Kulesi sihloko, ngokusekelwa ochwepheshe abavela enhlanganweni ye-Maria Mama esiza abantulayo, eqhuba amakilasi e-master mahhala nabatakuli abaqinisekisiwe base-Rossoyuzspas e-Moscow, siqoqe amathiphu asiza izingane ngokushesha nangendlela efanele ukunikeza usizo lokuqala.
Usizo lokuqala lokulahlekelwa ukwazi
- Ukusabela kumsindo (biza ngegama, shaya izandla eduze nezindlebe);
- Ukuba khona kwe-pulse (ngeminwe emine, hlola i-pulse entanyeni, ubude besikhathi okungenani imizuzwana engu-10. I-pulse izwakala ezinhlangothini zombili zentamo);
– Ukuba khona kokuphefumula (kuyadingeka ukuncika ezindebeni zengane noma usebenzise isibuko).
Uma ungakutholi ukusabela okungenani kweyodwa yalezi zimpawu zokuphila ezingenhla, kufanele uqhubeke nokwenza ukuvuselelwa kwe-cardiopulmonary (CPR) futhi ukwenze ngokuqhubekayo ize ifike i-ambulensi.
– Khulula izinkinobho zezingubo, ibhande okhalweni; – Ngesithupha, kuholela esifubeni eduze komgodi wesisu, phumputha inqubo ye-xiphoid; - Suka kunqubo ye-xiphoid yeminwe emi-2 futhi kule ndawo wenze massage yenhliziyo engaqondile; - Kumuntu omdala, ukubhucungwa kwenhliziyo okungaqondile kwenziwa ngezandla ezimbili, ukubeka esisodwa phezu kwesinye, kwesemusha nesengane - ngesandla esisodwa, kwengane encane (kuze kufike eminyakeni eyi-1,5-2) - ngeminwe emibili; - Umjikelezo we-CPR: Ukucindezelwa kwesifuba okungu-30 - ukuphefumula oku-2 emlonyeni; – Ngokuphefumula okwenziwayo, kuyadingeka ukujikijela ikhanda emuva, ukuphakamisa isilevu, uvule umlomo, ucindezele ikhala bese uhogela emlonyeni wesisulu; - Lapho usiza izingane, umoya akufanele ugcwale, ezinsaneni - ezincane kakhulu, cishe ezilingana nomthamo wokuphefumula kwengane; - Ngemuva kwemijikelezo ye-5-6 ye-CPR (umjikelezo we-1 = ukucindezela kwe-30: ukuphefumula kwe-2), kuyadingeka ukuhlola ukushaya kwenhliziyo, ukuphefumula, ukuphendula kwe-pupillary ekukhanyeni. Uma kungekho ukushaya kwenhliziyo nokuphefumula, ukuvuselela kufanele kuqhutshwe kuze kufike i-ambulensi; - Ngokushesha lapho ukushaya kwenhliziyo noma ukuphefumula kubonakala, i-CPR kufanele imiswe futhi isisulu kufanele silethwe endaweni ezinzile (phakamisa ingalo phezulu, ugobe umlenze emadolweni bese uwuphendulela ohlangothini).
Kubalulekile: uma kukhona abantu eduze kwakho, bacele ukuthi bashayele i-ambulensi ngaphambi kokuqala ukuvusa. Uma uhlinzeka ngosizo lokuqala uwedwa – awukwazi ukuchitha isikhathi ushayela i-ambulensi, udinga ukuqala i-CPR. I-ambulensi ingabizwa ngemva kwemijikelezo engu-5-6 yokuvuselela i-cardiopulmonary, inemizuzu engaba ngu-2, emva kwalokho kuyadingeka ukuqhubeka nesenzo.
Usizo lokuqala lapho umzimba wangaphandle ungena emgudwini wokuphefumula (asphyxia)
I-asphyxia engaphelele: ukuphefumula kunzima, kodwa kukhona, ingane iqala ukukhwehlela kakhulu. Kulokhu, udinga ukuvunyelwa ukuba azikhwehlele, ukukhwehlela kuphumelela kakhulu kunanoma yiziphi izinyathelo zokusiza.
I-asphyxia ephelele ebonakala ngemizamo enomsindo yokuphefumula, noma okuphambene nalokho, ukuthula, ukungakwazi ukuphefumula, okubomvu, nebala eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ukulahlekelwa ukwazi.
– Beka isisulu edolweni sibheke phansi, yenza ukushaya izandla okuqhubekayo eduze komgogodla (isiqondiso sokushaywa ekhanda); – Uma le ndlela engenhla ingasizi, kuyadingeka, ngenkathi umi mpo, ubambe isisulu ngemuva ngezandla zombili (esinye siboshelwe esibhakeleni) bese ucindezela ngokucijile endaweni ephakathi kwenkaba nenqubo ye-xiphoid. Le ndlela ingasetshenziswa kuphela kubantu abadala nasezinganeni ezindala, ngoba ihlukumeza kakhulu; - Uma umphumela ungafinyelelwanga futhi umzimba wangaphandle ungasuswa ngemuva kwezindlela ezimbili, kufanele zishintshwe; – Uma unikeza usizo lokuqala enganeni, kufanele lubekwe esandleni somuntu omdala (ubuso bubekwe entendeni yesandla somuntu omdala, iminwe phakathi komlomo wengane, isekele intamo nekhanda) bese ishaya imivimbo emi-5 phakathi kwamahlombe. ebheke ekhanda. Ngemva kokuphenduka bese uhlola umlomo wengane. Okulandelayo - ukuchofoza okungu-5 phakathi kwe-sternum (ikhanda kufanele libe ngaphansi kunemilenze). Phinda imijikelezo emi-3 bese ushayela i-ambulensi uma ingasizi. Qhubeka ize ifike i-ambulensi.
Ngeke ukwazi: ukushaya umhlane endaweni eqondile futhi uzama ukufinyelela umzimba wangaphandle ngeminwe yakho - lokhu kuzokwenza ukuthi umzimba wangaphandle ungene ujule emigwaqweni yomoya futhi wenze isimo sibe sibi.
Usizo lokuqala lokuminza emanzini
Ukuminza kweqiniso kubonakala nge-cyanosis yesikhumba kanye negwebu eliningi eliphuma emlonyeni nasemakhaleni. Ngalolu hlobo lokuminza, umuntu ugwinya amanzi amaningi.
– ukuncika isisulu phezu kwedolo; - Ngokucindezela empandeni yolimi, yenza i-gag reflex. Qhubeka nesenzo kuze kuphume wonke amanzi; - Uma i-reflex ingasuswanga, qhubekela phambili ekuvuseleleni i-cardiopulmonary; - Ngisho noma isisulu sibuyiselwe ekuqapheleni, kuyadingeka njalo ukubiza i-ambulensi, ngoba ukuminza kunengozi enkulu yezinkinga ngendlela ye-pulmonary edema, i-cerebral edema, ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo.
Omile (aphaphatheka) ominza kwenzeka eqhweni noma emanzini ane-chlorine (umgodi, ichibi, okugeza). Ibonakala nge-pallor, ukuba khona kwe-foam encane "eyomile", engeke ishiye amamaki uma isuliwe. Ngalolu hlobo lokucwila, umuntu akagwinyi inani elikhulu lamanzi, futhi ukuboshwa kokuphefumula kwenzeka ngenxa ye-spasm ye-airways.
ngokushesha uqale ukuvuselela i-cardiopulmonary.
Usizo lokuqala lokushaqeka kukagesi
- Khipha isisulu esenzweni somsinga - umsunduze kude nento kagesi ngento yokhuni, ungasebenzisa ingubo ewugqinsi noma into engabambi umsinga; - Bheka ukuthi kukhona ukushaya kwenhliziyo nokuphefumula, lapho kungekho khona, qhubekela phambili ekuvuseleleni i-cardiopulmonary; - Uma kukhona ukushaya kwenhliziyo nokuphefumula, kunoma yikuphi, shayela i-ambulensi, ngoba kunamathuba amaningi okuboshwa kwenhliziyo; – Uma umuntu equlekile ngemva kokushaqeka ugesi, guqa amadolo akhe bese ucindezela amaphuzu ezinhlungu (ukuhlangana kwe-septum yamakhala nodebe olungenhla, ngemuva kwezindlebe, ngaphansi kwe-collarbone).
Usizo lokuqala lokusha
Inqubo yokusha incike ngezinga layo.
Ibanga loku-1: ububomvu besikhumba, ukuvuvukala, ubuhlungu. Ibanga lesi-2: ububomvu besikhumba, ukuvuvukala, ubuhlungu, amabhamuza. Ibanga lesi-3: ububomvu besikhumba, ukuvuvukala, ubuhlungu, amabhamuza, ukopha. I-4 degree: ukushaja.
Njengoba ekuphileni kwansuku zonke sivame ukuhlangana nezinketho ezimbili zokuqala zokusha, sizocabangela inqubo yokuhlinzeka ngosizo kubo.
Uma kwenzeka ukushisa kwe-degree yokuqala, kuyadingeka ukubeka indawo eyonakele yesikhumba ngaphansi kwamanzi abandayo (ama-15-20 degrees, hhayi iqhwa) imizuzu engu-15-20. Ngakho, sipholisa ubuso besikhumba futhi sivimbele ukushiswa ukungena ekujuleni kwezicubu. Ngemuva kwalokho, ungagcoba ukushisa nge-ejenti yokuphulukisa. Awukwazi ukuwugcoba!
Ngokushiswa kwezinga lesibili, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ungaqhumi amabhamuza avele esikhumbeni. Futhi, ungasusi izingubo ezishile. Kuyadingeka ukufaka indwangu emanzi ekushiseni noma emakhazeni ngendwangu futhi ufune usizo lwezokwelapha.
Uma kwenzeka ukushisa kwamehlo, kuyadingeka ukwehlisa ubuso esitsheni samanzi bese ucwayiza emanzini, bese usebenzisa indwangu emanzi emehlweni avaliwe.
Uma kwenzeka ukushiswa kwe-alkali, kuyadingeka ukwelapha ubuso besikhumba ngesisombululo se-1-2% se-boric, i-citric, i-acetic acid.
Esimeni sokusha kwe-asidi, phatha isikhumba ngamanzi anensipho, amanzi anesoda, noma amanzi amaningi ahlanzekile. Faka ibhandishi oyinyumba.
Usizo lokuqala uma kwenzeka kuba neqhwa
– Phuma ekushiseni Khipha ingane imvunulo bese uqala ukufudumala KANCANE. Uma izitho zineqhwa, bese uzibeka emanzini ekamelweni lokushisa, zifudumale imizuzu engu-40, kancane kancane ukwandisa izinga lokushisa kwamanzi libe ngama-36 degrees; – Nikeza inala yesiphuzo esifudumele, esimnandi – esifudumele ngaphakathi. - Faka amafutha okwelapha amanxeba kamuva; – Uma amabhamuza, ukuqina kwesikhumba kuvela, noma uma ukuzwela kwesikhumba kungalulami, funa usizo lwezempilo.
Ngeke ukwazi: gcoba isikhumba (ngezandla, indwangu, iqhwa, utshwala), fudumeza isikhumba ngokungenalutho olushisayo, uphuze utshwala.
Usizo lokuqala lwe-heatstroke
I-Heatstroke noma ukushisa kwelanga kubonakala ngokuba nesiyezi, isicanucanu, nokuphaphatheka. Umuntu ohlukunyezwayo kumele afakwe emthunzini, amabhandeshi aswakanyiswe kufanele afakwe ebunzini, entanyeni, e-groin, ezithweni futhi ashintshwe ngezikhathi ezithile. Ungafaka i-roller ngaphansi kwemilenze yakho ukuze uqinisekise ukugeleza kwegazi.
Usizo lokuqala lokungenwa ushevu
– Nikeza isisulu amanzi amaningi futhi ubangele ukuhlanza ngokucindezela empandeni yolimi, phinda isenzo kuze kuphume amanzi.
Kubalulekile! Awukwazi ukwenza ukuhlanza uma kwenzeka ubuthi ngamakhemikhali (i-asidi, i-alkali), udinga nje ukuphuza amanzi.
Usizo lokuqala lokopha
Inqubo yokusiza ukopha incike ohlotsheni lwayo: i-capillary, i-venous noma i-arterial.
Ukuphuma kwegazi kwe-capillary – ukopha okuvame kakhulu ezilonda, imihuzuko, ukusikeka okuncane.
Uma kwenzeka ukopha kwe-capillary, kuyadingeka ukubopha isilonda, ukusibulala amagciwane futhi usebenzise ibhandeshi. Uma kwenzeka ukopha ekhaleni - bhekisa ikhanda lakho phambili, qinisa isilonda nge-swab kakotini, faka amakhaza endaweni yekhala. Uma igazi lingayeki phakathi nemizuzu engu-15-20, shayela i-ambulensi.
Ukopha kwe-venous ebonakala ngegazi elibomvu elimnyama, ukugeleza okushelelayo, ngaphandle komthombo.
faka ingcindezi eqondile enxebeni, faka amabhandeshi ambalwa bese ubopha isilonda, shayela i-ambulensi.
Ukopha kwemithambo ibonwa ngokulimala komthambo (umlomo wesibeletho, i-femoral, i-axillary, i-brachial) futhi ibonakala ngokugeleza okugelezayo.
- Kudingeka ukumisa ukopha kwe-arterial kungakapheli imizuzu emi-2. – Cindezela isilonda ngomunwe wakho, ngokopha kwe-axillary – ngenqindi, ngokopha kwesifazane – cindezela isibhakela ethangeni ngaphezu kwesilonda. - Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, sebenzisa i-tourniquet ihora eli-1, usayine isikhathi sokusebenzisa i-tourniquet.
Usizo lokuqala lwama-fractures
- Ngokuphuka okuvaliwe, kuyadingeka ukuvimbela umlenze endaweni lapho bekukhona, ukubopha noma ukufaka i-splint; - Ngokuphuka okuvulekile - misa ukopha, vimbela isitho; – Funa usizo lwezempilo.
Amakhono osizo lokuqala ayinto engcono ukwazi kodwa ungalokothi usebenzise kunokungazi futhi ungabi namandla esimweni esiphuthumayo. Yiqiniso, ulwazi olunjalo lukhunjulwa kangcono emakilasini asebenzayo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda ekusebenzeni, isibonelo, inqubo yokuvuselela i-cardiopulmonary. Ngakho-ke, uma unentshisekelo kulesi sihloko, sikweluleka ukuthi uzikhethele izifundo zosizo lokuqala futhi uye kuzo.
Isibonelo, inhlangano ethi "Maria Mama" ngokusekelwa yi-"Russian Union of Rescuers" njalo ngenyanga ihlela isemina yamahhala "Isikole Sosizo Lokuqala Lwezingane", ngokuningiliziwe ongakwenza.