I-spruce evamile

I-spruce evamile (I-Picea abies) uhlobo oludala kakhulu oluhlala luluhlaza lomndeni wakwaphayini, isitshalo esincane futhi esihle esiphila isikhathi eside esinomqhele obanzi oyiphiramidi. Emvelweni, ifinyelela ku-50 m ukuphakama. Isiqu sawo esiqondile singafinyelela ku-1 - 2 m ububanzi. Ingaphezulu le-spruce lihlala libukhali, amagatsha akhula ngokuvundlile noma aphakanyiswe phezulu. Amagxolo abomvu noma ampunga. Izinaliti zimfushane, zingu-15-20 mm ubude, ziluhlaza ngokugqamile noma ziluhlaza okotshani ngombala, zinephunga elimnandi. Nakuba sikhuluma ngama-conifers njengama-evergreens, empeleni, izinaliti zinesikhathi sazo sokuphila: ku-spruce, zihlala esihlahleni iminyaka engu-6 kuya kwengu-12.

I-Norway spruce iyisitshalo se-coniferous esivame kakhulu Ezweni Lethu, uhlobo oluyinhloko olwakha amahlathi. Emvelweni, ungathola izihlahla ezingaphezu kweminyaka engama-250 - 300 ubudala.

Izigaxa ze-spruce ezivamile ziyi-oblong, ziyi-cylindrical. Phakathi nokuphila kwazo, zishintsha umbala zisuka kobomvu ziye koluhlaza, futhi njengoba zikhula, ziba nsundu. Imbewu ihlakazwa kalula umoya ngenxa yamaphiko azo. Isitshalo sivuthwa njalo eminyakeni engu-3-4, kodwa ama-cones amadala angalenga esihlahleni isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka owodwa.

Emasikweni ahlukene, i-spruce ibhekwa njengophawu lokuphila okuphakade, isibindi nokwethembeka. Kodwa Ezweni Lethu, akazange atshalwe eduze kwendlu - lokhu kwakubhekwa njengebika elibi. Konke ngoba kuhle ... kuyasha. Futhi uma ngokuzumayo kuba nomlilo kwenye indlu, isihlahla sasivutha njengomentshisi, siwe futhi sisakaze umlilo kwezinye izindlu. Kodwa manje itshalwe ngokuzithandela ezindaweni eziningi: kuvele izinhlobo ezincane nezinto zokwakha ezingashisi.

Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile ze-spruce

Kodwa manje i-spruce evamile ithandwa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwendawo ngenxa yokumelana nesithwathwa, ukubekezelela umthunzi, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo.

I-Nidiformis (i-Nidiformis). Iyingxenye ye-subspecies encane ye-spruce evamile. Lesi sitshalo esihle esihlangene sesinesikhathi eside sazuza indawo yaso ezingadini ezincane. Isihlahla esiyindilinga sokuqala esiyindilinga (ezihlahleni ezincane simise okwesidleke), umqhele ominyene kakhulu wamagatsha amancane anezinaliti eziluhlaza ngokukhanyayo ubude ufinyelela ku-1 - 1,2 m kanye no-2,5 m ububanzi. Kodwa kulawa masayizi, udinga ukukhula isikhathi eside - eminyakeni eyi-10, i-spruce ngeke ibe ngu-40 cm.

Lezi zinhlobonhlobo ziqinile kakhulu ebusika, ngaphandle kwezinkinga zimelana namazinga okushisa omoya afinyelela ku -40 ° C. Ayinasidingo emhlabathini, nakuba ikhula kangcono emhlabathini omusha, oswakeme. Ikhula kahle kokubili ekukhanyeni okuphelele nasethunzini eliyingxenye.

Izinhlobonhlobo zafakwa emasikweni ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1. Isetshenziswa ngabadwebi bendawo ezingadini ezinamatshe nasemingceleni ephansi (XNUMX). Kunokuhlangenwe nakho okuhle kokukhula kwe-Nidiformis ezitsheni.

I-Acrocona (i-Acrocona). Enye yezinhlobonhlobo ezinhle kakhulu, ezaziwa kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-3. Umumo wayo wekholomu obanzi ongajwayelekile womqhele, amagatsha alengayo angama-asymmetrically nama-arched anika ingadi ukukhanya. I-Acrocona endala ifinyelela ubude obungu-3 m nobubanzi bomqhele obufika ku-12 m. Izinaliti eziluhlaza okumnyama zimfushane, zigcinwa emagatsheni kuze kube iminyaka eyi-XNUMX. Izigaxa eziningi ezinhle ezinkulu, ekuqaleni ezikhula ekugcineni kwamahlumela, ziba umhlobiso wangempela wesihlahla. Ekuqaleni zibomvu ngokugqamile, bese ziba nsundu.

Izinhlobonhlobo zikhula kancane, zimelana nesithwathwa esifika ku-40°C, zine-photophilous, zithanda inhlabathi evundile futhi eswakeme ene-alkaline kancane.

Ekwakhiweni kwe-landscape, ihlonishwa njenge-tapeworm (isitshalo esisodwa). Ivamise ukusetjenziselwa ukwakha izingadi zamatje namaJapani.

Okuphambene (Inversa). Enye yezinhlobonhlobo ezithakazelisa kakhulu esihlokweni esithi "i-spruce ekhalayo". Itholwe eNgilandi ngo-1884. Isihlahla esinomqhele omncane, amagatsha awelayo akha ipulangwe phansi. Sikhulise njengesihlahla esikhula kancane esisekelweni, noma sitshale esiqwini eside. Amagatsha alengayo alingana kahle esiqwini, ngakho-ke nasesihlahleni esikhulile, ububanzi bomqhele abudluli ku-2,5 m.

I-Vaety Inversa (2) iqinile kakhulu ebusika (imelana nokufika ku -40 ° C), ingakhula ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima zezintaba. Ithanda izindawo ezikhanyayo, kepha iyakwazi ukukhula emthunzini oyingxenye. Umhlabathi uncamela ukuswakama, okunomsoco, okwazi ukumelana nakho kokubili okune-acidic kanye ne-alkaline.

Ekwakhiweni kwe-landscape, idlala indima ye-tapeworm ebabazekayo.

Wills Zwerg. Yaqala ukuthengiswa ngenkuthalo kusukela ngo-1956. Ingaphansi, ikhula kancane, lapho ineminyaka engu-30 izuza amamitha angu-2 ubude, kodwa ifinyelela ku-1 m ububanzi. Umqhele muhle, uminyene, umise okwephini noma u-conical. Kubukeka kunhle kakhulu futhi kumangalisa ekuqaleni kokukhula kwamahlumela, okuthi, ngokumelene nesizinda sezidladla eziluhlaza okotshani, agqame ngokukhula okuphuzi-orange. Futhi ehlobo, amahlumela amasha ayahluka ngombala - aluhlaza okotshani.

Izinhlobonhlobo ziqinile kakhulu ebusika (kuze kufike ku-40 ° C), zi-photophilous, nakuba zingakhula nasezindaweni ezinomthunzi. Idinga inhlabathi evundile kahle, evundile ngokusesilinganisweni.

Ekuklanyweni kwe-landscape yezingadi ezincane isetshenziswa njenge-tapeworm futhi ngamaqembu njengesitshalo esisekelayo.

IGugu elincane. Enye yezinguquko ezincane kakhulu futhi ezikhula kancane kakhulu ze-spruce. Kutholwe kuma-50s wekhulu elidlule e-Holland. Umqhele umise okwe-cushion, uminyene, amagatsha mafushane, aphakanyiswe kancane. Izinaliti zithambile, zincane, ziluhlaza okotshani. Entwasahlobo, ngokumelene nalesi sizinda, ukukhula okuncane okunezinaliti eziluhlaza okukhanyayo kubonakala kumangalisa kakhulu. Lapho eneminyaka engu-10, isihlahla sikaKhisimusi sikhula sibe ngu-20 cm ubude. Futhi emva kuka-50 cm, ukukhula kwayo kuyeka. Isici esiphawulekayo sale dwarf ukuthi ayiqhakazi.

Isihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi -melana nesithwathwa (kufika ku-35 °C), esine-photophilous, sikhetha inhlabathi enomswakama ngokusesilinganisweni futhi enomsoco.

Ekwakhiweni kwe-landscape, isetshenziselwa izingadi ezincane nezincane, kuma-rockeries kanye ne-scree, futhi iyasebenza ezitsheni.

Ukutshala isihlahla sonwele saseYurophu

Umthetho obalulekile: ngaphambi kokuthenga isithombo, kufanele unqume ngokucacile indawo yokutshala, uqaphela ukuthi isitshalo sizoba singakanani eminyakeni eyi-10-20. Ama-spruces akulona uhlobo lwezitshalo ezibekezelela kalula ukufakelwa kabusha. Ezitshalweni ezinezimpande ezivaliwe (ZKS), isikhathi esihle kakhulu sokutshala sisukela maphakathi no-April kuya ku-Okthoba, ezithonjeni ezinezimpande ezivulekile - kuze kube maphakathi no-April kanye nengxenye yesibili kaSeptemba - ekuqaleni kukaNovemba.

Inketho engcono kakhulu yizithombo esitsheni noma nge-cd yobumba egcwele. Umgodi wokufika kufanele ulungiswe kusenesikhathi.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izitshalo ezincane ebusika ababili bokuqala zingabhekana nokushiswa yilanga, ngakho-ke ukuvikelwa emoyeni owomile kanye nelanga elikhanyayo ekupheleni kobusika kuyadingeka.

Ukunakekelwa kwe-spruce yaseNorway

Izinhlobonhlobo nezinhlobo ze-spruce ezivamile zihlukahlukene, ziqinile kakhulu ebusika (ngaphandle kokungavamile), ezinye zinezici zokunakekelwa, kodwa ngokuvamile ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwanele ukuthi izitshalo zikhule futhi zikhule zizinhle, zinempilo futhi zihlala isikhathi eside.

Ground

I-Norway spruce ikhula kahle kakhulu emhlabathini oswakeme ngokusesilinganisweni, ongenamanzi kahle, nenhlabathi evundile. Okufanelekile - i-loam ecebile ene-acidic kancane. Ezinye izinhlobo zidinga ukusabela kwenhlabathi ene-alkali kancane, kodwa ngokuvamile ama-spruces akhula kahle enhlabathini ene-acidic kancane futhi engathathi hlangothi. Emhlabathini oyisihlabathi ompofu, lapho utshala emigodini, ubumba ne-humus kwengezwa ngesilinganiso se-1: 1.

Lighting

Izinhlobo eziningi zikubekezelela kahle ukukhanya kwelanga eliqondile, kodwa ebusika ababili bokuqala, amafomu amancane adinga ukuthungwa. Ama-cultivar amaningi ayabekezelela ithunzi, nokho, umumo omuhle womqhele ukhula kuphela ngokukhanya kwelanga okwanele.

Ukunisela

Emvelweni, i-spruce evamile ikhula emhlabathini omanzi ngokulinganayo, nakuba amahlathi amaningi e-spruce atholakala ezindaweni ezisezintabeni lapho kungekho khona umswakama omningi. Kodwa-ke, lapho utshala, zonke izinhlobo ze-spruce zidinga ukuchelela okuphezulu, ikakhulukazi ngonyaka wokuqala.

Ngemva kokutshala, ukuchelela kuyadingeka kanye ngesonto ngesilinganiso samalitha angu-1 - 10 wamanzi ngesithombo ngasinye esingadluli ku-12 m ukuphakama. Esikhathini esishisayo, kusihlwa noma ekuseni, ukugeza kunomphumela onenzuzo. Ukugcina umswakama, imibuthano ye-trunk ingambozwa ngongqimba oluminyene lwamagxolo noma sawdust of conifers.

Ngemva konyaka noma emibili, izinhlobo eziningi ze-spruce zaseNorway azisadingi ukuchelela, nakuba zisabela kahle eshaweni lamanzi ngezinsuku ezishisayo.

Isimo esibaluleke kakhulu sobusika obuhle bezitshalo ezincane ukuchelela ukushaja kwamanzi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikwindla imanzi kangakanani, ngo-Okthoba, ngaphansi kwesihlahla ngasinye se-coniferous, okungenani amalitha angama-20-30 amanzi kufanele athululwe ezitshalweni ezincane namalitha angama-50 imitha yokuphakama komqhele.

umquba

Lapho utshala, kusetshenziswa umanyolo we-phosphorus-potassium kanye ne-stale sawdust yama-conifers. Awukho umquba noma umquba omusha, noma kunjalo, kanye nanoma yimuphi umanyolo we-nitrogen, kanye nomlotha. Ngaphansi kwezinhlobo ezincane, kuvunyelwe ukubeka uhhafu webhakede lomquba ovuthwe kahle emgodini wokutshala.

Ukudla

Emhlabathini ovundile eminyakeni yokuqala emi-2 - 3 ngemuva kokutshala, i-spruce ayidingi ukugqokwa okuphezulu. Esikhathini esizayo, umanyolo okhethekile usetshenziswa emibuthanweni ye-trunk. Lapho izinaliti ziphenduka zibephuzi futhi ziwe, kanye nangonyaka wokuqala, kuyasiza ukufafaza umqhele ngezixazululo ze-Epin neFerrovit.

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-spruce evamile

Ama-spruces angasakazwa ngezindlela ezintathu.

Imbewu. Ngale ndlela, izici ze-varietal azilondolozwa. Nokho, le ndlela ithandwa yilabo abadinga izinto eziningi zokutshala, futhi abajahile. Ngale ndlela yokukhula, kubalulekile ukuthi imbewu ibe yintsha futhi ihlukaniswe.

I-inoculation. Lena inketho yezitshalo ze-varietal - ikuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze zonke izimpawu zesitshalo sikamama.

Ukusika. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukusabalalisa izihlahla ze-varietal fir. Kodwa kudinga ukubekezela, isikhathi nokuhambisana nenani elikhulu lemithetho.

Ukusikwa kwezimpande kuthathwa ezitshalweni zikamama ngosuku oluguqubele ngasekupheleni kukaMashi - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, kuklebhula egatsheni ngesithende - ucezu lwegxolo lesiqu. Ukusika okuhle kufanele kube ubude obungu-7-10 cm. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuvuna, iziphetho zokusikwa zibekwe usuku kusisombululo se-stimulator yokwakheka kwezimpande (ngokwesibonelo, i-Heteroauxin). Ngemuva kwalokho ama-cuttings atshalwa ezimbizeni ezinomhlabathi ovundile okhanyayo nge-engeli engu-30 °, ejula ngo-2-3 cm. Izimbiza zifakwa ku-greenhouse noma zimbozwe ngesikhwama sepulasitiki. Kubalulekile ukufaka umoya izitshalo ezitshaliwe kanye ngosuku.

Yiba nesineke - inqubo ye-rooting ingathatha unyaka owodwa. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi, kubalulekile ukunisela njalo nokufaka umoya wezitshalo. Kanye njalo emavikini ama-2, ungakwazi ukwengeza isisombululo esibuthakathaka se-Heteroauxin emanzini.

Entwasahlobo, ama-cuttings anezimpande atshalwa esikoleni, esihlelwe ngaphansi kwe-canopy yezihlahla. Kuphela emva konyaka noma izitshalo ezimbili ezikhulile zingatshalwa endaweni ehlala njalo.

Izifo ze-spruce ezivamile

Ukugqwala (spruce spinner). Lesi yisifo sefungal. Lesi sifo sizibonakalisa ku-cortex ngesimo sokuvuvukala okuncane, okungu-0,5 cm ububanzi bombala osawolintshi. Khona-ke izinaliti ziqala ukuphuzi futhi ziwe. Izigaxa nazo zingathinteka ukugqwala.

Kubalulekile kakade esigabeni sokuqala ukuqoqa izinaliti ezigulayo nama-cones, ukusika nokushiswa kwamagatsha athintekile yisikhunta, futhi uphathe izitshalo nge-Hom (i-oxychloride yethusi) (3) noma i-Rakurs. Ukuvimbela, ukufafaza kwentwasahlobo nge-Bordeaux liquid kwenziwa.

Shutte. Nakuba uphayini kunamathuba amaningi okuthi uphathwe yilesi sifo, iSchütte (isikhunta seqhwa) ngokuvamile sithinta umbhobho waseNorway. Isizathu yi-fungus pathogen. Igcwalisa izitshalo ekwindla. Ikhula ngokushesha ebusika, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kweqhwa. Entwasahlobo, izinaliti ezinsundu ezinombala omhlophe zivela ezitshalweni. Izinaliti ezigulayo zingahlala ku-spruce omunye unyaka. Lokhu kuholela ekumeni ekuthuthukiseni isitshalo, futhi kwezinye izimo kuze kube sekufeni.

Ukwelashwa kuhlanganisa ukususa amagatsha athintekile kanye nokwelapha izitshalo kathathu nge-Hom noma amalungiselelo e-Rakurs (3).

Izinambuzane ezivamile ze-spruce

I-spruce spider mite. Izinambuzane ezivame kakhulu ezizala kakhulu phakathi nezinyanga ezomile ezishisayo. Imikhaza ibhoboza izinaliti, iphuze amajusi, ishiye amabala aphuzi kuzo. Ngokutheleleka okunamandla, izinaliti ziba nsundu futhi ziwohloke. Kuvela iwebhu emagatsheni.

Ukuvimbela - ukucwiliswa njalo kwemiqhele ngamanzi. Ukwelashwa - ukufafaza izitshalo ezinegciwane nge-Actellik, Antiklesch, Fitoverm. Kubalulekile ukwenza okungenani ukwelashwa oku-3 kusukela ngoJuni kuya kuSeptemba.

I-spruce sawfly. Isinambuzane esincane sigcwala isihlahla sonwele saseYurophu esinezibungu ezidla izinaliti. Akulula kangako ukubona ukuhlasela kwe-sawfly ekuqaleni - izibungu zihlangana nezinaliti. Kodwa lapho izinaliti ezincane ziba nsundu ngombala, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ukuze kuvikelwe izitshalo.

Isidakamizwa i-Pinocid sisebenza kahle ku-sawfly. Isihlahla sifuthwa ngesisombululo okungenani kabili, kubalulekile futhi ukuphalaza imibuthano eseduze ne-stem ngesisombululo - izibungu zimba emhlabathini. Esigabeni sokuqala sokutheleleka, ukufafaza nge-Actellik noma iFury kusebenza kahle.

I-spruce leaflet-needleworm. Uvemvane lwebhu luthelela isihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi izibungu eziluma ezinalitini, zenza izimayini. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, izinaliti zimbozwa ngama-cobwebs futhi ziyabhidlika.

I-Calypso ne-Confidor ziyasebenza ekulweni nezikelemu. Ngesilonda esincane, ukwelashwa okubili noma okuthathu kwamagatsha athintekile ngensipho eluhlaza kwanele.

Spruce isihlangu samanga. Ngokuvamile kuthinta izitshalo ezincane. Izinambuzane ezincane zihlala emagxolweni nasezinaliti, ezibonakala ngokunamathela okunamathelayo. Izitshalo ziyacindezelwa, izinaliti ziba nsundu futhi ziwe, amagatsha agobe futhi ome.

Okuphumelela kakhulu ngokumelene nalesi zinambuzane yi-Aktara ne-Confidor.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo ezidumile

Sibuze ngesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu isazi sezolimo namahlathi u-Oleg Ispolatov - uphendule imibuzo ethandwa kakhulu yabahlali basehlobo.

Imithombo ye

1. Stupakova OM, Aksyanova T.Yu. Ukwakheka okuvela ezitshalweni ezihlala njalo ezinamaqabunga, i-woody coniferous kanye nezihlahla eziqhakazayo endaweni yasemadolobheni // I-Conifers ye-boreal zone, 2013, https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kompozitsii-iz-mnogoletnih-travyanistyh-drevesnyh-hvoynyh-i-listvenny -rasteniy -v-ozelenenii-gorodov
2. Gerd Krussman. Izinhlobo ze-coniferous. // M., imboni ye-Timber, 1986, amakhasi angama-257.
3. Ikhathalogi yezwe yezibulala-zinambuzane kanye namakhemikhali e-agrochemicals avunyelwe ukusetshenziswa endaweni ye-Federation kusukela ngoJulayi 6, 2021 // Ministry of Agriculture of the Federation
4. https://mcx.gov.ru/ministry/departments/departament-rastenievodstva-mekhanizatsii-khimizatsii-i-zashchity-rasteniy/industry-information/info-gosudarstvennaya-usluga-po-gosudarstvennoy-registratsii-pestitsidov-i-agrokhimikatov/