I-Calligraphy: imigqa yokuphila

Sesicishe sakhohlwa ukuthi sibhalwa kanjani ngepeni - kulula kakhulu ukuthayipha nokuhlela noma yimuphi umbhalo kukhompuyutha. Uhlobo lwe-epistolary olungasheshi alukwazi ukuncintisana ne-cold and faceless, kodwa i-imeyili esebenzayo futhi elula. Nokho ubuciko basendulo nobungenzeki ngokuphelele be-calligraphy buthola ukuvuselelwa kwangempela.

Ingabe ufuna ukushintsha isigqi, yeka, ugxile kuwena, umphefumulo wakho, imizwa yakho yangaphakathi? Thatha i-calligraphy. Ungazindla ngokubhala imigqa enomthamo ophelele. Futhi ungakwazi ukwenqaba isampula. "Hhayi ukulwela ukwenza umsebenzi wobuciko, kodwa ukusondela eshidini ngesifiso esingacacile kuphela - ukwenza isenzo," kusho umculi kanye nomdwebi we-calligrapher u-Yevgeny Dobrovinsky. “Akuwona umphumela otholakalayo, kodwa inqubo ngokwayo ebalulekile.”

I-Calligraphy ayiwona nje "umbhalo omuhle wesandla", akuwona umbhalo oklanywe ngobuciko, kodwa ubuciko obuhlanganisa ubuciko bengcweti nomlingiswa wakhe, umbono wezwe kanye nokunambitheka kobuciko. Njengakunoma yimuphi ubuciko, umhlangano ubusa lapha. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indawo umbhalo we-calligraphic ungowakho - inkolo, ifilosofi, izinkondlo, into eyinhloko kuyo akukhona okuqukethwe kolwazi, kodwa ukukhanya nokuveza. Kukuphila kwansuku zonke ukuthi ukubhala ngesandla kuyadingeka ngokuyinhloko ukuthi kucace futhi kufundeke - ku-calligraphy, ukufunda kalula kude nento ebaluleke kakhulu.

Umdwebi omkhulu wamaShayina u-Wang Xizhi (303–361) wawuchaza lo mehluko ngale ndlela: “Umbhalo ojwayelekile udinga okuqukethwe; i-calligraphy ifundisa umphefumulo nemizwa, into eyinhloko kuyo ifomu nokuthinta komzimba. "

Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi nge-calligraphy yaseShayina (ibuye isetshenziswe eJapane naseKorea) kanye nesi-Arabhu, okuyinto, ngaphandle kokweqisa, ingabizwa nangokuthi imikhuba engokomoya. Lokhu kusebenza kancane ku-Latin calligraphy.

Izindela zeNkathi Ephakathi ezakopisha iBhayibheli zazuza ikhono elikhulu ekuklanyweni kombhalo, kodwa ukuthuthukiswa kokunyathelisa nokunqoba kombono wezwe othanda izinto ezibonakalayo kwaphoqelela ukuba i-calligraphy isetshenziswe emazweni aseNtshonalanga. Namuhla, i-calligraphy yesiLatini ne-Slavic eyavela kuyo iseduze kakhulu nobuciko bokuhlobisa. “I-calligraphy yesiLatini ingamaphesenti angu-90 ubuhle nesitayela,” kuchaza uYevgeny Bakulin, uthisha we-calligraphy yesiShayina eMoscow Tea Culture Club. "IsiShayina empeleni siwukuqukethwe kwempilo." KumaShayina, ukuqonda “ubuciko bokushaywa unhlangothi” kuyindlela yokuzuza ukuhlakanipha. Empucukweni yama-Arabhu, "ubuciko bomugqa" bungcwele ngokuphelele: umbhalo ubhekwa njengendlela eya ku-Allah. Ukunyakaza kwesandla se-calligrapher kuxhumanisa umuntu nencazelo ephakeme, yaphezulu.

I-calligraphy yamaShayina: impilo iza kuqala

I-hieroglyphs yamaShayina (kusuka kwelesiGrikhi i-hieroglyphoi, "imibhalo engcwele etsheni") ayizithombe ezihleliwe, ngenxa yokuthi imibono ephathelene nezinto nezinto ezenzekayo ezibalulekile kumuntu wanamuhla yehlele kithi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. I-calligrapher yaseShayina ayibhekani nezinhlamvu ezingabonakali, kodwa ngemibono ehlanganisiwe. Ngakho-ke, kusukela emigqeni efanekisela imifudlana yemvula, i-hieroglyph "amanzi" akhiwa. Izimpawu “umuntu” kanye “nomuthi” ndawonye zisho “ukuphumula”.

“Ngaphambi kokuthi ubhale “uqalo”, udinga ukulukhulisa kuwena,” wafundisa imbongi nomdwebi wezinhlamvu uSu Shi (1036–1101). Phela, lokhu ubuciko ngaphandle kwemidwebo kanye nethuba lokulungiswa: umzamo wokuqala uzoba owokugcina ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lokhu ukubonakaliswa okuphezulu kwamandla esikhathi samanje. Umnyakazo ozalwa ngokuzindla, ugqozi kanye nokugxila okujulile.

Isiko lokuzilungiselela linomthelela ekucwilisweni komuntu siqu. “Ngilalela ngokusakaza uyinki, ngikhetha amabhulashi nephepha,” kusho umdwebi wama-calligrapher uFrançois Cheng. Njengakweminye imikhuba yendabuko yamaShayina, ukuze usebenzise i-calligraphy, udinga ukuzwa ukuthi amandla abalulekile e-chi ajikeleza kanjani emzimbeni ukuze uwafafaze ephepheni.

Ukuma kwe-calligrapher kusiza ukunyakaza okungenakuvinjelwa kwamandla: izinyawo ziphansi, amadolo ahlukene kancane, i-back back ayithinti ngemuva kwesihlalo, isisu asiphumuli emaphethelweni etafula, isandla sobunxele silala phansi eshidini, isandla sokudla sibambe ipeni zibheke phezulu.

Encwadini yokufunda ye-calligraphy ethi "Futhi umoya uba uphawu"* UFrancois Chen uchaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-qi, umzimba kanye nomugqa: "Kubalulekile ukubamba isikhathi sokulinganisela phakathi kwengcindezi nokuphumula, lapho ngokukhipha umoya ukunyakaza kugoqa endaweni eyodwa. azulise ukusuka ku-diaphragm phezu kwehlombe ukuya esihlakaleni bese uslayida usuka ichopho lebhulashi : yingakho ukuhamba nokuzwela kwemigqa.

Ku-calligraphy, kubalulekile ukuthi ungadali umbhalo ongenasici, kodwa ukuzwa isigqi sokubhala nokuphefumula impilo ephepheni elimhlophe. Ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala engama-30, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba i-calligrapher enolwazi. Lokhu akuwona “ubuciko ngenxa yobuciko”, kodwa indlela eya ekuhlakanipheni. Kuphela lapho eneminyaka engu-50, esefinyelele ukuvuthwa okungokomoya, umuntu angakwazi ukuqonda incazelo yalo. “Ngokuprakthiza, uphelelisa ingqondo yakho. Isifiso sokudlula nge-calligraphy umuntu ophakeme kunawe ngokomoya siyohluleka,” kufundisa uSu Shi.

I-Arabic calligraphy: master the breath

Masisuke emibhalweni yokubhalwa phansi siye kweyezinhlamvu zesi-Arabhu, sishintshe ibhulashi libe yi-kalam (ipeni lomhlanga), ubuTao siye kwi-Islam. Nakuba i-calligraphy yesi-Arabhu yavela ngaphambi kokufika komphrofethi, ikweleta ukukhula kwayo ekusakazeni iKur'an. Ngenxa yokwenqatshwa kwanoma yiziphi izithombe zikaNkulunkulu njengohlobo lokukhulekela izithombe, umbhalo obhalwe ngesandla wemiBhalo Engcwele usufana nawo obonakalayo, udlala indima yomxhumanisi phakathi kukaNkulunkulu nabantu, uhlobo umuntu aqonda ngalo okwaphezulu. ISurah The Clot (1-5) ithi: “Funda egameni leNkosi yakho … owanikeza ulwazi lomhlanga wokubhala. Wanikeza umuntu ulwazi ngalokho ayengenalo ulwazi ngakho.

I-Calligraphy iyisikole esihle kakhulu sokulalela, lapho isimiso sokulalela intando ka-Allah, ngakho-ke iZwi likaNkulunkulu elivezwe encwadini, lithathwa njengesisekelo. Ukufunda lobu buciko kuyinqubo ende futhi enzima. Ngonyaka wokuqala, abafundi abayithinti i-kalam, kodwa babuke uthisha kuphela. Khona-ke, phakathi nezinyanga, bakhiqiza "alif", okulingana nencwadi yethu "a", okuyibha eqondile. Ubude bayo busebenza njengesisekelo sokudweba isilinganiso, ngaphandle kwalokho ukubhala umbhalo kuyinto engacabangeki.

I-alfabhethi yesi-Arabhu inezinhlamvu ezingama-28 kuphela. Ukuhluka kwe-calligraphy yesi-Arabhu kutholakala emibhalweni eminingi yesandla eyenziwe yaba njenge-canonized, noma izitayela. Kuze kube ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, isitayela sejiyomethri "Kufi", esamukelwa ukubhala ama-suuras eKoran, sasigcwele. U-“naskh” oqinile kanye no-“rika” ohlanganisa amagama asedumile manje.

“Isinyathelo sokuqala siwukufunda ukuthwebula ama-nuances angaphakathi, angabonakali, ukunyakaza okufihlwe embhalweni,” kuchaza u-Hassan Massoudy, umdwebi wombhalo owaziwayo waseYurophu. Umzimba wonke ubambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kombhalo. Kodwa ikhono lokuphefumula libaluleke kakhulu: umdwebi we-calligrapher ngeke azivumele ukuba athathe umoya aze aqedele uhlamvu noma aqedele umugqa. I-Kalam, ebanjwe ngokungaqondile, kufanele ihlangane nesandla, ibe ukuqhubeka kwayo. Kubizwa kanjalo - "ulimi lwesandla", futhi ukuze kube nokuphatha kudinga ubulukhuni futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuguquguquka kwesandla.

Ngaphambi kokusebenza nombhalo weKoran noma umsebenzi wezinkondlo, i-calligrapher igcwele okuqukethwe kwayo. Ufunda umbhalo ngekhanda, futhi ngaphambi kokuthatha ipeni, ukhulula isikhala eduze kwakhe, efinyelela umuzwa wokuthi "konke okuzungezile kunyamalele," kusho uMassoudi. “Uyagxilisa ingqondo, azibone engaphakathi esikhaleni esiyindilinga. Ugqozi lwaphezulu luyambamba lapho ezithola ephakathi nendawo: ngalo mzuzu uvakashelwa ukuqonda, umzimba uphelelwa isisindo, isandla sikhuphuka ngokukhululeka, futhi uyakwazi ukuhlanganisa incazelo eyembulwe kuye encwadini.