Izishoshovu zezilwane zihlongoza ukubuyisela imikhomo ebulalayo esimweni semvelo, futhi isebenzise ichibi lemidlalo yeshashalazi yokuqala emhlabeni ngaphansi kwamanzi kanye nesizinda sokuqeqesha abatshuzi bamahhala.
Indaba yemikhomo ebulalayo, efihliwe emathangini eduze kwaseMoscow Oceanarium esakhiwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, igcwele amahemuhemu nemibono ephikisanayo. Iqiniso lokuthi izinhlangano zokuvikela izilwane kanye nochwepheshe abazimele abakaze bavunyelwe ukungena kulezi zakhiwo kuholela eziphethweni ezidabukisayo. Ubuholi be-VDNKh buthi yonke into ihlelekile ngemikhomo ebulalayo nokuthi izimo ezifanele zidalwe bona. Kodwa ingabe kungenzeka ngaphandle kolwandle? Ingabe izilwane ezinkulu ezinamamitha amahlanu noma ayishumi, ezibhukuda ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ezingaphezu kuka-150 km ngosuku, ziyakwazi ukuhlala ekuthunjweni? Futhi kungani kunomkhuba womhlaba wonke wokuvalwa kwamapaki okuzijabulisa olwandle?
Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.
Icala lemikhomo ebulalayo "eMoscow": ukulandelana kwezikhathi
U-December 2 uphawula unyaka kusukela imikhomo emibili ebulalayo ebanjwe eMpumalanga Ekude ye-Oceanarium yaseMoscow esakhiwayo iguga ezakhiweni ezimbili eziyi-cylindrical ezimbozwe nge-hangar e-inflatable phezulu. Izilwane zalethwa ngendiza ekhethekile yamahora ayi-10 isuka eVladivostok iya eMoscow inesitobhi eKrasnoyarsk, futhi konke lokhu kuyimfihlo eqinile. Ngokwemibiko yabezindaba, isilwane sesithathu salethwa eMoscow sisuka eSochi ngesonto eledlule.
Iqiniso lokuthi imisindo engavamile izwakala ku-hangar ye-VDNKh yayingowokuqala ukukhulunywa izakhamuzi zendawo kanye nezivakashi embukisweni. Isihloko saqala ukudingidwa ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, izikhalazo ezinhlanganweni zokuvikela izilwane zana. Ngo-February 19, ubuholi be-All-Russian Exhibition Centre ngaleso sikhathi (umbukiso waqanjwa kabusha ku-VDNKh kamuva) wathola isicelo esivela kuntatheli emcela ukuba achaze ukuthi yini abasebenzi basembukisweni ababeyifihle emathangeni. NgoFebhuwari 27, wathola impendulo yokuthi amathangi asebenzela inhloso yokunikezwa kwamanzi e-All-Russian Exhibition Center.
Kwadlula izinyanga ezimbalwa, amahemuhemu nokucabangela (njengoba kwavela kamuva, kwakungekho nasizathu) kwakhula kuphela. NgoSepthemba 10, uMarat Khusnullin, isekela lemeya yenhloko-dolobha yenqubomgomo nokwakhiwa kwamadolobha, wathi imikhomo ye-oceanarium esakhiwayo yathengwa ngempela, kodwa iseMpumalanga Ekude.
Kamuva, i-Vita Animal Rights Protection Centre yathola ulwazi kumawebhusayithi amaphephandaba ombuso we-Krasnoyarsk Territory ukuthi imikhomo ebulalayo yahanjiswa ngendiza ye-IL eya enhloko-dolobha ngoDisemba 2013 futhi yathunyelwa ngempumelelo ku-VDNKh. Izishoshovu zamalungelo ezilwane kanye nentatheli eyaphendukela ku-All-Russian Exhibition Centre ngesicelo babhala isitatimende emaphoyiseni, lapho ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-10 bathola impendulo eqinisekisa ukunemba kwabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, icala lobugebengu mayelana nonya ezilwaneni "Vita" lanqatshwa, njengoba abanikazi bemikhomo ebulalayo ebufakazini babo bathi zonke izimo ezifanele zokugcina izilwane zakhiwe. Imiphumela yokuhlaziya neziphetho zodokotela bezilwane nochwepheshe ayizange inikezwe, ingasaphathwa eyokuma kwezakhiwo.
Ngo-Okthoba 23, u-Vita walungiselela ukukhululwa kwabezindaba okusemthethweni okwabangela ihlazo langempela. Izintatheli zahlasela ngokoqobo i-hangar, zizama ukukhipha iziboshwa, kodwa onogada abazange bavumele muntu ukuba angene, beqhubeka nokuphikisa ngokubhuqa lokho okusobala.
Abamele izinhlangano ezimbili zomphakathi, abahambisana neziteshi eziyisishiyagalombili zemidiya, bacele ukuphawula kwabaphathi be-VDNKh. Liphendula, ithimba lomphakathi lenqatshelwe ukufinyelela imikhomo ebulalayo. Kusihlwa ngalolo suku, isevisi yabezindaba ye-VDNKh yathumela amavidiyo nezithombe kwabezindaba, okusolakala ukuthi ifakazela isimo esihle sezilwane:
"Izithombe zithathwe ngekhamera ene-angle ebanzi, esevele yenza kube lula ukwenza indiza ngomiyane, futhi izilwane ziboniswa eduze kwesikrini," kusho u-Irina Novozhilova, umongameli we-Vita Animal Welfare Centre. - Lena yindlela abathwebula ngayo izithombe zezincwadi zokupheka lapho udinga ukukhombisa ulwandle. Kuthathwa inkomishi, isitshalo sasendlini singemuva, ingaphezulu lamanzi lisuswa nge-engeli elungiswe kahle. Ngosuku olulandelayo, izindaba ezinkulu zaphuma emithonjeni eminingi yezindaba, zincoma inkundla yolwandle. Abanye abebebhalelana nabo kubonakala sebekhohliwe ukuthi bekungavunyelwe muntu ukuthi bangene ngaphakathi, futhi ayizange ikhishwe imiphumela yokuhlolwa okungenzeka.
Sekudlule ezinye izinyanga ezimbili isimo asikashintshi. Kodwa wakwazi ukumangalela i-Vita LLC Sochi Dolphinarium (igatsha layo lakhiwa enhloko-dolobha - ed.). Icala lithi inhlangano kusolakala ukuthi yehlise isithunzi nesithunzi sabamele i-oceanarium. Icala alenzeki eMoscow, kodwa e-Anapa (endaweni yokubhaliswa kommangali), ngoba i-blogger ethile yase-Anapa ibukele ingxoxo noVita kwesinye seziteshi futhi yandulela le vidiyo ngokuphawula kwakhe mayelana nesiphetho esidabukisayo. wemikhomo ebulalayo.
"Manje udaba lunzima, kuze kube sekupheleni kwenhlangano," kuqhuba u-Irina Novozhilova. “Sesizitholile izinsongo, ibhokisi lethu le-email ligqekeziwe, nezincwadi zangaphakathi seziya emphakathini. Ngokwesisekelo solwazi olutholwe ngokungemthetho, izihloko ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili “ezidicilela phansi” zanyatheliswa. Kumelwe kuqondwe ukuthi isibonelo esiyingozi senziwa. Uma ochwepheshe bezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle behlala bethule, futhi izintatheli zingazami ngisho nokuhlola isimo ngokulinganayo, zingahlaziyi kuphela isikhundla esisemthethweni sabathintekayo, kodwa futhi nesipiliyoni somhlaba kulolu daba, le ndaba izohlanganisa ukungabi namthetho nobudlova.
Izenzakalo ezichaziwe zibonisa ukuthi thina, abashisekeli bamalungelo ezilwane baseRussia, sangena kuleso sigaba sokunyakaza kwamalungelo ezilwane lapho sibonakala. Ukunyakaza kwethu kunomthelela omkhulu embonini yokuzijabulisa kwezilwane. Manje sekumele sidlule esigabeni sezinkantolo.
Ama-Killer whales ayahlanya ekuthunjweni
Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane umuntu azama ukuzigcina ekuthunjweni, ama-cetaceans abekezelela okubi kakhulu. Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuthi ziyizilwane ezihlalisana futhi ezithuthuke ngokomqondo ezidinga ukuxhumana njalo nokudla kwengqondo.
Okwesibili, kudala kwaziwa ukuthi ama-cetaceans asebenzisa i-echolocation ukuhamba emkhathini futhi afune ukudla. Ukuze zihlole isimo, izilwane zithumela izimpawu ezivela endaweni eqinile. Uma lezi ziyizindonga zekhonkrithi eziqinisiwe zechibi, khona-ke kuyoba uchungechunge lwemisindo engapheli, ukucabangela okungenangqondo.
- Uyazi ukuthi amahlengethwa asichitha kanjani isikhathi sawo e-dolphinarium ngemuva kokuqeqeshwa nokusebenza? – Uyakhuluma umphathi wephrojekthi weSikhungo Sokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Ezilwane “Vita” uKonstantin Sabinin. - Zibande zibeke amakhala odongeni zingaphumi ngoba zihlezi zixinekile. Manje ake ucabange ukuthi ukushaya izandla kwezilaleli kuyini ngamahlengethwa nemikhomo ebulalayo? Ama-cetaceans asebenze ekuthunjweni iminyaka eminingana avame ukuhlanya noma avele abe izithulu.
Okwesithathu, bona kanye ubuchwepheshe bokwenza amanzi olwandle buyingozi ezilwaneni. Ngokwesiko, i-sodium hypochlorite yengezwa emanzini ajwayelekile futhi kusetshenziswa i-electrolyzer. Uma ihlanganiswa namanzi, i-hypochlorite yakha i-hypochlorous acid, lapho ihlanganiswa nendle yezilwane, idala ama-organochlorine compounds anobuthi, okuholela ekuguquguqukeni. Bashisa ulwelwesi lwamafinyila ezilwaneni, bavuse i-dysbacteriosis. Amahlengethwa kanye nemikhomo ebulalayo iqala ukwelashwa ngama-antibiotics, inikeze izidakamizwa zokuvuselela i-microflora. Kodwa ngenxa yalokhu, isibindi siyahluleka ngeshwa. Isiphetho sikodwa - ubude beminyaka yokuphila bungaphansi kweqanda.
- ukuthi ukufa kwemikhomo ebulalayo kuma-dolphinariums kuphindwe kabili nengxenye kunezinkomba zemvelo, - amalungu eqembu lokuqala lokubonisa eRussia athi ifilimu ethi "Blackfish"*. – Akuvamile ukuba baphile iminyaka engama-30 (isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila endle iminyaka engama-40-50 kwabesilisa kanye neminyaka engama-60-80 kwabesifazane). Iminyaka eminingi eyaziwayo yomkhomo obulalayo endle cishe iminyaka eyi-100.
Okubi kakhulu ukuthi ekuthunjweni imikhomo ebulalayo ivame ukukhombisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukusabela okunolaka kubantu. amacala angaphezu kuka-120 okuziphatha okunolaka kwemikhomo ebulalayo ekuthunjweni kwabantu, kuhlanganise namacala abulalayo angu-4, kanye nokuhlasela okuningana okungazange kuholele ekufeni komuntu ngokuyisimangaliso. Uma kuqhathaniswa, endle alikho nelilodwa icala lomkhomo obulala umuntu.
I-VDNKh ithi indawo yamanzi yamachibi okuhlala kuwo izilwane ingaphezu kwama-cubic metres ayi-8, lawa amachibi amabili ahlanganisiwe anobubanzi obungamamitha angama-000 nokujula kwamamitha angama-25, ubukhulu bemikhomo ebulalayo ngokwawo ngamamitha ayi-8. kanye namamitha angu-4,5.
"Kodwa abazange banikeze ubufakazi balolu lwazi," kusho u-Irina Novozhilova. - Kuvidiyo ethunyelwe, imikhomo ebulalayo ibhukuda ethangini elilodwa kuphela. Ngokusho kolwazi oluyimfihlo, esingakwazi ukukuqinisekisa, ezinye izilwane zasolwandle nazo zigcinwa endaweni ye-VDNKh. Uma lokhu kuyiqiniso, ayikho indlela imikhomo ebulalayo engaba ngayo ezitsheni ezimbili, ngoba iyizilwane ezidla inyama. Leli qiniso laqinisekiswa ochwepheshe, sebefunde isilinganiso sokubamba: le mikhomo ebulalayo yabanjwa ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona izilwane ezidla inyama. Okusho ukuthi, uma ubeka le mikhomo ebulalayo nezinye izilwane, imikhomo izomane iyidle.
Ochwepheshe beMormlek, ngemva kokubuka ividiyo, benza isiphetho esidabukisayo sokuthi izilwane zizizwa kabi, ubungqabavu bazo buyancipha. Amaphiko ehliswa – esilwaneni esinempilo ami aqonde. Umbala we-epidermis uyashintshwa: esikhundleni sombala omhlophe qhwa, uthole i-gray tint.
- Amapaki okuzijabulisa anezilwane zasolwandle iyimboni yegazi. "Izilwane ziyafa ngesikhathi sokubanjwa, ukuthuthwa, emachibini ngokwawo," kusho u-Irina Novozhilova. “Noma yimuphi umgqomo, ogqwalile noma wegolide, usewumphongolo. Akunakwenzeka ukudala izimo ezivamile zemikhomo ebulalayo, ngisho noma sikhuluma nge-oceanarium olwandle: ukuboshwa ekuthunjweni kuphonsa isilwane esimweni sokucindezeleka kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zaso.
Ama-dolphinariums angama-60 avaliwe /
Namuhla, kunama-orcas angama-52 avalelwe emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunomkhuba ocacile obheke ekunciphiseni kwenani le-oceanariums nama-dolphinariums. Lo msebenzi uba ngongaphumeleli ngokwezimali. Ama-oceanariums amakhulu kakhulu abhekana nokulahlekelwa, okuhlanganisa namacala amaningi. Izibalo zokugcina zimi kanje: 60 dolphinariums kanye oceanarium emhlabeni zivalekile, futhi 14 kubo banciphisa imisebenzi yabo esigabeni sokwakha.
ICosta Rica iyingqalabutho kuleli cala: kwaba ngeyokuqala emhlabeni ukuvimbela ama-dolphinarium nama-zoo. E-England noma e-Holland, izindawo ezihlala emanzini zivaliwe iminyaka eminingana ukuze zingabizi kakhulu. E-UK, izilwane ziphila ngokuthula izimpilo zazo: azilahlwa kude, azihlukunyezwa, kepha amapaki amasha okuzijabulisa awakhiwe, ngoba akuvunyelwe ukuthenga izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle lapha. Ama-Aquarium ashiywe ngaphandle kwezilwane avaliwe noma ahloselwe kabusha ukubonisa izinhlanzi nezilwane ezingenamgogodla.
E-Canada, manje akukho emthethweni ukubamba nokusebenzisa ama-beluga. E-Brazil, ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ukuzijabulisa akukho emthethweni. I-Israel ikuvimbele ukungeniswa kwamahlengethwa ukuze ezokuzijabulisa. E-United States, esifundazweni saseNingizimu Carolina, izindawo zokudlala amahlengethwa azivunyelwe ngokuphelele; kwezinye izifundazwe, isimo esifanayo siyavela.
ENicaragua, eCroatia, eChile, eBolivia, eHungary, eSlovenia, eSwitzerland, eCyprus, kwenqatshelwe ukugcina ama-cetaceans ekuthunjweni. EGreece, imifanekiso enezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ivinjelwe, futhi amaNdiya ngokuvamile ayeqaphela amahlengethwa njengabantu ngabanye!
Kumelwe kuqondwe ngokucacile ukuthi okuwukuphela kwento evumela le mboni yezokuzijabulisa ukuba iqhubeke isebenza isithakazelo sabantu abavamile abangazi noma abaziyo, kodwa abangacabangi ngokungathi sína ngomthuthi wokufa nokuhlupheka okuhambisana nalo mkhakha.
INDLELA YOBUDLOVA
Indlela yokusebenzisa indawo ye-Oceanarium yaseMoscow?
“Sihlongoza ukuvula inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yokuqala engaphansi kwamanzi emhlabeni eMoscow,” basho eVita. - Emini, ukuqeqeshwa kwe-diving mahhala kungenziwa lapha, futhi ukusebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi kusihlwa. Ungafaka izikrini ze-plasma ze-3D - izethameli zizokwazisa!
Ukufunda ukucwila ekujuleni okukhulu ngaphandle kwegiya le-scuba endle akuphephile. Echibini, ngaphansi kokuqondisa komfundisi, kuyindaba ehluke ngokuphelele. Alikho ichibi elijule ngokwanele ukuze abatshuzi bamahhala emhlabeni baziqeqeshe ngempumelelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, manje sekuyimfashini, futhi abanikazi be-oceanarium bazobuyisela ngokushesha zonke izindleko. Ngemva kwabantu, asikho isidingo sokuhlanza amachibi amakhulu endle nge-bleach, futhi abantu akudingeki bathenge futhi balethe i-100 kg yezinhlanzi nsuku zonke.
Ingabe likhona ithuba lokuthi imikhomo ebulalayo “eMoscow” isinde ngemva kokuthunjwa?
Umqondisi wommeleli waseRussia we-Antarctic Alliance, isazi sezinto eziphilayo uGrigory Tsidulko:
- Yebo, imikhomo ebulalayo izosinda ngokuhamba kahle nokuvuselelwa. Impela kunjalo. Kukhona izinhlangano nochwepheshe abangasiza izilwane - ngaphandle kosizo lwabashisekeli bamalungelo ezilwane, kunjalo.
Umphathi Wephrojekthi we-Vita Animal Rights Protection Centre u-Konstantin Sabinin:
Kwakukhona izibonelo ezinjalo. Ngemva kwesikhathi sokuvuselela endaweni yolwandle, izilwane zingakhululwa zibe yizimo zemvelo. Lezi zikhungo zokuhlunyeleliswa kwezimilo zikhona, saxoxa nongoti bazo ngesikhathi kunengqungquthela yezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Ochwepheshe bale phrofayela bakhona.
AKUKHO MTHETHO ELAWULA UKUTHnjwa NOKUGCINWA KWEZILWANE ZASEMALINI
Inhloko yeqembu elisebenzayo lomkhomo obulalayo, ilungu leBhodi LoMkhandlu Wezilwane Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle, Ph.D. U-Olga Filatova:
“UNarnia the killer whale kanye “nomlingani wakhe osesitokisini” bamane nje bayingxenye yentaba yeqhwa. Babanjwa oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk njengengxenye yebhizinisi elisemthethweni lokuthumba nokuhweba ngezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Isabelo sonyaka sokubamba imikhomo ebulalayo ngabantu abayi-10. Iningi lezilwane lidayiselwa iShayina, nakuba ngokusemthethweni ukuthunjwa kwenzelwa “izinjongo zokuqeqesha namasiko nezemfundo.” Abanikazi beDolphinarium emhlabeni wonke - neRussia ngokufanayo - bathethelela imisebenzi yabo ngenani elingaqondakali lamasiko nemfundo, kodwa empeleni bayizikhungo zezohwebo kuphela, uhlelo lwazo olugxile ekwaneliseni ukunambitheka kokuzithoba komphakathi jikelele.
Akekho owazi kahle ukuthi mingaki imikhomo ebulalayo oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Izilinganiso zochwepheshe abahlukahlukene zisukela kubantu abangu-300 kuye ku-10000. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zemikhomo ebulalayo edla inyamazane ehlukene futhi ayizalanisi.
Emanzini eziQhingi zaseKuril nasengxenyeni emaphakathi yoLwandle lwase-Okhotsk, kutholakala ikakhulukazi imikhomo ebulala izinhlanzi. Ezindaweni ezingajulile ezisogwini ezisentshonalanga, enyakatho nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yoLwandle lwase-Okhotsk, izilwane ezidla inyama zidla kakhulu (zidla izimvu zamanzi nezinye izilwane zasolwandle). Yibo ababanjwe ukudayiswa, futhi imikhomo ebulalayo evela ku-VDNKh ingalaba bantu. Ekuthunjweni, banikezwa "izinhlobo ezingu-12 zezinhlanzi", nakuba ngokwemvelo babezingela izimvu zamanzi.
Ngokomthetho, imiphakathi ehlukene ingezabo “izindawo ezibekiwe” ezihlukene, futhi izabelo zabo kufanele zibalwe ngokwehlukana, kodwa empeleni lokhu akwenziwa.
Imikhomo edla inyama ebulalayo ivamise ukuba mincane ngenani - phela iphezulu kumbhoshongo wokudla. Ukuthwebula okujulile okunjalo, njengamanje, kungathunaza abantu eminyakeni embalwa. Lokhu kuyoba izindaba ezimbi hhayi kuphela kubathandi be-whale ababulali, kodwa nakubadobi bendawo - emva kwakho konke, imikhomo ebulala inyama elawula inani lezimvu zamanzi, ezivame ukweba izinhlanzi emanetheni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulawula ukubamba akukasungulwa. Ngisho nokubanjwa ngokucophelela ochwepheshe abanolwazi kuwukuhlukumezeka kwengqondo okukhulu kwalezi zilwane ezihlakaniphile nezenhlalo, ezihlukaniswa nomndeni wazo futhi zibekwe endaweni engaziwa, esabekayo. Esimweni sethu, konke kubi kakhulu, abekho ababukele abazimele ekuthunjweni, futhi uma ezinye izilwane zifa, kufihlwe ngamabomu.
Ngokwezibalo ezisemthethweni, akekho noyedwa umkhomo obulalayo owafa eminyakeni yamuva, nakuba sazi ngemithombo engekho emthethweni ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka njalo. Ukungalawuleki kukhuthaza ukuhlukumeza emazingeni ahlukene. Ngokolwazi lweSMM oluphuma kubahlali bakule ndawo, ngoJulayi walo nyaka, kwabanjwa imikhoma emithathu ebulala abantu ngokungemthetho ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe izimvume ezisemthethweni yadayiswa eChina ngokwamaphepha ango-2013.
E-Russia, ayikho imithetho noma iziqondiso ezilawula ukuthunjwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle.
9 UKUPHIKISANA
Iqembu lokuqala lezazi zebhayoloji elihlela ukuboniswa kwefilimu ethi “Blackfish” * (Black Fin) ngokumelene nezimpikiswano zokukhishwa kwabezindaba kwe-Sochi Dolphinarium.
BF: Uyakhula umkhuba wokubukela imikhomo endle. Enyakatho nenkabazwe naseYurophu, uhambo lwesikebhe luyahlelwa lapho ungabuka khona izilwane ezimweni zemvelo:
,
,
futhi lapha ungakwazi ngisho ukubhukuda nabo.
E-Russia, kungenzeka ukubuka imikhomo ebulalayo e-Kamchatka, e-Kuril nase-Commander Islands, eMpumalanga Ekude (isibonelo,). Ungeza ePetropavlovsk-Kamchatsky bese wehla kwesinye sezikebhe eziningi zezivakashi e-Avacha Bay (ngokwesibonelo,).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadokhumentari emvelo abonisa izilwane ngayo yonke inkazimulo yazo futhi akukhuthaza ukuba ucabange ngobuhle bemvelo ezungezile. Zifundani izingane ngokubuka izilwane ezinhle ezinamandla ezifihlwe ekhejini elincane/echibini elinezimo ezingezona ezemvelo nhlobo kuzo? Yini esizoyifundisa isizukulwane esisha ngokubakhombisa ukuthi akulungile ukuhlukumeza inkululeko yomuntu ukuze sizijabulise?
D:
BF: Ngempela, kunezici ze-cetacean biology okunzima (kodwa okungenakwenzeka) ukufunda endle. "Indlela yokuphila nemikhuba" ayisebenzi kubo, ngoba "indlela yokuphila" yama-whales abulalayo ekuthunjweni ibekwe futhi ingokwemvelo. Abakwazi ukukhetha umsebenzi wabo, umsebenzi, noma ngisho nendawo, ngaphandle kwalokho abakuthweswe ngumuntu. Ngakho-ke, ukuqaphela okunjalo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwahlulela kuphela ukuthi imikhomo ebulalayo ivumelana kanjani nezimo ezingezona ezemvelo zokuthunjwa.
BF: Kukhona nedatha yokufa kwemikhomo ebulalayo kanye nemikhomo ebulalayo eyazalelwa e-SeaWorld Aquarium e-States. Sekukonke, sekufe okungenani imikhomo engama-37 ebulalayo eziqiwini ezintathu ze-SeaWorld (kanye noyedwa owashona eLoro Parque, eTenerife). Kubantwana abangamashumi amathathu abazalelwa ekuthunjweni, abangu-10 bafa, futhi omama abaningi ababulala imikhomo abakwazanga ukumelana nezinkinga ngesikhathi sokubeletha. Okungenani amacala angama-30 kanye nezingane ezizalwa zishonile sezibhalisiwe.
Ingqikithi yama-killer whales angu-1964 afile ekuthunjweni kusukela ngo-139. Lokhu akubalwa labo abafa ngesikhathi sokuthunjwa endle. Uma kuqhathaniswa, lokhu kucishe kuphindwe kabili inani labantu bezakhamizi zaseNingizimu, manje esesimeni esibucayi ngenxa yokuthwebula okwenzeka e-British Columbia ngeminyaka yawo-1960 kanye nama-70s.
BF: Kuze kube manje, kunezifundo eziningi mayelana nenani lemikhomo ebulalayo. Ezinye zazo zihlala ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-20 (nangaphezulu kweminyaka engama-40).
Akucaci ukuthi isibalo esingu-180 sase-Antarctica sivelaphi. Isilinganiso sakamuva kakhulu sawo YONKE imikhomo ebulalayo yase-Antarctic iphakathi kwabantu abangu-000 kuya ku-25 (Igatsha, TA An, F. kanye ne-GG Joyce, 000).
Kodwa okungenani izinhlobo ezintathu zama-killer whale ecotypes zihlala lapho, futhi kwezinye zazo isimo salolu hlobo siqinisekiswa ngokoqobo. Ngokufanelekile, izilinganiso zokuchichima nokusatshalaliswa kufanele kwenziwe kuhlobo ngalunye lwe-ecotype ngokuhlukene.
E-Russia, kukhona futhi izinhlobo ezimbili ze-ecotypes zemikhomo ebulalayo ehlukaniswa ngokuzalana komunye nomunye, okungukuthi ayixubani noma izalanisane, futhi imelela okungenani abantu ababili abahlukene. Lokhu kuqinisekiswe izifundo zesikhathi eside (kusukela ngo-1999) eMpumalanga Ekude (Filatova et al. 2014, Ivkovich et al. 2010, Burdinetal. 2006, Filatova et al. 2007, Filatova et al. 2009, Filatova et al. 2010) , Ivkovichetal. Filatova et al. 2010 nabanye). Ukuba khona kwabantu ababili abangabodwa kudinga indlela yomuntu ngamunye yokuhlola kokubili ubuningi kanye nezinga lobungozi emphakathini ngamunye.
Ngokuqondene neRussia, akukho ukuhlolwa okukhethekile kwezinombolo zomkhomo obulalayo endaweni yokubamba (uLwandle lwase-Okhotsk) okwenziwe. Kukhona idatha endala kuphela eqoqwe endleleni lapho kubhekwa ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani eliqondile lezilwane ezisusiwe kubantu ngesikhathi sokubanjwa (abasindile + abafile) akwaziwa. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-quotas anikezwa minyaka yonke ukuze abambe imikhomo eyi-10. Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kokwazi ubukhulu besibalo sabantu, ngaphandle kokucabangela ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu ababili abahlukene, ngaphandle kokuba nolwazi mayelana nenani labantu ababanjwe, asikwazi nganoma iyiphi indlela ukuhlola ubungozi bomphakathi futhi siqinisekise ukuphepha kwaso.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umphakathi womhlaba unokuhlangenwe nakho okudabukisayo lapho abantu abangu-53 (kuhlanganise nabafileyo) besuswa kubantu baseSouthern Resident killer whales (British Columbia) eminyakeni embalwa, okuholele ekwehleni ngokushesha kwezibalo kanye manje lesi sibalo sabantu sisonqenqemeni lokushabalala.
D: Ukwakhiwa kwesikhungo sethu eRussia, lapho kungenzeka khona ukubona imikhomo ebulalayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zokugcinwa kwayo, kuzovumela ososayensi baseRussia ukuba bafinyelele izinga elisha lolwazi ngabo. Ochwepheshe besikhungo se-VNIRO** babambisana nochwepheshe besikhungo i-Sochi Dolphinarium LLC ezindabeni zocwaningo lwesayensi ngemikhomo ebulalayo, baye bavakashela kaningi kule nkimbinkimbi, equkethe izilwane ezincelisayo.
BF: Ochwepheshe be-VNIRO abafundisi imikhomo ebulalayo. Sicela ucaphune izindatshana zesayensi ezizokwethula imiphumela yalezi zifundo. Njengoba sekushiwo, izimo zokuboshwa azilungile. Isibonelo isibalo sokuthi umkhomo obulalayo echibini le-SeaWorld udinga ukubhukuda uzungeze umjikelezo wechibi okungenani izikhathi eziyi-1400 ngosuku ukuze okungenani uvale ibanga elihanjwa imikhomo ebulalayo yasendle ngosuku.
D: Imikhomo ebulalayo ingaphansi kokugadwa njalo kwe-State Veterinary Service, kanye nodokotela bezilwane abayisikhombisa abagunyaziwe. Kanye ngenyanga, ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okuphelele kwezilwane kuyenziwa (kuhlanganise nokuhlolwa kwegazi emitholampilo kanye ne-biochemical, amasiko e-microbiological kanye nama-swabs avela kulwelwesi lwamafinyila epheshaneni eliphezulu lokuphefumula). Ngaphezu kwesistimu yokulawula ikhwalithi yamanzi ezenzakalelayo, ochwepheshe besikhungo benza izilinganiso zokulawula ikhwalithi yamanzi echibini njalo ngamahora amathathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziya amanzi kuhlolwa njalo ngenyanga ngezinkomba ezingama-63 elabhorethri ekhethekile eMoscow. Amachibi afakwe imishini ekhethekile: njalo emahoreni amathathu amanzi adlula ngokuphelele ezihlungi zokuhlanza. Izinga likasawoti kanye nezinga lokushisa kwamanzi kugcinwa ngokuhambisana nezindawo zokuhlala ze-killer whale eziqhathaniswa nezimo zemvelo.
I-BF: Kungaba kuhle ukubona imingcele ethile yekhwalithi yamanzi eyamukelwa lapha “njengeqhathaniswa nezimo zemvelo”. Ukwakheka kwamanzi kuyaziwa ukuthi kuthinta impilo yemikhomo ebulalayo, futhi i-chlorine eningi isetshenziselwa ukugcina amanzi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka echibini, akhanga kakhulu umphakathi.
D: Umkhomo owodwa obulalayo udla izinhlanzi ezilinganiselwa ku-100 kilograms ngosuku, ukudla kwawo kuhluke kakhulu, kunezinhlobo ezingu-12 zezinhlanzi ezisezingeni eliphezulu, okuhlanganisa i-pink salmon, i-chum salmon, i-coho salmon nezinye eziningi.
BF: Imikhomo ebulalayo ebanjwe eRussia ingeyemvelo edla inyama ephila ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ezidla izilwane zasolwandle kuphela (izinja zasolwandle ezinoboya, amabhubesi olwandle, izimvu zamanzi, ama-sea otters, njll.). Ama-Killer whales, manje ase-VDNKh, AKAZE adle i-pink salmon, i-chum salmon, i-coho salmon, njll. endaweni yawo yemvelo.
Imikhomo ebulalayo edla inyama ayivamile futhi ihluke kakhulu kwezinye izixuku ezibulala imikhomo emhlabeni kangangokuthi ososayensi bayaqiniseka ukuthi kufanele zihlonzwe njengezinhlobo ezihlukene (Morin et al. 2010, Biggetal 1987, Riechetal. 2012, Parsonsetal. 2013 nezinye). Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi ama-carnivorous killer whales angadli izinhlanzi ahlala endaweni yokubamba (Filatova et al. 2014).
Ngakho-ke, ukudla izinhlanzi ezifile akuhlangabezani nezidingo zomzimba zemikhomo ebulalayo, okuthi ngokwemvelo idle ukudla okunekhalori ephezulu kuphela okunegazi elifudumele.
Njengoba ubukhulu balesi sibalo bungaziwa, kusobala ukuthi izimvume zokubamba azikhishwa ngokusekelwe kudatha yesayensi, kodwa kuphela ngesisekelo sezithakazelo zezohwebo.
Ukubamba imikhomo ebulalayo emanzini aseRussia, okungowawo le mikhomo, akuqinisekiswanga ngokwesayensi, akukho ngaphansi kwanoma yikuphi ukulawulwa nokubikwa (okunganikeli ukuqonda kobuchwepheshe bokudoba nokufa kwemikhomo ebulalayo ngesikhathi sokubanjwa) futhi iyenziwa. ngokuhlanganisa amadokhumenti (.
Amazwana alungiselelwe ngu:
- E. Ovsyanikova, isazi sezinto eziphilayo, uchwepheshe wezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, umfundi we-postgraduate eNyuvesi yaseCanterbury (eNew Zealand), uhlanganyela emsebenzini wokutadisha imikhomo ebulalayo yase-Antarctic.
- T. Ivkovich, isazi sezinto eziphilayo, umfundi we-post-graduate we-St. Ukusebenza nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle kusukela ngo-2002. Ubamba iqhaza kuphrojekthi yocwaningo lwe-FEROP killer whale.
- E. Jikia, isazi sezinto eziphilayo, Ph.D., umcwaningi eLabhorethri ye-Molecular Biology ye-Federal State Institution of Radiology. Usebenze nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle kusukela ngo-1999. Ubambe iqhaza kuphrojekthi yocwaningo lwe-FEROP killer whale, ocwaningweni ngemikhomo empunga oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk kanye nemikhomo ebulalayo e-Commander Islands.
- O. Belonovich, isazi sezinto eziphilayo, Ph.D., umcwaningi e-KamchatNIRO. Ukusebenza nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle kusukela ngo-2002. Ubambe iqhaza kumaphrojekthi wokutadisha ama-beluga whales oLwandle Olumhlophe, amabhubesi olwandle enyakatho-ntshonalanga yePacific Ocean, kanye nokutadisha ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemikhomo ebulalayo nezindawo zokudoba.
* "* ("I-Black Fin") - indaba yomkhomo obulalayo wesilisa ogama lakhe linguTilikum, umkhomo obulalayo owabulala abantu abaningana ngesikhathi esevele eboshiwe. Ngo-2010, ngesikhathi kunemidlalo epaki yokuzijabulisa emanzini e-Orlando, u-Tilikum wahudulela umqeqeshi u-Don Brasho ngaphansi kwamanzi wamminzisa. Njengoba kuvela, le ngozi (le ndlela umcimbi wawufaneleka ngayo) akuyona yodwa endabeni yeTilikum. Kukhona esinye isisulu ngenxa yalo mkhomo obulalayo. Umdali weBlack Fin uGabriela Cowperthwaite usebenzisa izithombe ezishaqisayo zokuhlasela komkhomo obulalayo kanye nezingxoxo nofakazi ukuze azame ukuqonda izimbangela zangempela zale nhlekelele.
Ukubukwa kwefilimu kwavusa imibhikisho e-United States nokuvalwa kwamapaki okuzijabulisa olwandle (incwadi yombhali).
**I-VNIRO iyisikhungo esihamba phambili embonini yezokudoba, esixhumanisa ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo nezinhlelo zocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwezokudoba kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwazo zonke izinhlangano zocwaningo lwezokudoba eRussian Federation.
Umbhalo: Svetlana ZOTOVA.