayisimbozo sangaphandle somzimba. Baqinisekisa ukuvikelwa komzimba ekuhlaselweni okuningi okuvela endaweni yangaphandle. Zenziwe ngesikhumba kanye nezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene noma ama-appendages esikhumba.

Isikhumba sakhiwe izingqimba ezi-3 ezivela ezicutshini ezi-2 zemvelaphi ehlukene ye-embryological: i-ectoderm ne-mesoderm. Lezi zendlalelo zesikhumba ezi-3 yilezi:

• i-epidermis (ebonakala ebusweni besikhumba);
• i-dermis (etholakala ngaphansi kwe-epidermis);
• hypodermis (ungqimba olujulile).

Ingaphezulu le- integument libaluleke kakhulu, kuqala ngalolo lwesikhumba okuyilo mayelana ne-2 m², enesisindo esingu-4 kuya ku-10 kg kubantu abadala. Ubukhulu besikhumba, 2 mm ngokwesilinganiso, buhluka kusuka ku-1 mm ezingeni lamajwabu amehlo kuya ku-4 mm ezingeni lezintende zezandla kanye nezinyawo zezinyawo.

Isikhumba siwumgogodla oyinhloko. Yakhiwe ngezingqimba ezi-3: i-epidermis, i-dermis ne-hypodermis.

I-epidermis, ingaphezulu lesikhumba

I-epidermis itholakala ebusweni besikhumba. Iqukethe i-epithelium kanye namaseli axhumeneyo wemvelaphi ye-ectodermal. Yisakhiwo esikhulu sokuzivikela somzimba. I-epidermis ayinayo i-vascularized. Izakhiwo ezithile ezihambisana nayo zihlotshaniswa nayo, njengezinzipho (izinzipho, izinwele, izinwele, njll.) kanye nezindlala zesikhumba.

Ngaphansi kwe-epidermis kukhona ungqimba lwe-basal. Imbozwe ngamaseli amagciwane okuthiwa i-keratinocyte (amaseli ahlanganisa i-keratin). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukunqwabelana kwe-keratin emangqamuzaneni kuholela ekufeni kwawo. Ungqimba lwamaseli afile okuthiwa I-stratum corneum imboza ubuso be-epidermis. Lesi singqimba esingangenisi sivikela umzimba futhi siqedwa inqubo yokukhishwa kwe-desquamation.

Ngaphansi kwe-epidermal basal layer kukhona iziphetho zezinzwa ezihlobene namaseli ezinzwa ku-epidermis noma Amaseli e-Merckel.

I-epidermis inama-melanocyte ahlanganisa izinhlamvu ze-melanin ezivumela ukuvikelwa kwe-UV futhi anikeze isikhumba umbala waso.

Ngaphezulu kwe-basal layer kune-prickly layer equkethe Amaseli eLangerhans enza umsebenzi wokuzivikela komzimba. Ngaphezulu koqweqwe olunameva ungqimba lwembudumbudu (olwehliswa i-stratum corneum).

I-dermis, izicubu ezisekelayo

Le isikhumba iyizicubu ezisekelayo ze-epidermis. Yakhiwe ngezicubu ezixhumeneyo zemvelaphi ye-mesodermal. Ibonakala ixega kune-epidermis. Iqukethe ama-receptors enzwa yokuthinta kanye ne-appendages yesikhumba.

Kuyizicubu ezinomsoco ze-epidermis ngenxa ye-vascularization yayo: inikezwe imithambo eminingi yegazi ne-lymphatic, iqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa komoya-mpilo kanye nezakhamzimba ezakhiweni zesistimu ye-intengumentary kanye nokubuya kwemfucuza (CO).², ureas, njll.) ezithweni zokuhlanza (amaphaphu, izinso, njll.). Iphinde ibambe iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni ukwakheka kwamathambo (nge-dermal ossification).

I-dermis yenziwe ngezinhlobo ezimbili zemicu ehlanganisiwe: i-collagen fibers kanye nemicu ye-elastin. I-Collagen ibamba iqhaza ekufakweni kwamanzi kwedermis kuyilapho i-elastin iyinika amandla nokumelana. Le micu ikhiqizwa ama-fibroblasts.

Iziphetho zezinzwa ziwela i-dermis futhi zijoyine i-epidermis. Kukhona futhi ama-corpuscle ahlukene:

• Ama-corpuscles ka-Meissner (azwela lapho kuthintwa);
• Ama-corpuscles kaRuffini (azwela ukushisa);
• Ama-corpuscles ka-Pacini (i-pressure sensitive).

Ekugcineni, i-dermis inezinhlobo eziningana zamangqamuzana ombala (okuthiwa ama-chromatophores).

I-hypodermis, ungqimba olujulile

L'i-hypoderme ihlobene eduze nesikhumba ngaphandle kokuba yingxenye yaso ngempela. Yakhiwe ngezicubu ezixhumene ne-adipose (zemvelaphi ye-mesodermal) njengoba ikhona kwezinye izifunda zomzimba. Lesi sicubu sifana nesikhumba esixegayo kune-epidermis.

Ama-appendages esikhumba atholakala ku-dermis.

Imishini ye-pilosebaceous

Lokhu kuqukethe:

• i-follicle yezinwele eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza izinwele;
• indlala ye-sebaceous ekhiqiza i-sebum;
• indlala ye-apocrine engaphansi ephethe imilayezo yokuhogela;
• yemisipha ye-pilomotor eyenza izinwele ziqonde.

Imishini yokujuluka ye-eccrine

Ikhiqiza umjuluko okhishwa ama-pores.

Imishini yezinzipho

Ikhiqiza isipikili.

I- integument yenza inani elikhulu lemisebenzi ngaphakathi komzimba:

• Ukuvikelwa ku-UV, amanzi kanye nomswakama (ungqimba olungangeni manzi), ukuhlukumezeka, amagciwane, njll.;
• Umsebenzi wezinzwa : ama-sensory receptors esikhumbeni avumela ukuzwela ukushisa, ukucindezela, ukuthinta, njll.;
• Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-vitamin D;
• Ukukhishwa kwezinto kanye nemfucuza;
• Umthethonqubo wokushisa (ngokuhwamuka komjuluko ukuze kulawulwe izinga lokushisa langaphakathi, njll.).