Okuqukethwe
Abasaqalayo bangatshala amakhowe ooyster ngezindlela ezimbili: ububanzi (eziphunzini noma ezisikeni zokhuni) kanye nokuqina (ezikhwameni noma kwezinye izitsha ezitholakala endlini). Bobabili ubuchwepheshe bokutshala amakhowe e-oyster buye kwacaciswa ngemininingwane emincane phakathi nesipiliyoni seminyaka eminingi, ngakho-ke ukutshalwa kwalezi zithelo kutholakala ngisho nakubatshali bekhowe abayizimfundamakhwela abangenalwazi.
Ikhowe le-oyster, noma ikhowa le-oyster, liyikhowe elikhulu impela elinesigqoko esimnyama, ngokuvamile esimpunga noma esinsundu elinamathunzi aphakathi nendawo, akhula afinyelele ku-200 mm ububanzi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isigqoko siba lula. Amapuleti amakhowe e-oyster amhlophe noma ukhilimu ngombala, kancane kancane aphenduka abe umlenze ominyene futhi oqinile, okuthi ngenxa yalesi sizathu ungadli.
Uzofunda ngokutshala amakhowe oyster ezikhwameni naseziphunzini ngokufunda le nto.
Izindlela ezibanzi nezijulile zokutshala amakhowe oyster
Lesi sikhunta sitholakala kuphela okhunini oluqinile olufile, ngakho-ke aluyona ingozi ezihlahleni eziphilayo engadini. Njengomthetho, amakhowe ama-oyster akhiwa ngokhuni, ngalinye eliqukethe amakhowe angama-30, kanti isisindo sokukhula singaba ngu-2-3 kg.
Ikhowe le-oyster likhula ngobuningi ezimweni zemvelo futhi maphakathi neZwe Lethu, amakhowe angavunwa lonke ihlobo nekwindla, kanti inani eliphakeme lokushuba kwezithelo kwenzeka ngo-August - October (izinsuku ezithile zinqunywa izinga lokushisa lomoya).
Ukutshalwa kwamakhowe oyster kuhluke kakhulu kunokutshalwa kwama-champignon, kanti ukunambitheka kwawo akukubi neze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azilahleki ngenxa yokomisa noma ukuqoqa.
Imvamisa, izinto zokutshala - i-oyster mushroom mycelium oyinyumba - amakhowe akhulayo athengwa eceleni. Lokhu kufanele kwenziwe entwasahlobo noma ekuqaleni kwekwindla, ngoba idinga izinga lokushisa elihle ngesikhathi sokuhamba. Ngaphambi kokuxhunyelelwa i-mycelium, kufanele igcinwe ekushiseni kuka-0 kuya ku-2 ° C, khona-ke izogcina zonke izakhiwo zayo izinyanga ezingu-3-4, kuyilapho i-18-20 ° C - isonto kuphela.
Ungatshala kanjani amakhowe e-oyster endlini noma ezweni? Izindlela zokutshala lezi sikhunta zingahlukaniswa zibe zibanzi futhi ezijulile.
Ngenxa yokuthi leli khowa lingatshalwa kalula ngokhuni olulahlwayo ngaphandle kwezindleko ezibalulekile zempahla, indlela ebanzi yokuzalanisa ithandwa kakhulu. Nokho, nayo yakhelwe kahle impela. Singasho ukuthi indlela ebanzi, ngokulula kwayo, ukwethembeka kanye nezindleko eziphansi, ifaneleka kakhulu ku-cottage ehlobo. Ngaphambi kokukhula ama-oats, abaqalayo bayelulekwa ukuthi babuke ividiyo futhi bafunde izincwadi, ezichaza ubuchwepheshe benqubo ngokuningiliziwe.
Ukucaciswa kwendlela ejulile yokutshala amakhowe oyster ilele ekwakhiweni kwe-substrate esetshenzisiwe kanye nokwenzeka kokutshala amakhowe egumbini elivaliwe, ngokwesibonelo, indawo ebamba ukushisa noma indawo engaphansi ekhanyisiwe enezimo ezilawulwayo. Isikhathi esifushane sokuvuthwa (izinyanga ezi-2-2,5) senza le ndlela ikhange kakhulu ekutshaleni amakhowe oyster ekhaya, egcekeni nasengadini.
Le ndlela yathuthukiswa eHungary, kanti eZweni Lethu yathuthukiswa kakhulu. Kwatholakala ukuthi i-oyster mushroom, kanye ne-Florida oyster mushroom (ejwayele ukutshalwa ngendlela ejulile), ikhula kahle ezintweni zezitshalo ezifana notshani, amakhoba kabhekilanga, izikhwebu zommbila, umhlanga, njll.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, akunakwenzeka ukuthola i-oyster mushroom emila otshanini, amakhoba kabhekilanga, izikhwebu zommbila, njll., njengoba iqhudelana kakhulu nezibungu ezinezinga eliphezulu lokukhula futhi ezikwazi ukucindezela amakhowe oyster.
Okokuqala, funda indlela yokukhulisa amakhowe e-oyster kusuka ku-mycelium ngendlela ebanzi.
Ubuchwepheshe obuningi bokukhulisa amakhowe e-oyster eziphunzini endlini yezwe
Ngaphambi kokutshala amakhowe e-oyster usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuningi, udinga ukuthola izingcezu zokhuni ezidingekayo kusuka ku-aspen, birch, poplar, njll. ubude phakathi kuka-300 mm nobubanzi obuyi-150 mm nangaphezulu. Uma bebancane, isivuno sizokwehla. Ukuze izinkuni zibe nomswakama ngokwanele, futhi lokhu kuyadingeka ekukhuleni okujwayelekile kwe-mycelium, izingodo zigcinwa emanzini izinsuku ezingu-1-2 ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa.
Ukuze kutshalwe amakhowe e-oyster ezweni, iziphunzi zithuthelwa egumbini elingaphansi, ngaphansi noma kwenye indawo evalekile efanayo ekupheleni kobusika noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, zibeka eyodwa phezu komunye, zakha amakholomu afinyelela ku-2 m ukuphakama. Okokuqala, iziphetho ezingenhla zezingodo zimbozwe ungqimba lwe-mycelium yokusanhlamvu, ubukhulu bawo busuka ku-10-20 mm nangaphezulu. Khona-ke olunye ukhuni lufakwe kulolu hlaka lokhuni, ukuphela kwalo futhi luphathwa nge-mycelium. Okulandelayo, enye ingxenye ibekwe, njll. Izinto zokutshala zithathwa ngesilinganiso sika-70-100 g ekupheleni.
Ukusuka phezulu, amakholomu ambozwe ngotshani ukuze alondoloze umswakama futhi adale izimo zokuthuthukiswa okungcono kwe-mycelium, egcina ingena okhunini. Esikhundleni sotshani, uhlobo oluthile lwendwangu luvame ukusetshenziswa, ngoba i-polyethylene namanye amafilimu awafanelekile, ngoba awavumeli umoya ukuba udlule, okudingekayo ekukhuleni kwe-mycelium.
Ukuze kukhule amakhowe e-oyster, izimo ezithile kufanele zidalwe: ekushiseni kwe-10-15 ° C, i-oyster mushroom mycelium ikhula izinkuni izinyanga ezingu-2-2,5. Umoya kuleli gumbi kumele ube nomswakama, kodwa ukwenze ngokucophelela ukuze amanzi angangeni enkuni.
Uma i-champignon ingadingi ukukhanya ukuze ikhule evamile, khona-ke amakhowe we-oyster uyakudinga ukuze athele izithelo. Isigaba sesibili sokutshalwa kwalesi sikhunta maphakathi nezwe Lethu siwela ngoMeyi. Izingcezu zokhuni ezine-mycelium ezihlumile zikhishwa emoyeni futhi zijule emhlabathini ngo-100-150 mm. Imigqa yakhiwe ngezingcezu zokhuni ngaphansi kombhede wezihlahla noma kwezinye izindawo ezinomthunzi. Ukuze ukhule ama-oyster amakhowe eziphunzini, ungakha isithunzi nge-canopy yokwenziwa elula.
Ibanga phakathi kwezingcezu zokhuni ezifakiwe naphakathi kwemigqa kufanele libe ngu-350-500 mm.
Uma ekhule eziqwini, amakhowe e-oyster adinga ukunakekelwa okufanele, okubandakanya ukuchelela ngokucophelela inhlabathi esimweni sezulu esomile. Izithelo zivame ukuqala ngo-Agasti-Septemba futhi zihlala ngo-Okthoba. Qoqa i-oyster mushroom, usike ngokucophelela. Isivuno sokuqala esihlahleni esisodwa sokhuni sithela ngaphezu kuka-600 g wamakhowe esigaba sokuqala, akha amaqoqo amakhulu.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokutshala ama-oyster amakhowe eziphunzini, bheka le vidiyo:
Ama-plantations overwinter lapho atshalwe khona ehlobo. Uma izimo zivuma, ngonyaka wesibili, ama-2-2,5 kg amakhowe angatholakala ocezu ngalunye lokhuni. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhulisa amakhowe e-oyster eziqwini bukuvumela ukuthi ufinyelele ku-1 kg wamakhowe ngonyaka kusuka ku-2 m20 wezinkuni, okhiqiza kakhulu okuyiminyaka yesibili neyesithathu.
Okulandelayo kuchaza indlela yokutshala kahle amakhowe oyster ku-greenhouse.
Indlela yokukhulisa ama-oyster amakhowe ku-greenhouse
Njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, amakhowe e-oyster angabuye atshalwe ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo, lapho izingcezu zezinkuni zifakwe emhlabathini ngo-Okthoba - Novemba, ngoba azikwazi ukufakwa kumakholomu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izingcezu zokhuni kufanele zitshalwe nge-mycelium yokusanhlamvu. Ngemuva kokufaka isicelo ekugcineni kwezingodo, imbozwe ngamadiski okhuni angama-20-30 mm ubukhulu obufanayo nelogi.
Inzuzo yokutshala amakhowe e-oyster ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo yikhono lokulawula imingcele ebalulekile yemvelo: umswakama, umoya nokushisa kwenhlabathi, okunomthelela omuhle ekutheleleni. Ukusabalala kwe-mycelium phezu kwezingcezu zezinkuni kuthatha izinyanga ezingu-1-1,5 (uma izinga lokushisa lomoya lalingu-13-15 ° C, inhlabathi 20-22 ° C, nomswakama ohlobene 95-100%).
Ngemuva kokukhula kwe-mycelium izinsuku ezimbili, izinga lokushisa liyancipha kakhulu libe ngu-0-2 ° C, "okukhuthaza" ukuthela. Ngemuva kwalokho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka libe ngu-10-14 ° C. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingama-2-2,5 ngemuva kokutshala i-mycelium okhunini, izithelo zingalindelwa.
Ukutshala ama-oyster amakhowe kukuvumela ukuthi ulayishe izindlu zokugcina izithombo ngomsebenzi ngo-Okthoba - Januwari, lapho ngokuvamile zingenalutho. Entwasahlobo, uma kudingekile ukusebenzisa izindawo zokugcina izithombo zemifino, izingcezu zokhuni ezine-mycelium zidluliselwa endaweni evulekile.
Ungakwazi futhi ukutshala amakhowe eziqwini, isibonelo, ehlathini noma ezingadini lapho ekhona. Isikhunta esitshalwe kuzo sizowabhubhisa ngokwezinto eziphilayo, okuzovumela ukuvuna amakhowe iminyaka emithathu futhi kukhishwe iziphunzi ezingafuneki ngaphandle kokusiphula.
Buka ividiyo ethi "Ukukhulisa amakhowe oyster ku-greenhouse", ekhuluma ngawo wonke ama-nuances okulima:
Lokhu kuwuhlelo olujwayelekile kuphela lokutshalwa kwesikhunta. Kungenzeka futhi kuyadingeka ukwenza izinguquko ngesikhathi sokutshala (kuye ngokuthi izici ze-microclimate ngaphandle noma endlini) nezindlela zokutshala i-mycelium ezicucu zezinkuni.
Ikakhulukazi, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa isikhathi esithe xaxa, kodwa enikeza imiphumela emihle, indlela, ehlanganisa kuqala ukwenza izimbobo 40-50 mm ukujula futhi mayelana 30 mm ububanzi ekupheleni ingxenye log, lapho okusanhlamvu. i-mycelium ivaliwe. Ngemuva kwalokho, zimbozwa nge-sawdust emanzi noma izingcezu zamagxolo, ngaphandle kwalokho i-mycelium izokoma ngokushesha futhi ngeke ikwazi ukuzivikela ngokumelene nesikhunta sesikhunta. Uma wenza ngale ndlela, izinto zokutshala zizokhula ngokushesha eduze nocezu lokhuni.
Okulandelayo kuchaza indlela yokutshala amakhowe oyster ezikhwameni ngendlela ejulile.
Ungawakhulisa kanjani kahle amakhowe e-oyster ezikhwameni
Hlukanisa indlela eyinyumba nengeyona inzalo yokutshala ngokujulile amakhowe ooyster. Indlela eyinyumba yaba ngeyokuqala eyahlolwa ekutshalweni kwesikhunta ezimbonini. Ingqikithi yayo imi kanje: i-substrate imanziswe futhi ifakwe ku-autoclave, lapho ihlanzwa khona, emva kwalokho ihlwanyelwe nge-mycelium. Ama-microorganisms ayingozi ayafa, futhi imbewu yamakhowe oyster ikhula ngokukhululeka.
Imiphumela yokusebenzisa le ndlela mihle impela, nokho, ayisetshenziswanga epulazini elingaphansi, ngoba ukuqaliswa kwayo kudinga izimo eziyinyumba kuso sonke isikhathi sokukhula noma ukuxuba isengezo esikhethekile se-microbiological ku-substrate eyinzalo, ehlanganisa inkimbinkimbi yamagciwane. ezivimbela ukukhula kwesikhunta sesikhunta, futhi ukukuthola akulula kangako.
Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-XX. kwasungulwa indlela engeyona inzalo yokutshalwa kwamakhowe oyster, umongo wayo i-pasteurization (ukushisa) komthombo wezakhi, kuyilapho ezinye izinqubo zenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezona inyumba. Kulokhu, asikho isidingo sanoma yiziphi izithasiselo, noma kunjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwale ndlela kufanele kwenziwe ngokugcinwa okubalulekile kwezimo zenhlanzeko ezizovimbela ukusabalala kwesikhunta nesikhunta ku-substrate.
Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ngabatshali bekhowe abangabodwa kanye namabhizinisi amancane atshala amakhowe. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimboni kwesikhunta ngendlela engeyona inyumba kuqukethe izindlela zobuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezidinga imishini ekhethekile kanye nochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe.
Indlela engeyona inzalo, nakuba isebenza kahle, ayikwazi ukuqinisekisa ngokugcwele isivuno esizinzile sekhwalithi ephezulu, njengoba kuhlale kunengozi yokukhula kwesikhunta endaweni yezakhi. Abalimi bamakhowe abangabodwa bangatuswa ukuzalanisa lelikhowe ngamavolumu amancane, ngoba kulokhu kulula ukwenza.
Indlela yomsoco yokutshalwa kwamakhowe oyster kungaba imfucuza yezolimo, isibonelo, utshani bokusanhlamvu, amakhoba embewu kabhekilanga, ummbila, sawdust, shavings, njll. Vele uqiniseke ukuthi awanayo isikhunta ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa, ngaphandle kwalokho azoba yisikhunta. umthombo wokutheleleka.
Imfucuza yezolimo ingaxutshwa ngezilinganiso ezihlukene, okuholela emiphumeleni ehlukene. Konke lokhu kuvumela abalimi bamakhowe ukuthi bangagcini nje ngokuzama, kodwa futhi basebenzise ngokuhlakanipha imfucuza yasendlini.
Izakhi zomsoco ziyachotshozwa, 2% i-limestone yomhlabathi, 2% yegypsum, 0,5% carbamide, 0,5% superphosphate (yesisindo esiphelele) kanye namanzi kwengezwa ukuze umswakama wokugcina ufinyelele ku-75%. Ukusheshisa ukubonakala kwezithelo nokwanda kwazo, okusanhlamvu kabhiya noma i-bran kunezelwa kule ngxube. Kulokhu, zonke izithasiselo akufanele zidlule u-10% wesisindo esiphelele somquba.
Khona-ke i-nutrient medium ifakwa ezitsheni ukuze zomiswe futhi igcinwe lapho amahora angu-2-3 ekushiseni kwama-80-90 ° C, ivuselela ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngale ndlela, i-pasteurization ye-substrate yenziwa. Kungenjalo, ungaphatha umquba ngesitimu esishisayo ekushiseni kuka-55-60°C amahora angu-12.
Uma amakhowe e-oyster ekhuliswe ngamanani amancane ngokwanele, indawo yezondlo ingaphathwa ngamanzi abilayo ezitsheni ezifanele, emva kwalokho zimbozwe futhi zishiywe amahora angu-2-4. Khona-ke amanzi ayakhanywa, i-substrate yomiswa kumswakama odingekayo (70-75%) kanye namaminerali.
I-Pasteurization ye-nutrient medium ingenziwa ngale ndlela elandelayo: gcwalisa izikhwama bese uzibeka ezitsheni lapho umusi noma amanzi ashisayo kunikezwa khona, ubeke i-substrate yokwelashwa amahora angu-6-10.
Kunoma yikuphi, ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-substrate kubalulekile ukuqeda isikhunta. Ingalungiswa ngezindlela ezihluke ngokuphelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokutshala amakhowe.
Lapho sekuqediwe ukwelapha ukushisa, i-pasteurized nutrient medium kufanele ipholiswe kancane kancane, bese idluliselwa endaweni yokutshala. I-substrate ingafakwa ezikhwameni zepulasitiki, amabhokisi, njll., ubukhulu bawo bungase buhluke. Ubukhulu obuhle kakhulu buyi-400x400x200 mm. Umthamo we-substrate kufanele ube mkhulu ngokwanele (5-15 kg) ukuvimbela ukomisa ngokushesha. Kufanele futhi icindezeleke kancane, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka kwayo lapho ibekwe esitsheni sokutshala amakhowe.
Isikhi samakhowe sitshalwa lapho izinga lokushisa le-substrate lehla liye ku-25-28°C. Yethulwa ekujuleni kwe-100-150 mm, ixubene ngokulinganayo nendawo yezakhi. Umthamo we-mycelium kufanele ube ngu-5-7% ngesisindo somquba. Uma kunempahla yokutshala encane, i-substrate izokhula isikhathi eside, okwandisa kuphela ingozi yokuthuthukisa isikhunta esincintisanayo.
Ukuxuba okusanhlamvu kwe-mycelium kanye ne-pasteurized cooled substrate kungenziwa ngaphambi kokugcwalisa iziqukathi ngayo. Kulesi simo, ngenxa yokuxuba okufanayo kwe-substrate ne-mycelium, ukukhuphuka okufanayo okufanayo kwe-nutrient medium kwenzeka. Le ndlela yokwethula i-mycelium idinga ukunakekelwa okukhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanzeka ezindaweni zokusebenza.
Ukuze ukhule ama-oyster amakhowe ezikhwameni, njengoba ubuchwepheshe obufanele bubonisa, kuyadingeka ukunikeza izinga lokushisa lika-20-25 ° C kanye nomswakama ohlobene no-90% ekamelweni. Kulesi sigaba, amakhowe awadingi ukukhanya. Ezinsukwini ezingama-3-5 ngemuva kokutshala, ingaphezulu lendawo yezakhi zomzimba limbozwa ungqimba olumhlophe lwe-mycelium. Kuzothatha ezinye izinsuku ezingu-8-10 futhi, uma ubuchwepheshe bubhekwe ngokuqinile ngokwanele, i-nutrient medium izoba nsundu ngokukhanyayo, bese kuvela i-interweaving ye-hyphae emhlophe, ekhombisa ukuqala kokuvuthwa kwe-mycelium.
Uma i-substrate ene-mycelium isezikhwameni, khona-ke ukusikeka kwenziwa kuyo ukwenza indlela yokukhula kwamakhowe.
Ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwe-mycelium, kuyadingeka ukunquma izinga lokushisa ekujuleni kwe-nutrient medium izikhathi ezingu-1-2 ngosuku. Uma ifinyelela ku-28 ° C noma idlula lesi sibalo, khona-ke igumbi kufanele liphefumulelwe kahle.
Inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwe-mycelium ihlala izinsuku ezingaba ngu-20-30, futhi ekugcineni i-substrate engene kuyo iba i-monolithic block. Khona-ke la mabhuloki ezikhwameni noma kwezinye iziqukathi zithuthelwa ekamelweni elikhethekile, elibizwa ngokuthi igumbi elikhulayo, lapho umbuso wokushisa ozinzile we-12-15 ° C ugcinwa futhi kunikezwa ukukhanya. Yiqiniso, uma kungenzeka ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa futhi ukhanyise igumbi, ungashiya amakhowe oyster lapho i-substrate igcwele i-mycelium.
Ikhowe le-oyster lithela izithelo kangcono uma amabhlogo ebekwe abheke phezulu, ngemva kokuwakhipha ezikhwameni. Indawo ekhululekile engu-900-1000 mm ububanzi kufanele ishiywe phakathi kwemigqa yamabhulokhi afakiwe ukuze kube lula ukunakekelwa kwezitshalo nokuvuna. Indawo yamabhulokhi incike ezicini zekamelo elithile.
Empeleni, akudingekile ukususa amabhlogo ezikhwameni, kodwa ukuze amakhowe akhule kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, kuyadingeka ukusika izimbobo egobolondweni ngokuqondile nangokuvundlile ebangeni elingama-30-40 mm (noma 100). -150 mm) ububanzi obuyi-10-20 mm. Ungakwazi futhi ukwenza izimbobo ze-longitudinal noma ezimise okwesiphambano. Ngezinye izikhathi amabhlogo ayaqiniswa, futhi abanye abalimi bamakhowe balenga amabhlogo amade ezikhwameni.
Uma i-mycelium substrate isemabhokisini noma efanayo, khona-ke isikhunta sizokhula endaweni evulekile ephezulu yendawo yokukhula. Ngezinye izikhathi amabhokisi afakwa ekugcineni futhi amakhowe avele endizeni eqondile.
Ukuze ukhuthaze i-fruiting, kulesi sigaba, ungabamba i-substrate nge-mycelium ekhulile izinsuku ezingu-2-3 ekushiseni kuka-3-5 ° C. Le nqubo inconywa ukuba yenziwe ngaphambi kokubeka i-substrate ekamelweni lokukhula. Nokho, le nqubo uyazikhethela.
Ngesikhathi se-fruiting, umswakama womoya ekamelweni kufanele ube ku-80-100%, lapho izinga lokushisa lika-12-16 ° C lanele ukumanzisa phansi nezindonga izikhathi ezingu-1-2 ngosuku. Ibhulokhi ekhishwe esikhwameni ingase yome, lapho imanziswa kancane ebhodweni lokuchelela noma ipayipi eline-sprayer.
Sekuyisikhathi eside ubuchwepheshe bokutshalwa kwe-oyster mushroom buye bathandwa, lapho amabhulokhi ashiywe ezikhwameni futhi indawo cishe ayinamanzi, ngoba kunomswakama owanele endaweni yezakhi zokuvela kwesikhunta. Ngempela, esikhwameni sepulasitiki sigcinwa kahle kakhulu, ngakho-ke, kulokhu, igumbi lifakwe emanzini kuphela lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lidlula i-18-20 ° C ukuze lilehlise.
Lapho inqubo ye-fruiting iqala, i-carbon dioxide eningi ngokweqile inqwabelana emagcekeni, okumele isuswe ngokufaka umoya. Ngokuvamile, ukuba khona kokungena komoya okuphezulu phakathi nalesi sikhathi kunzima kakhulu ukweqisa, ngoba ngokushintshaniswa komoya okungekuhle, imizimba yezithelo ayikhiqizi, esikhundleni salokho kuvela amaqabunga ama-mycelium.
Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukuthola amakhowe amakhulu amnandi, udinga ukufaka umoya ngokucophelela ekamelweni. Njengomthetho, ukuguqulwa komoya okukodwa njalo ngehora kwanele.
Kodwa-ke, ukungena komoya okunamandla kubangela inkinga yokuqinisekisa izinga elidingekayo lomswakama womoya, okuyi-90-95% ngokusho kwezincomo, kodwa ekusebenzeni le nkomba kunzima ukuyifinyelela. Indlela yokuphuma esimweni itholakala ekucheleni ngezikhathi ezithile kwezikhwama ngamanzi.
Lapho amabhlogo edluliselwa ekamelweni elibandayo futhi iphakheji ivuliwe, phakathi nezinsuku zokuqala ezingu-5-6, amanzi angenile angalimaza i-mycelium. Ngakho-ke, akufanelekile ukuwaphuzisa ngokushesha, kwanele ukumanzisa izindonga kanye nephansi lekamelo njalo. Amabhulokhi we-substrate ambozwe nge-mycelium ehlumile ngeke amunce umswakama, ovumela ukuthi bamanziswe ngokufafaza amanzi izikhathi ezi-1-2 ngosuku kumswakama ohlobene wama-95-100% kanye nezikhathi ezi-4-5 kumswakama wama-85-95%.
Umswakama ugcinwa kangcono ezingeni elanele, ngoba ngisho noma lingaphansi kancane kokujwayelekile, lokhu kuzoholela kuma-caps omile nokuqhekeka, nakuba amakhowe ngokwawo azokhula. Uma izinga lomswakama lifinyelela ku-70% nangaphansi, umthamo wokuvuna ungase wehle ngokuphawulekayo.
Izinsuku zokuqala ezingu-5-6 zokuhlala kwamabhuloki nge-mycelium enkulisa, awukwazi ukukhathalela ngokukhanyisa, ngoba izinqubo eziyinhloko zenziwa ngohlu lwemithombo yezakhi, lapho kumnyama kunoma yikuphi. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha nje lapho kwakhiwa ama-rudiments emizimba ye-fruiting, kuyadingeka ukudala ukukhanya okuphelele amahora angama-7-10 ngosuku ngamandla angama-70-100 lux.
Uma indawo yokutshala amakhowe e-oyster kusuka ku-mycelium incane ngokwanele futhi imnyama, sebenzisa izibani ze-fluorescent noma ukukhanya kwelanga okuncane kancane. Ukukhanya kunomphumela ongathi sína kulawa makhowe: imilenze iyafinyezwa, futhi amakepisi amhlophe ekuqaleni abe mnyama, ngemva kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa, aphinde akhanye, akhule ngosayizi.
Ukuvimbela amabhlogo ukuthi angaboli, amakhowe avunwa ngokunqunywa imilenze yawo khona kanye esisekelweni. Emavikini angu-2-3 ngemva kwegagasi lokuqala lokuvuna, igagasi lesibili lizohamba. Kulesi sigaba, ukunakekelwa okujwayelekile kwamabhulokhi kuyenziwa, futhi ukukhanyisa kuyakhanyiswa ngesikhathi kwakhiwa iziqalo zemizimba yezithelo.
Njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, igagasi lokuqala lingaletha kufikela ku-75% wesamba sesitshalo. Uma izimo zilungile, futhi i-substrate isezingeni eliphezulu, khona-ke emagagasi amabili isitshalo sitholakala, esilingana nesisindo esingu-25-30% wesisindo se-substrate. Njengoba ubona, ukukhulisa amakhowe e-oyster kunenzuzo enkulu, agcinwe kahle, angathuthwa futhi awesabi amazinga okushisa aphansi.
Lapho igagasi lesibili lidlula, kungcono ukufaka amabhlogo amasha nge-mycelium entsha. Amabhulokhi okutholwe kuwo isivuno asetshenziswa ekhaya - angaphakelwa imfuyo futhi afakwe ekudleni kwezinkukhu.
Le vidiyo inemininingwane yokuthi ungatshala kanjani amakhowe e-oyster ezikhwameni:
Ukulawula izinambuzane zamakhowe oyster endlini
Phakathi kwezinambuzane ezimbalwa ezihlasela lesi sikhunta izimpukane, izibungu nomiyane. Izifo ngokuvamile ziyi-bacteria ngokwemvelo futhi zivela ngemva kokulinyazwa izinambuzane.
Indlela evamile yokubulala amagciwane ekamelweni lokutshala amakhowe oyster ukufafaza izindonga ngesisombululo se-2-4% se-bleach noma i-formalin. Khona-ke igumbi likhiywa izinsuku ezingu-2, emva kwalokho livulwa futhi lifakwe umoya izinsuku ezingu-1-2. Ukucubungula okunjalo kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa ngakunye okulandelayo kwesakhiwo.
Inani elidingekayo le-bleach lokulawula izinambuzane lapho ukhula amakhowe e-oyster ezikhwameni lichithwa kusengaphambili ngomthamo omncane wamanzi, bese lihlanjululwa ngamanzi ekugxilweni okudingekayo futhi lishiywe ukuze lifake amahora angu-2. Ingxube ewumphumela iyashukunyiswa futhi isetshenziselwa ukukhipha amagciwane ekamelweni, okuthi, ngemva kokufafaza, kuvalwe izinsuku ezimbili. Izinyathelo zokuvimbela nge-bleach kufanele zenziwe izinsuku ezingu-15-20 ngaphambi kokwethulwa kwe-substrate, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi i-chlorine izoba nesikhathi sokunyamalala.
Nakuba lesi sikhunta sinamagciwane ambalwa kanye nezinambuzane, kunzima kakhulu ukubhekana nazo, njengoba iningi lazo lihlala ngaphakathi kwe-substrate, okuyinto, ngaphezu kwalokho, ingaphansi kwefilimu isikhathi esiningi. Ngakho-ke, izinyathelo eziyinhloko zokuzivikela zenziwa njengendlela yokuvimbela ngisho nangaphambi kokwethulwa kwe-mycelium ku-substrate.
Isibonelo, amakamelo amakhowe e-oyster afuthwa nge-sulfur dioxide. Ukuze wenze lokhu, amashidi okubhaka abekwe ezitini. Isibabule sibekwe phezulu (40-60 g nge-1 m2 yekamelo). Bese bekhanyisa bese bevala izicabha kahle. Phuma ekamelweni izinsuku ezi-2, emva kwalokho zivule futhi zikhiphe umoya izinsuku ezingu-10.
I-Fumigation yenziwa kuphela uma igumbi lomile ngokwanele. Uma kunomswakama, kunconywa ukusebenzisa enye indlela yokubulala amagciwane.
Lapho utshala amakhowe o-oyster endlini, kufanele kuqashelwe kakhulu ukuhlanzeka kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo. Ngaphambi komsebenzi, wonke amathuluzi aphathwa ngesisombululo se-formalin esingu-40%, bese kuba namanzi ahlanzekile. Iziqukathi ze-substrate zibulawa amagciwane futhi zigcinwe ekamelweni elihlanzekile.
Izinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu zamakhowe oyster yizimpukane, ezidla i-mycelium nemizimba enezithelo, futhi amagciwane angena enxebeni. Izimpukane zivame ukuvela ngenkathi efudumele emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-15°C. Iningi labo liba lapho i-mycelium iqala ukukhula endaweni enomsoco futhi evuthiwe. Kungalesi sikhathi, amasonto angama-5-6, lapho izinga lokushisa ekamelweni eline-substrate lifaneleka kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izinambuzane.
Amathuba okulimala kwezimpukane nomiyane ayanda uma ama-substrates amadala namasha esendlini eyodwa. Izinambuzane ezisuka emabhuloki amadala ziya kwentsha, lapho zizalela khona amaqanda azo.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela ngendlela yokubulala amagciwane endaweni kanye nokuvalwa inzalo kwe-substrate nazo ziyadingeka ngokumelene nokusabalala kwezibungu zefungal, ngoba azikho izindlela ezisebenzayo zokulwa nazo. Ubukhulu bawo buncane kakhulu, futhi bondla i-mycelium, ingena emizimbeni yezithelo. Ukutheleleka kwesibili ngamagciwane nakho akusekude ukufika. Kulokhu, izindawo ezilimele ziba manzi futhi zibe mnyama.
I-oyster mushroom iyi-allergen eyingozi kakhulu. Noma kunalokho, hhayi yena, kodwa izinhlamvu zakhe, ezibonakala ngokushesha ngemva kokuba amakhowe eqala ukwakha izigqoko. Ngakho-ke, lapho usebenza ne-fungus, kunconywa ukusebenzisa ama-respirators. Kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile lapho kutshalwa izinhlobo ezintsha ze-oyster mushroom ezinezici ezingaziwa zokungezwani komzimba.