Okuqukethwe
Ngokuvumelana nomsebenzi walo, Ibhodi Lokuhlela le-MedTvoiLokony lenza yonke imizamo yokuhlinzeka ngokuqukethwe kwezokwelapha okuthembekile okusekelwa ulwazi lwakamuva lwesayensi. Ifulegi elengeziwe elithi "Okuqukethwe Okuhloliwe" libonisa ukuthi i-athikili ibuyekezwe noma yabhalwa udokotela ngokuqondile. Lokhu kuqinisekisa okuyizinyathelo ezimbili: intatheli yezokwelapha kanye nodokotela basivumela ukuthi sinikeze okuqukethwe kwekhwalithi ephezulu ngokuhambisana nolwazi lwamanje lwezokwelapha.
Ukuzibophezela kwethu kule ndawo kuye kwathakaselwa, phakathi kokunye, yiNhlangano Yezintatheli Zezempilo, eyaklomelisa Ibhodi Lokuhlela le-MedTvoiLokony ngesihloko sokuhlonipha esithi Umfundisi Omkhulu.
Kwabanye, ukuvimbela inzalo kuwukusungulwa okufanayo nokutholakala kukaCopernicus. Abanye bakubona njengembangela yenkinga yezibalo zabantu eYurophu. Kukhona labo abakubheka njengethuluzi likaSathane elinesono. Iphilisi lokuvimbela inzalo ligubha usuku lwalo lokuzalwa lwama-50 futhi liqhuba kahle.
Izindima eziningi zokuvimbela inzalo
Ukufika kwephilisi lokuvimbela inzalo kwakungelona nje ukwakhiwa kwezokwelapha. Kuphinde kwahlotshaniswa nokushintshwa kweqhaza labesifazane emphakathini. Njengoba kugcizelelwa abashisekeli besifazane, owesifazane wayeka ukubhekana nokubeletha nokukhulisa izingane kuphela. Wakwazi ukuzifundisa futhi wathuthukisa umsebenzi wakhe womsebenzi. Angathola nokwaneliseka ngobuhlobo bobulili ngaphandle kokuzifaka engozini yokukhulelwa okungafunwa. Isidingo sokuvimbela inzalo okusebenzayo sakhula kanye nokukholelwa ukuthi akwanele ukuzala ingane, kuyadingeka futhi ukuyikhulisa futhi uyifundise, okudinga kokubili isikhathi nemali. Nokho, abamelene nephilisi basakholelwa ukuthi kuyindlela engezona engokwemvelo yokuvimbela inzalo.
- Uma indoda ijwayele ukuzivumelanisa nesigqi semvelo, izoba nobuhlobo bobulili ngokuyinhloko esikhathini esivundile sowesifazane, umzuzu ongcono kakhulu wokukhulelwa okokuqala kungaba neminyaka engu-16 - kusho uSolwazi Romuald Dębski, Inhloko yomtholampilo wesibili we-Gynecology and Obstetrics, Isibhedlela i-Bielański e-Warsaw. - Umuthi unciphise ithonya lemvelo empilweni yomuntu kangangokuthi namuhla kungaba ubuzenzisi ukuzenza sengathi azikho izibuko, ama-antibiotics noma ukufakelwa - uyanezela.
Umlando wokuvimbela inzalo
Abantu ezikhathini zasendulo babebona ukuxhumana phakathi kobulili nokuzalwa kwezingane. Nokho, babengazi ukuthi kungenzeka ukukhulelwa ngesikhathi esithile emjikelezweni wokuya esikhathini kowesifazane. Ngakho-ke ukuvimbela inzalo kwasendulo kwakugxile ngokuyinhloko ekuvimbeleni isidoda sowesilisa ukuba sifinyelele ingaphakathi lowesifazane. Ukubhekwa okuphumelelayo kwezilwane kuqala.
Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka edlule, amaBedouin, ngaphambi kokuba izindwendwe zihambe ogwadule, zafaka amatshe esibelethweni samakamela ukuze angakhulelwa phakathi nohambo olude. Ku-papyri yaseGibhithe kusukela eminyakeni engu-4000 edlule, kwatholakala ukuthi abesifazane babeyalwe ukuba bafake indle yengwenya ehlanganiswe nenhlama.
Abesifazane boMdabu base-Australia bakhipha isidoda esithweni sangasese ngokunyakazisa ama-hips abo. AmaGreki asendulo atusa ukuthimula ngemva kokuya ocansini, futhi “uyise wezokwelapha” uHippocrates wayengumsekeli wokugeza isitho sangasese sowesifazane ngomsele womchamo. Ubaba wekhondomu yesimanje kwakungudokotela wase-Italy wangekhulunyaka lesi-XNUMX uGabriele Falloppe. Amakhondomu okuqala enziwa ngamathumbu ezilwane, amabladder okubhukuda ngezinhlanzi, kanti eMelika enziwe ngezikhumba zezinyoka. Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II, udokotela waseJalimane u-Ernest Grafenberg wabeka okuthiwa "amasongo eGrafenberg" ahlanganisa isiliva lesiJalimane (i-alloy yesiliva yethusi). Umsebenzi wokuphayona kaGrafenberg walahlwa yi-German Gynecological Society, okwamphoqa ukuba athuthele e-United States.
I-Estrogen ne-progesterone ekuvimbeleni ukukhulelwa
– Ingqopha-mlando emlandweni wokuvimbela inzalo kwaba ukutholakala kwamahomoni ahlobene nomjikelezo wokuya esikhathini - i-estrogen evelele esigabeni sokuqala kanye ne-progesterone esigabeni sesibili - kuchaza uProf. Romuald Dębski. Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi abesifazane abakhulelwe nabesifazane abalala nokubusa kwe-progesterone phakathi nomjikelezo abavundiswa. Ngeminyaka yama-XNUMXs e-USA, umJuda uGregory Pinkus wenza ucwaningo ngemiphumela yamahomoni alawula ukuvuthwa kweqanda. Wayecabanga ukuthi uma owesifazane eba yinyumba ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, kuyadingeka ukuvusa isimo se-hormonal emzimbeni wakhe esifana nesasikhona ngaleso sikhathi, okungukuthi ukumnika i-progesterone. Ngaphambili, isazi sezinto eziphilayo sase-Austria uLudwig Haberland sasijove onogwaja besifazane ngesithako esiphuma kumaqanda akhulelwe onogwaja abakhulelwe, okwabenza bangabatholi abantwana. Inkinga kwaba ukuthi singawathola kanjani amahomoni esasiwadinga. Kwasetshenziswa izinkulungwane zamaqanda ezingulube ukuze zikhiqize.
Iphilisi lokuqala lokulawula inzalo
Usokhemisi, imbongi kanye nombhali wezincwadi uCarl Djerassi kukholakala ukuthi unguyise wephilisi lokuvimbela inzalo. Njengodokotela osemusha we-chemistry, wahola ithimba lamazwe ngamazwe e-USA, okwathi ngo-1951 lasungula into yokuqala eyayinesakhiwo esifanayo nesenzo sehomoni yemvelo yomzimba - i-progesterone. Wasebenzisa izitshalo ukuze ayikhiqize. Nokho, ukuze kubhaliswe iphilisi lokuvimbela inzalo, imiphumela yocwaningo olwenziwe kuze kube manje ezilwaneni kwadingeka iqinisekiswe kubantu. E-United States, kusukela ngo-1873, uMthetho kaComstock wenqabela ukucwaninga ngokuvimbela inzalo. Ngalesi sizathu, izivivinyo zomtholampilo zenziwa endaweni yokuvikela yaseMelika, lapho lokhu kuvinjelwa okukhawulelwe kungazange kusebenze - e-Puerto Rico.
Lapho imiphumela iqinisekiswa, kwakusafanele kunqotshwe imigoqo engokwengqondo. Abaqaphi baseMelika babheka iphilisi lokuvimbela inzalo njengento esungulwe ngokumelene nobuKristu namaBolshevik yokubhubhisa abantu baseMelika. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1960, iphilisi lokuqala lokuvimbela inzalo, i-Enovid, labhaliswa e-USA. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, amaphilisi okulawula inzalo akhiqizwa izinkampani zemithi eziyisi-7 zaseMelika. Maphakathi nawo-60s, inani lokuthengisa lenyuke ngo-50%. unyaka ngamunye. EYurophu, eyokuqala ukumaketha indlela yokuvimbela inzalo kwaba yi-United Kingdom ngo-1961. Iphilisi lokuvimbela inzalo lalethwa eFrance kuphela ngo-1967.
Abamelene nokuvimbela inzalo
Kusukela ngo-1968, uPapa Paul VI wakugxeka ukuvimbela inzalo encwadini yakhe ethi Humanae vitae. Kuye kwenziwa nocwaningo lokufakazela umphumela omubi wokusetshenziswa kwamaphilisi okulawula inzalo ekwandeni kwezifo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi nomdlavuza wamabele. Abamelene nokuvimbela inzalo kwama-hormone bamemezele ukuthi akuhambisani nemvelo. USolwazi Romuald Dębski uyavuma ukuthi amaphilisi okuqala okuvimbela inzalo empeleni abe nomthelela omubi empilweni yabesifazane. - Iphilisi lokuqala lokuvimbela inzalo laliqukethe i-10 mg ye-progesterone elinganayo, amalungiselelo esimanje angu-0,35. Ngakho okuqukethwe kwehliswe cishe izikhathi ezingu-30. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalungiselelo akamuva alingisa umjikelezo wemvelo wemvelo wesifazane - okokuqala akhulula i-estradiol, i-hormone efana naleyo ekhiqizwa ama-ovari wesifazane, bese ilingana ne-progesterone.
Ukuphepha kokuvimbela inzalo
- Izidakamizwa zesimanje ze-hormonal ezisetshenziswe isikhathi eside azibangeli nje ingozi yomdlavuza webele, kodwa futhi zinciphisa ingozi yomdlavuza we-ovarian, umdlavuza we-endometrial - kuchaza uProf Debski. Unezela ukuthi, yiqiniso, kukhona ukuphikisana, njengokubhema, okuthi, kanye nokuvimbela inzalo kwama-hormone, kwandisa ingozi yezifo zenhliziyo. Abesifazane abanenkinga yesibindi noma i-gallbladder bayelulekwa ukuthi basebenzise ukuvimbela inzalo ngama-hormone ngendlela yama-patches noma izindandatho zesitho sangasese sowesifazane. USolwazi Mariusz Bidziński, uMongameli we-Polish Society of Oncological Gynecology, naye ukholelwa ukuthi imishanguzo yesimanje yokuvimbela inzalo iphephile uma nje owesifazane ebona ukuvakashela udokotela wezifo zabesifazane njalo. Kokubili kwabesifazane abasebenzisa ukuvimbela inzalo kwama-hormone futhi bengasebenzisi izindlela ezinjalo zokuvimbela inzalo, imvamisa yalokhu kuvakasha iba kanye ngonyaka.
Ukusebenza kwamaphilisi
– Amaphilisi okuvimbela inzalo asebenza kangcono kunama-spermicides noma amakhondomu – kusho u-prof. Debski. Abakhiqizi bamaphilisi bahlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okucishe kube yi-100% ekukhulelweni. Pho zivelaphi izingane ezikhulelwa ngesikhathi sokuvimbela inzalo? USolwazi Dębski uyachaza ukuthi lezi yizigameko ezingavamile kakhulu eziwumphumela wokuthatha amaphilisi ngendlela engafanele. Abesifazane bayakhohlwa ukuphuza iphilisi. Ngakho-ke, manje iphethini yokwamukela kwabo iyashintsha. - Namuhla, imodeli yakudala yokuthatha ithebhulethi engu-21/7 ayisavumelekile, okungukuthi kucatshangelwa izikhathi zokuhoxiswa zamasonto onke, lapho kunokopha, okuwubufakazi bokuntuleka kokukhulelwa kwesiguli. Ngenxa yokuphumelela okuphezulu kakhulu kwezidakamizwa zokuvimbela inzalo kanye nokuba khona kokuhlolwa kokukhulelwa, abesifazane abasakudingi ukuqinisekiswa okunjalo. Esikhundleni salokho, banikezwa amaphakethe amaphilisi anamaphilisi angama-28 omjikelezo wezinsuku ezingama-28. Amaphilisi angama-24 asuka ephaketheni aqukethe amahomoni kanti amanye ama-4 angasebenzi. Lawa maphilisi angenalutho ethulwa, phakathi kokunye, ukuze isiguli sijwayele ukuphuza umuthi nsuku zonke - kuchaza uProf. Debski.