Izibonelo nezithombe zezinhlobo zephahla nokuhlukaniswa kwazo

Isici sokugcina ekuhlelweni kwendlu yezwe uphahla. Akukhona nje ukubonakala kwezindlu, kodwa futhi induduzo yokuhlala kuyo incike kulokho okuyoba khona. Indlu yangasese iba uphawu lomnikazi, ikhuluma ngokuthanda kwakhe, izintandokazi, isimo, isimo sezezimali. Futhi uqala isethulo sakhe ophahleni. Ngakho-ke, sizohlala ezinhlotsheni zophahla futhi sicabangele izici zabo ngabanye, ukuthi zihluke kanjani nokuthi ungenza kanjani ukukhetha okulungile kwendlu yakho.

Ukunquma uhlobo lophahla, kufanelekile ukukhumbula imisebenzi yalo eyinhloko:

• ukuqinisekisa amandla nokuthembeka kwesakhiwo;
• ukuvikela ngokumelene: nemvula (imvula, iqhwa), umoya, imisebe ye-ultraviolet, izinguquko zokushisa, izinto eziyingozi (amagesi okukhipha umoya, njll.);
• ukufudumala ngaphakathi;
• obuhle, kunomthelela ekuguquleni isithombe sendlu.

Uphahla lumbozwe ngesembozo sophahla, lapho umnikazi wendlu ekhetha ezinhlobonhlobo zophahla olunikezwa yimakethe yesimanje yokwakha. Ithambile noma iqinile.

Ngohlobo ngalunye lophahla, kukhethwe impahla efanele. Ngeke kube yi-slate kuphela, engalahlekelwa ukubukeka kwayo ngenxa yobuthakathaka bayo, kodwa futhi i-Ondulin Smart noma i-Ondulin Tiles, efanelekayo ophahleni oluhlukene. Noma i-Onduvilla, egcizelela kahle ubunjalo bezakhiwo eziphukile neziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuthengwa kwezinto zokuphahla ezisohlwini ngommeleli osemthethweni, esitolo, kuzokusindisa ezimpahleni ezisezingeni eliphansi ngaphandle kweziqinisekiso.

Imibandela yokuhlukaniswa kophahla

Zonke uphahla zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili ezijwayelekile:

1. Isicaba. Ngepharamitha yemithambeka engu-3-15 °, enganele ukuthi iqhwa lishibilike. E-Russia, akuvamile ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwangasese, ngoba ezindaweni eziningi iqhwa lilele ophahleni izinyanga ezimbalwa.

2. kuphothuliwe. I-slope ebusweni ingaphezu kuka-10-15 °. Ilungele ukususa imvula ophahleni, yandisa ukumelana nomoya. Ukuma kophahla olugxotshiwe kwakhiwa isakhiwo se-truss noma i-truss. I-crate encane noma eqinile ibekwe phezu kwamapulangwe, okuba yisisekelo sophahla, futhi inikeze ukuqina kwesakhiwo. Uphahla olugxotshiwe luhlala luvame kakhulu ezindlini zangasese.

Kuneminye imibandela eyengeziwe yokuhlukanisa uphahla:

1. Ngokwesisombululo sezakhiwo nesakhayo: zihlukaniswe zibe yi-attic ne-non-attic. Uphahla lwe-attic kulula ukwakha futhi luvumela ukulungiswa ngaphandle kokushintsha ngokuphelele uphahla oludala. I-atticless, ngaphandle kwalokho i-mansard, uphahla lunikeza indlu okwangempela, kodwa lunciphisa indawo yangaphakathi ewusizo yesikhala se-attic. Ukwengeza, ubuchwepheshe kanye nenqubo yokwakha kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kudinga ukubandakanyeka kochwepheshe, umakhi wokuphahla onolwazi, umakhi wezakhiwo.

2. Ngenani lemithambeka yophahla.

3. Ngokusho kwempahla yokukhiqiza.

Izici ezijwayelekile zezakhiwo ezigxotshiwe yilezi:

• ukususwa okulula kwemvula ophahleni;
• izinga eliphezulu lokushisa kwendlu;
• ukumelana okuphezulu kwemithwalo yomoya neqhwa;
• ithuba lokuhlela igumbi eliwusizo elengeziwe. Lokhu kungase kube i-attic noma i-attic, esetshenziswa njengendawo yokuhlala eyengeziwe noma igumbi lezinsiza.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-rafter

Isakhiwo se-rafter (i-rafter) siyisisekelo sanoma yiluphi uphahla. Nguye osebenza njengesisekelo salo lonke uphaya wokufulela.

Lapho uklama uhlaka, kubalulekile ukucabangela izidingo ezijwayelekile okufanele zihlangabezane nazo:

• ukuqina kwesakhiwo - isihluthulelo sokuzinza nokuqina kophahla;
• isisindo esilula kakhulu (kungcono ukusebenzisa isihlahla se-coniferous, hhayi esingaphansi kwebanga 1) - sizonciphisa umthelela esisekelweni sendlu.

Ngokohlobo lwezakhiwo, amafreyimu alandelayo:

• i-layer: ama-rafters ebangeni elithile elingezansi lihlala kuma-Mauerlats, phezulu kuma-racks;
• ukulengiswa: okusekelwe ku-Mauerlats kuma-facade wezindonga ezithwala umthwalo;
• trussed (amapulazi).

Umthambeka wophahla

Yona, njengokuma komthambeko, ikhethwa ngokuya ngezimo ezintathu:

• izinga lemvula esifundeni: umthambeka omkhulu wothambeka ophahleni uvumela imvula eyengeziwe ukuba yehle;
• impahla;
• isixazululo sokuklama: uphahla alwenzi imisebenzi ethile kuphela, kodwa futhi ludlala indima yokuhlobisa neyobuhle ngaphandle kwendlu.

Indlela yokubala ipharamitha yemithambeka yophahla:

• inkomba elilungile 20-45 °;
• I-45-60 ° ifanele izifunda ezinobusika beqhwa, ukunciphisa iqhwa nokuvumela iqhwa ukuba liwe ngokushelelayo ophahleni lwendlu yangasese;
• I-9-20 ° ijwayelekile ezindaweni ezinomoya onamandla, lapho kunciphisa khona umoya;
• I-5-10 ° izoba yindlela enhle kakhulu yokuphuma ezindaweni eziseningizimu, uphahla lushisa kancane.

Uphahla oluyisicaba

Ngokuvamile, uphahla oluyisicaba olunezingqimba eziningi lusetshenziswa ezifundeni ezinemvula encane, futhi ukusebenza kuvamile uma kuhlanganisa izakhiwo zezimboni nezakhiwo eziphakeme. Kodwa-ke, isimanje, i-hi-tech kanye ne-minimalism iye yathandwa kakhulu muva nje, okunikeza impilo yesibili kuhlobo oluyisicaba lophahla.

Imininingwane yedizayini

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zophahla oluyisicaba:

• Uphahla olusetshenziswayo: lusebenza njengesisekelo sokwakhiwa kwezinkundla zezemidlalo, amasimu, ama-gazebos, utshani, njalonjalo;
• Uphahla olungasetshenziswanga: lenza umsebenzi wokuzivikela kuphela, ongafanele ukuhambisa abantu abaningana, lungenziwa ebhodini likathayela ngokugcwalisa ukuhlangana kwamashidi nge-sealant;
• Uphahla oluguquliwe: ungqimba oluvikela ukushisa, ukufakwa kwe-insulation kubekwa phezulu, futhi umgoqo womhwamuko nokuvikela amanzi (hhayi ukufulela, kodwa ulwelwesi olungavimbeli amanzi olungelukiwe) kufihlwe ngaphansi kwalo, ngqo kukhonkolo - lokhu kubekwa kukuvumela ukuthi welule impilo. of the enamathela nophahla, gwema ukuvuza.

Inani le-slope

Umthambeka wophahla oluyisicaba ungafika ku-3°.

Izici zokufakwa kophahla

Uma ubeka uphahla oluyisicaba, kubalulekile ukugcina okungenani umthambeko omncane - ukwehla kwamanzi kanye nemvula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukuyidala ngokusetshenziswa okulungile kokugcwaliswa kwe-slag noma ubumba olwandisiwe, hhayi nje ukugqoka. Ukuze uvikele uphahla emanzini, ungenza kube umoya - beka ungqimba lobumba olwandisiwe noma enye into engeyona i-hygroscopic kuma-aerators (enye ngamamitha angu-50).² uphahla). Uphahla oluyisicaba lungenziwa "luhlaza" - tshala utshani noma ngisho nengadi.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi

Naphezu kokungavamile kokusetshenziswa, uphahla oluyisicaba lunezinzuzo:

• ikuvumela ukuthi uhlele isiteji sokungcebeleka, sebenzisa njengethala;
• kungenzeka ukubeka i-greenhouse, ingadi yasebusika;
• ungafaka i-generator yomoya noma amanye amadivaysi akhulisa izinga lokunethezeka nezinzuzo zezomnotho kulabo abahlala endlini;
• indawo encane ikuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze ezintweni zokuphahla;
• inikeza ukufakwa nokugcinwa kalula;
• uphephile.

Ukungalungi kohlobo oluyisicaba lokufulela kunquma ukuthandwa kwalo okuphansi:

• isakhiwo esisesimweni sonxande ojwayelekile asicacisi ngokwezakhiwo, ngokungafani nesigxotshiwe;
• kunezidingo ezengeziwe zokuvimbela amanzi ophahleni;
• ukufulela kudinga ukuqiniswa ezifundeni ezinenani elengeziwe leqhwa;
• uphahla luqongelela izulu;
• ukubala okulungile komthelela ezindongeni ngesikhathi sokufakwa kuyadingeka, ngaphandle kwalokho isakhiwo asimelani, sikhubazekile.

I-Abat-vent

Uphahla lweshede luyindiza emise okonxande, ebekwe ekhoneni futhi ihlezi ezindongeni ezithwala imithwalo ezinobude obuhlukene. Umehluko wobude nobude be-span kudala umthambeka wendiza. Umklamo ophahleni ungaba yinkimbinkimbi, nesiqondiso esihlangene sokujikeleza, ukudala izixazululo zokuqala zokuklama. Ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise ngokunenzuzo indawo yesitezi sesibili.

Ihluke ngokungabi bikho kwe-ridge, izigodi. Umthwalo ovela eqhweni nokuchayeka ku-ultraviolet yelanga kwenzeka ngokulinganayo, okwandisa impilo yophahla, okwenza kube okuqinile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ilungele isabelomali.

Uphahla lweshede luthi:

• kungene umoya;
• okungangeni komoya: ayidingi izakhi ezikhethekile zokungenisa umoya.

Izimiso zokuklama uphahla

Umklamo ulula, ukwakhiwa kuyashesha futhi kuyabiza. Kuyadingeka ukubheka ama-nuances anjalo:

• ubunzima bokuhlinzeka nge-insulation ephezulu yezinga lokushisa;
• kudingeka umoya omncane.

Inani le-slope

Ipharamitha inqunywa ebangeni le-10-60 °, i-30-35 ° ibhekwa njengelungile. Le nkomba ichaza ukukhethwa kwezinto zokuphahla eziqinisekisa ukuhlangana kweqhwa. Kungenzeka ukusebenzisa noma iyiphi impahla, amathayili ensimbi, uphahla lomthungo olwenziwe ngensimbi noma okunye.

Izinketho zesistimu ye-Rafter

Uhlaka lusetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezintathu:

• ukushelela;
• okugqinsiwe;
• ilenga

Izici zokukhweza

Uphahla lufakwe ku-Mauerlat. Uma ifreyimu yohlobo olulengayo ifakwe, kuyadingeka ukwenza i-truss ngokwehlukana emhlabathini, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukwakha uphahla phezu kwalo. Udinga ukufakwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu nokucatshangelwe kahle, okubekwa ngaphansi kwengubo yokuzivikela.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi

Izinzuzo zophahla olumisiwe:

• izindleko eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa;
• kungenzeka ukuqedela phansi kwendlu yangasese ngaphandle kokudilizwa okuyinkimbinkimbi;
• cishe zonke izinto zokuphahla zifanelekile;
• indawo isetshenziswa kahle kakhulu;
• i-balcony ingafakwa, amafasitela amakhulu e-panoramic;
• lula ukufakwa koshimula;
• ukubala okulula kanye nomsebenzi wokufaka;
• isisindo esincane, ngakho-ke, umthelela omncane esisekelweni nasezindongeni zendlu.

Phakathi kokungalungi kwalolu hlobo lokuphahla, kufanelekile ukusho ukubukeka kwayo okungakhangi kakhulu kanye nesidingo sokuhlanza nokuhlanza njalo, okungenamsebenzi kakhulu. Nakuba abaklami bazosiza ukubhekana nalokhu kungalungile, isibonelo, ngokuxhuma izintambo ezinamazinga amaningi noma ukukhetha amathayili okumboza. Ingasetshenziswa uma udinga ukwakha isakhiwo esingeyona indawo yokuhlala: indlu yokugezela, inqolobane, igaraji.

Uphahla lwe-gable (gable).

Uphahla lwe-gable, ngaphandle kwalokho i-gable noma i-gable, iqukethe amathambeka amabili axhunywe onqenqemeni - i-ridge. Uhlobo olusebenzayo noluvamile ezindlini ezizimele eRussia. Ukwakhiwa kwalolu hlobo, ukusetshenziswa kwama-gables kuvamile - izingxenye ezihlangothini zezindonga ngendlela yonxantathu. I-pediment ephakeme ibizwa ngokuthi i-tong.

Kunezinhlobo ezinjalo zophahla lwe-gable:

• i-symmetrical;
• i-asymmetrical;
• ephukile;
• i-multilevel.

Izimiso zokuklama uphahla

Lapho uklama uphahla lwe-gable, kuyadingeka ukubala kahle umthelela ophahleni kanye nepharamitha ye-slope, okufanele icabangele izinto ezikhethiwe zokuphahla. Iphrojekthi ngokwayo ilula futhi izodala uphahla oluthembekile noluqinile olunedatha eqinisekisiwe.

I-slope angle

Inani lale pharamitha lithintwa inani lemvula namandla okushaywa komoya. Inani le-slope linquma inkomba yomthwalo ophahleni. Kukhona eyodwa yazo zonke izimbobo zophahla.

Izinketho zesistimu ye-Rafter

Uhlaka lwegable lusebenzisa enye yemiklamo engenzeka:

• okugqinsiwe;
• ilenga
• kuhlangene.

Lapho ukhetha, ubude phakathi kwezindonga ezivela ngaphandle bucatshangelwa. Izakhi zesakhiwo - i-Mauerlat, i-ridge, i-puffs nabanye. Umsebenzi wabo ukusabalalisa umthwalo, ukulungisa noma ukuqinisa izingxenye ngazinye. Kwezinye izimo, kungenzeka ukuhlomisa izinsimbi zohlaka lwensimbi.

Izici zokufakwa kophahla

Ukufakwa kuhlanganisa ukufaka imishayo, ukumisa ama-battens kanye nokubeka uphahla.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi

Izinzuzo ze-gable roof zihlanganisa:

• ithuba lokusebenzisa i-attic yendlu yangasese;
• ukuqinisekisa ukususwa ngempumelelo kweqhwa namanzi;
• ukufakwa okulula nokusheshayo, ukulungisa okulula;
• ikhono lokudala amaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene;
• uhla olubanzi lwezinto ezifanele zokuphahla, inani elincane lemfucuza ngesikhathi sokufakwa;
• izindleko eziphansi.

Ukungalungi komklamo:

• ngesikhathi sokwakha, kudingeka izinto eziningi zokuphahla;
• ukuphakama kwephahla kuncike ku-span;
• nge-attic efudumele, ukuqiniswa okwengeziwe kwefreyimu, ukuhlelwa kokuvuleka kwamafasitela, ukufakwa kwe-insulation, ukushisa kuyodingeka.

Lolu hlobo lophahla lufanelekile ezindlini zezwe eziphansi, izindlu ezincane: indlu enkulu, indawo enkulu yophahla, ngakho-ke izindleko nobunzima ekufakweni nasekugcinweni.

Uphahla lwe-hip

Uphahla lwe-hip luqukethe izintambo ezine, ezimbili zazo zakhiwe ngendlela ye-trapezoid, futhi ezimbili ngesimo sikanxantathu (hip). Ivamise ukutshekiswa nge-engeli eyodwa futhi inikeze indlu ukukhanga nokuvumelana. Phezulu emithambekeni yophahla kukhona amafasitela aphansi. Ama-Eaves anesistimu yokukhipha amanzi awavumeli amanzi emvula ukuthi ageleze phansi kwezindonga, awavikele ekutholeni amanzi.

Kukhona ukucushwa kwalolu hlobo:

• uhhafu wenyonga;
• ithende.

Uphahla lwe-hip oluyingxenye

Ihluka ngamakhona anama-bevelled futhi iphethe onxantathu abasikiwe. Isetshenziswa kaningi kuzakhiwo zesifunda. Ibukeka ikhangayo futhi ine-attic, efanelekile ukuhlela i-attic nge-balcony evulekile. Imiphetho yefreyimu iqiniswa ngenxa yezingxenye ze-beveled, uphahla luphikisana nomoya kangcono, luhlehlisiwe. I-pediment ifaneleka ukubeka iwindi, kuyilapho uhhafu-hips uba umhlobiso wangempela wendlu.

Uphahla lwetende

Isetshenziswa ezindlini ezinesikwele noma unxande phansi; esikhundleni se-ridge, inefindo le-ridge - iphuzu lokuhlangana lemithambeka. Uphahla oluqotshiwe lungaba nemithambeka engu-3 noma ngaphezulu, elungele izindlu ezine-polygon base evamile (isisekelo sesikwele). Ngaphandle, uphahla olunjalo lubukeka njengephiramidi futhi luhambisana nesakhiwo ngesitayela se-classical. Kubukeka kuhle njengengubo yezakhiwo zezolimo, amagaraji azimele. Ingasetshenziswa ekuqanjweni kwezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zophahla olunjalo lungaphezu kwezinhlobo ze-gable.

Izimiso zokwakhiwa

Iphrojekthi idinga ukubalwa ngokucophelela, kungcono ukubandakanya uchwepheshe. Ama-nuances anjalo azodinga ukunakwa okukhethekile:

• umthambeka ngamunye ubalwa ngokwehlukana;
• kuyadingeka ukubala ngokunembile ubude be-rafters kanye ne-ridge;
• qaphela indawo yoshimula namafasitela;
• yenza izibalo ezifanele zomthwalo.

Uhlaka kanye ne-ridge beam kufanele kwenziwe ngento efanayo. Iphrojekthi kufanele futhi ifake izakhi ezengeziwe kanye nakho konke okudingekayo ophahleni.

Ipharamitha ye-Slope

Uma likhulu inani leqhwa namandla omoya, umthambeka kufanele ube mkhulu; ohlotsheni lophahla oluqotshiwe, luphakathi kuka-5-60 °.

Izinketho ze-Rafter

Zihlanganisa imilenze ye-rafter kanye nezakhi zendabuko ezinikeza amandla ophahleni ngisho nokusabalalisa ingcindezi.

Izici zokufakwa kophahla

Ukufakwa kudinga ukunakwa okukhethekile ku-thermal insulation kanye namajoyinti emithambeka. Ophahleni lwe-semi-hip, ukufakwa kulula kunophahla lwama-hip. Kudingeka ukuqiniswa kwama-rafters. Ukulandelana kwezinto zokubopha imi kanje:

• i-mauerlat;
• imishayo yokhuni;
• ama-racks;
• imilenze etshekile.

Ngemuva kwalokho, zonke ezinye izingxenye kanye nekhreyithi kubekwa.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi

Izinzuzo ze-hip roof:

• izindawo ze-cornice overhangs azikhubazekile;
• ukumelana nezivunguvungu ezinamandla;
• ikuvumela ukuthi uhlomise i-attic ngokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwesikhala;
• umklamo wangempela;
• umklamo ophahleni uhlinzeka ngokunyuka kwendawo, okuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kokushisa okuphumelelayo;
• ama-overhangs angeziwe ophahleni olunjalo avikela imvula, okwandisa isikhathi sokusetshenziswa.

Ukungalungi Kophahla:

• ukufakwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kophahla kanye nokubekwa kwezinto zokuphahla;
• izindleko eziphezulu zokufulela.

Uphahla lweMansard (oluphukile).

Uphahla lwe-mansard luyisakhiwo semithambeka, ehlanganisa izingxenye ezingaphezulu neziphansi. Phezulu, i-engeli yokuthambekela incane, ngokuvamile i-30 °. Eliphansi linokuningi - cishe ama-60 °. Uphahla olunjalo lungaba ngamabili noma amane. Ukuphuka kwabo kwandisa indawo esebenzisekayo, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-attic.

I-attic ingaba yezinhlobo eziningana:

• isikwele;
• unxande;
• inhlanganisela kanxantathu nesikwele.

Izimiso zokuklama uphahla

Lapho uklama, amaphuzu alandelayo kufanele anakwe:

• ukuphakama kophahla kufanele okungenani kube ngu-2,2 m;
• izinto zokwakha kufanele zibe nesisindo esincane;
• kubalulekile ukucabangela ama-struts nama-puffs.

Njengoba uphahla olunjalo luhlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwe-attic endlini yangasese, kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi kuzofanele kufakwe i-insulated futhi kuqinisekiswe ukushintshaniswa komoya okufanele.

I-slope angle

Ipharamitha inqunywa ukuphakama kwe-attic futhi kufanele icabangele izinkomba zesimo sezulu kanye nohlobo lwezinto zokuphahla.

Izinketho zesistimu ye-Rafter

Uhlaka luqukethe imishayo egqinsiwe nelengayo. Isakhiwo sophahla sinamandla kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ihlanganisa imishayo ephezulu nephansi, amapulangwe kanye nezigxobo zibe yi-truss evamile usebenzisa ama-puffs avundlile. Ngezinye izikhathi ingxenye yesiphambano semigoqo ingancishiswa ngaphandle kokuncisha uphahla lonke lwamandla. Amapulangwe athathiwe angenziwa acishe ame mpo.

Izici zokukhweza

Ukufakwa kuhilela ukwakhiwa kwengxenye yokuqala yohlaka, okuhlanganisa ama-racks nama-rafters athambekele, bese, ngokufanisa, lonke uhlaka. Izinto ezifakiwe ziqiniswa ngamagida. Isinyathelo esidingekayo yi-insulation of the roof.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi

Izinzuzo zophahla lwe-mansard:

• ukuhlanganisa okuyinhloko ukwanda kwendawo esetshenziswayo enobukhulu obufanayo bendawo yomhlaba;
• umthamo womoya ekamelweni le-attic uyanda;
• kwakhiwa iphansi eligcwele endlini;
• ukutholakala kwezinto zophahla ukuze kulungiswe;
• ukuma okulula kophahla kukunika amandla nokuthembeka;
• ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa ukushisa kwendlu yonke;
• ukubukeka kobuhle.

Okumbi:

• ngaphandle kwe-ventilation eyengeziwe, amafomu e-condensation ekhekheni lokuphahla;
• ama-skylights adinga izindleko ezengeziwe.

Nokho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubiza malini ukuhlela i-attic, azinakuqhathaniswa nezindleko zokwakha isandiso esengeziwe noma iphansi eligcwele.

Uphahla lwe-Multi-gable

Uphahla lwe-multi-gable lwakhiwa inhlanganisela yophahla lwe-gable lobukhulu obuhlukene, ubujamo kanye nemithambeka. Ngokuvamile lezi ziyizindiza ezingonxantathu kanye ne-trapezoidal, ngezinye izikhathi eziwunxande zisetshenziswa. Izindawo ezinkulu zandisa izindleko zezinto zokufulela futhi, ngokufanele, isisindo sazo esiphelele. Kuyadingeka ukuthenga ama-stiffeners nezigodi. Uphahla lungaba namakhona acijile noma ama-hip.

Izimiso zokwakhiwa

Uphahla olugxotshiwe olunzima kakhulu ukuklama futhi ludinga amakhono akhethekile. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi uphahla olunjalo lubukeka luhle endlini enkulu futhi lulahlekelwa esakhiweni esincane. Isici ngasinye sophahla sibalwa ngokwehlukana. Ochwepheshe batusa ukusebenzisa izinto ezingasindi futhi ungalondolozi ekuvimbeleni amanzi. Isiteji esinzima sokuklama ukuhlelwa kokuvuleka kwamafasitela nama-drain. Amapulangwe kufanele abe ngamapulangwe ekhwalithi ephezulu.

Izinketho zesistimu ye-Rafter

Isici esiyinhloko sefreyimu yi-Mauerlat, lapho izakhi ezisele ze-rafters zifakwe khona. Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kufanele sisakaze ngokulinganayo ukucindezela ezindongeni nesisekelo.

Izici zokukhweza

Uhlaka lwephahla lunzima kakhulu ukufaka, ngaphezu kwalokho, uphahla lunezici ezithile: kuyadingeka ukuvikela ukuhlangana kwemithambeka, ukuhlangana kwezigodi kusuka kumswakama. Kunezindawo eziningi ezinjalo ezisengozini, ngakho-ke udinga ukuqaphela kakhulu ngesikhathi sokufakwa futhi ukhethe izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu zokuvimbela amanzi.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi

Izinzuzo ze-multi-gable roof:

• ingaphandle ekhangayo yophahla ngokwayo kanye nendlu iyonke;
• umklamo uqinile kakhulu futhi usebenza isikhathi eside;
• ukusebenza;
• ngaphansi kophahla ungahlela igumbi elengeziwe.

Ububi balolu hlobo lophahla:

• inani elikhulu lezingxenye: ukugqoka, izakhi ezengeziwe, njalonjalo;
• ngemva kokusika uphahla - imfucuza eminingi.

Uphahla oluyi-conical kanye ne-domed

Uphahla lwe-conical kanye ne-domed lunezici ezifanayo. Lesi yisakhiwo esiyindilinga esihlanganisa izakhi zomuntu ngamunye zendlu: ama-verandas, ama-turrets, njalonjalo. Uphahla olubunjiwe lubhekwa njengendlela yokuqala futhi enhle kakhulu yokuklama isakhiwo. Uphahla lwe-conical lunikeza yonke indlu yamatshe noma yezitini ukufana nenqaba yasendulo. I-slate slate noma amathayela e-ceramic angasetshenziswa futhi amafasitela enziwe nge-polycarbonate ekhanyayo noma enemibala.

Uphahla olunjalo luyivelakancane, njengoba lufanelekile ezindlini eziyindilinga. Uphahla lwe-conical luphelele futhi aluphelele.

Izimiso zokwakhiwa

Ngokuvamile le mibono iyingxenye yobuhle yesakhiwo kunokusebenza. Ngomklamo, idatha kusisekelo sekhoni kanye nobude bomthambeko iyadingeka. Lokhu kunikeza ukuqonda inani elidingekayo lezinto zokwakha.

Inani le-slope

Izinkomba zokuphakama kwe-cone nobude bomlenze we-rafter kuzokuvumela ukubala ipharamitha ye-slope yophahla usebenzisa ifomula ye-tangent.

Izinketho zesistimu ye-Rafter

Ifreyimu yophahla lwe-conical isetshenziselwa ukulenga uhlobo lwe-fan kanye ne-layer. Izakhi ezengeziwe zisetshenziswa, isibonelo, imishayo, amakhreyithi, imigoqo.

Izici zokukhweza

Imilenze ye-rafter ibekwe ngendlela efana ne-fan, ihlezi phezu kwamabhande kanye nesici sendandatho. Esisekelweni kukhona i-Mauerlat. Ukufakwa okwengeziwe kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izakhi ezengeziwe ngokuhambisana nemiyalelo. Ophahleni lwalolu hlobo, i-crate yenziwe ngamapayipi e-PVC aguquguqukayo, hhayi amabhodi, njengoba kuvame ukwenza.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi

Izinzuzo zophahla lwe-conical:

• amandla anda, ukumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba;
• ukumelana nezimo zemvelo.

Okumbi:

• ukufakwa okunzima kakhulu;
• asikho isikhala esisebenzisekayo ngaphansi kophahla;
• akunakwenzeka ukubeka amafasitela;
• intengo ephezulu.

Iluphi uphahla olungcono

Ukukhethwa kohlobo lophahla akuthonywa kuphela ukunambitheka kanye nesabelomali somninikhaya, kodwa futhi nezici ezithile:

• indawo yendlu: izimo zezulu nezemvelo zendawo ethile (umswakama, izinga lokushisa, amandla omoya);
• izixazululo zezakhiwo: ipulani yokwakha kanye nejometri yokwakha;
• isici somakhelwane: ukuthi isiza sokwakha sibanzi kangakanani, noma ngabe kunezidingo ezimayelana nokubukeka kwendawo kanye neminye imikhawulo;
• ubunkimbinkimbi bokufaka;
• umthelela ezindongeni nesisekelo kudinga ukubala ngokucophelela, okulungile;
• kungenzeka ukufudumala;
• udinga i-attic, i-attic engashisi yokugcina izinto, noma ingabe isakhiwo sohlobo lwe-chalet lapho i-attic ngaphezu kophahla ingadingeki.

Ukwakha isithombe esiphilayo, uphahla kufanele lwenziwe ngokushesha nendlu, kucatshangelwa yonke eminye imingcele. Ukuze uphahla lube ngumbukwane futhi lwangempela, aludingi ukwakheka kwefrilly noma izinto zokufulela eziphezulu, kwanele ukuthi liyavumelana futhi lingena emfanekisweni jikelele wesakhiwo. Izibali zokwakha ezikhethekile zizokusiza ukubala ukuthi udinga kangakanani ukuthenga izinto zophahla, isisekelo sezitebhisi. Uphahla oluklanywe kahle futhi olwakhiwe luzohlala amashumi ambalwa eminyaka ngaphandle kokulungiswa, ikakhulukazi uma izinto zokwakha ezisetshenziswayo zinenkonzo ende yokuphila. Uchwepheshe uzokutshela isikhathi esihle kakhulu sokwakhiwa - ehlobo noma ekwindla-entwasahlobo.

Uphahla lokufulela: izinhlobo zezinto

Njengophahla, ungakhetha izinto ezahlukene ngokuya ngesabelomali, isitayela sokwakha kanye nokuthanda kobuhle kwabanikazi, umbala oyifunayo.

Ukusebenzisa amashidi asebenzisekayo afana ne-slate ophahleni olunezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuzokhuphula kuphela ukuchithwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo (ukusika okuningi kakhulu), ngakho-ke kungcono kakhulu ukukhetha izembozo ezincane noma eziguqukayo, njenge-Onduvilla noma ama-shingles aguquguqukayo.

Izinto zeshidi ziphelele ophahleni olulodwa kanye ne-gable yesimo esilula, lapha awunamkhawulo ngokuphelele ekukhetheni uhlobo lokugqoka (i-Ondulin Smart, i-Ondulin Tiles, ishidi elinephrofayili, isaphulelo sobukhulu obuhlukahlukene).

Ophahleni olune-domed kanye ne-conical, izinto ze-bituminous emiqulwini, amathayili we-bituminous noma wemvelo, i-slate, i-slate slate ifanelekile.

Uphahla olukhethiwe ngokwezinto eziphilayo luzonikeza ikhaya lakho ubuntu futhi luvumele umkhaya uzizwe ukhululekile futhi uvikelekile.