E-Europe, i-allergies yokudla kucatshangwa ukuthi ithinta u-6% wezingane kanye nangaphezulu kuka-3% wabantu abadala. Izibalo ziyanda kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. I-allergies yokudla ibonakala kanjani? Yiziphi izinto ezibangela ukungezwani kokudla okuyinhloko? Singakwazi yini ukukwelapha? Izimpendulo zikaDkt Emmanuelle Rondeleux, udokotela wezingane.

Ukwaliwa ukudla wukusabela kwezivikeli mzimba ekudleni okungafanele zisabele kukho. Lapho uthintana okokuqala ne-allergen, umzimba wenza amasosha omzimba amelene nawo, i-IgE (ye-immunoglobulin E). Lamasosha omzimba abe esezinamathisela kumast cell, amaseli abamba iqhaza ekuvikelweni komzimba.

Ukuthintana kokuqala ne-allergen kuhlala kungenazimpawu. Kodwa kubangela ukuzwela kokudla okukhulunywa ngakho okusho ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuxhumana kwesibili ne-allergen amangqamuzana e-mast ayakhuthazwa okubangela ukukhululwa kwezinto ezifana ne-histamine emsuka wezimpawu zokungezwani komzimba.

“Izingane ezingezwani namakinati noma amaqanda zingaba nomzimba uma zingakaze ziwadle. Sekwanele ukuthi abazali babo sebeyidlile. Babe sebephatha iminonjana ye-allergen ezandleni zabo, izingubo zabo ezingase zihlangane nengane, okwanele ukuvusa ukukhiqizwa kwamasosha omzimba,” kuchaza uDkt Rondeleux.

Ezinganeni, i-allergies eyinhloko ubisi lwezinkomo, amaqanda, amantongomane, amantongomane (“ikakhulukazi ama-pistachios nama-cashews”, igcizelela i-allergist), kulandelwa yisinaphi, inhlanzi nokudla kwasolwandle, isesame, ukolweni noma i-kiwi. "Qaphela ukuthi lolu hlu lokudla kwe-allergenic luyahlukahluka ezweni elilodwa kuya kwelinye".

Kubantu abadala, i-allergener eyinhloko yizithelo nemifino eluhlaza, izinhlanzi nezilwane zasolwandle, i-soy, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, lwesinaphi kanye ne-gluten. “Ukuqala kokungezwani nokudla kubantu abadala kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokungezwani komzimba nezinto ezahlukene. Umuntu omdala ongazwani ne-birch pollen usengozini yokungezwani ne-apula ngoba lezi zinto ezimbili zinamaprotheni ajwayelekile ”, kuphawula uDkt Rondeleux. 

Namuhla, imithethonqubo idinga ukuthi kukhulunywe ngezinto ezingezwani nokudla (phakathi kohlu lwezinto ezingezwani nezifo ezingu-14 ezinkulu) ekulebulani kwemikhiqizo yokudla.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokungezwani nokudla:

Ukungezwani komzimba ngokushesha

I-allergies esheshayo, izimpawu zazo ezibonakala okungenani amahora amathathu ngemuva kokungenisa ukudla. Zingabonakala njengokushoshozela nokuluma emlonyeni, kanye / noma ukuqunjelwa komlomo futhi mhlawumbe nobuso kubantu abadala. Ezinganeni, kungase kube nokuluma kanye ne-edema ebusweni, kodwa futhi ubomvu futhi ikakhulukazi isifuba sobuso esingasakazeka kuwo wonke umzimba. Kulokhu kunganezelwa ukungakhululeki kokuphefumula kanye nobunzima bokugwinya.

Ukungezwani komzimba ngokushesha nakho kungaholela ezinkingeni zokugaya ukudla njengokuhlanza, isifo sohudo, ubuhlungu besisu nokuzizwa ungaphilile noma ngisho nokuquleka. I-Anaphylaxis iyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokungezwani komzimba ngokushesha. "Sikhuluma nge-anaphylaxis lapho izitho ezimbili zithinteka", kukhomba uchwepheshe. 

Ukungezwani komzimba okubambezelekile

I-allergies ebambezelekile izimpawu zayo zivela emahoreni ambalwa kuya emahoreni angaphezu kuka-48 ngemva kokungenisa ukudla okuphikisanayo. Zikhathalela izingane kakhulu kunabantu abadala futhi zibonakaliswa ukuphazamiseka kokugaya ukudla (isifo sohudo, ubuhlungu besisu, i-reflux), i-eczema kanye / noma ukukhuluphala kwesisindo (isisindo esimile). 

“Ukungezwani komzimba nokudla okuqala ebudaleni kuvame ukuholela ekutheni umuntu abe nesifo somlomo esingaqinile. Ezinganeni, ukungezwani kokudla kufanele kubhekwe eduze kakhulu ngoba kungaba kubi kakhulu ”, kuxwayisa umeluleki.

Uma kunezimpawu ezithambile

Uma izimpawu zithambile, ikakhulukazi esikhumbeni, zingancishiswa ngokuthatha imithi ye-antihistamine efana ne-Zyrtec noma i-Aerius, ngendlela yesisombululo somlomo wezingane. Uma kwenzeka ukuphefumula kabi, i-ventoline ingasetshenziswa njengendlela yokwelapha yokuqala, kodwa akufanele ungabaze ukusebenzisa ipeni le-epinephrine uma izimpawu ziqhubeka.

Esimeni sokungakhululeki noma ubunzima bokuphefumula

Uma umuntu osesimweni esibucayi ezizwa engaphilile noma ekhononda ngobunzima obukhulu bokuphefumula, shayela u-15 futhi ngokushesha umbeke endaweni ehlezi (uma kwenzeka ukuphefumula kanzima) noma endaweni ebheke eceleni yokuphepha (PLS) imilenze iphakanyisiwe (uma kwenzeka ukungakhululeki) . 

Lezi zimpawu kufanele ziphakamise i-anaphylaxis edinga ukwelashwa okuphuthumayo okufanele: umjovo we-intramuscular of adrenaline nokulaliswa esibhedlela. Iziguli ezike zaba ne-anaphylaxis esikhathini esidlule kufanele zihlale ziphethe umthamo we-epinephrine ezijova ngokuzenzakalelayo nazo.

“Ukuxilongwa kokungezwani nokudla kususelwa ekubuzeni isiguli noma abazali baso uma kuyingane encane. Ngokuvamile, abazali abathatha isinyathelo sokubonisana nengane yabo sebevele besola ukudla ”, kuphawula uDkt. Rondeleux. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi nokuhlolwa kwesikhumba (ukuhlolwa kokuhlaba) nakho kungase kunqunywe ngaphezu kokuqinisekisa ukungezwani komzimba futhi kukhishwe ukungezwani komzimba okuphambene. 

Ukwelashwa kokungezwani nokudla

Ngokuqondene nokwelashwa kokungezwani komzimba nokudla, kuqukethe ukususa ukudla okwe-allergenic ekudleni. I-oral tolerance protocol ingasethwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukadokotela ogula kakhulu. Kuqukethe ukwethula kancane kancane ukudla kwe-allergenic ngamanani amancane ekudleni kwesiguli.

"Isibonelo, ezinganeni ezingezwani namaprotheni obisi lwenkomo futhi okungezwani kwazo kungadluli iminyaka engu-1 noma emibili, singazama ukwethula ubisi lwenkomo ngendlela yekhekhe elibhakwe kahle ngoba ukupheka kusiza ukutholwa kwamaprotheni obisi lwenkomo umzimba. Into efanayo kubantu abangezwani neqanda, sethula iqanda ngezindlela eziphekwe (iqanda elibilisiwe kanzima, i-omelet) kunokuba libe ngamafomu aluhlaza (iqanda elibilisiwe elithambile, i-chocolate mousse) ", imininingwane ye-allergist.

Ezinganeni, okunye ukungezwani kokudla kunganyamalala ngokuguga kanti okunye kungaqhubeka. Siyaqaphela ukuthi ukungezwani komzimba namaprotheni obisi lwenkomo kuyanyamalala ku-80% wamacala aphakathi konyaka owodwa kuya kwemibili. Ukungezwani komzimba namaqanda kuziphilisa ngokwawo uma uneminyaka emithathu ku-60% wezingane ezithintekile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungezwani komzimba namantongomane, izimbewu zikawoyela, inhlanzi kanye / noma ama-crustaceans kuyanyamalala kaningi. 

Ukwanda kokungezwani komzimba nokudla?

Sekukonke, kuye kwaba nokwanda kokungezwani nokudla iminyaka eminingana, nokungezwani nokudla okuphikelela kalula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abanye ososayensi baveza umbono wezenhlanzeko ukuze bachaze lo mkhuba, inkolelo yokuthi ukuncipha kokuchayeka zisencane ezifweni nasezingxenyeni ezincane zamagciwane emazweni athuthukile kungaholela ekwehleni kokuvuselelwa kwesistimu yomzimba ngakho-ke ukwanda inani labantu abane-allergies.

Uma umuntu engezwani nezinto ezimbili noma ezintathu ezihlukene, kubizwa ngokuthi i-cross-allergies. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinto ezingezwani komzimba okukhulunywa ngazo zinamaprotheni avamile. 

I-cross-allergies edume kakhulu yilezi:

• ukungezwani nobisi lwenkomo, lwezimvu nolwembuzi. "I-homology phakathi kwamaprotheni obisi lwezinkomo, izimvu nezimbuzi ingaphezu kwama-80%", kusho uchwepheshe;
• ukungezwani ne-latex nezithelo ezithile ezifana nekiwi, ubhanana nokwatapheya;
• ukungezwani nempova nemifino eluhlaza nezithelo (i-apula + birch).