Ake siqale sikucacise lokho, noma ngabe isihloko samanje sitholakala kwethi Imihlahlandlela yezokwelapha, ukuzala akunjalo HHAYI ukugula. Izikhungo zokuzalwa zisuselwa kumgomo wokuthi ukubeletha kuyisenzo semvelo somzimba futhi abesifazane abanempilo banemithombo yokwenza izinqumo ezibafanele kulesi simo.

Inhloso yezikhungo zokuzalwa ukuhlinzeka ngendawo yobuchwepheshe efanele engumuntu kanye nomuntu ngamunye, nabasebenzi abakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezingokomzimba, ezingokomzwelo nezingokwengqondo zomama nendilinga yabo yangaphakathi. Ziqondiswe kowesifazane kanye nomndeni, kuyilapho izibhedlela ziqondiswe “esigulini”. Lezi yizikhungo ezincane ezinamakamelo ambalwa kuphela anezinhlamvu zendlu yangasese, kepha zonke izingqalasizinda ezidingekayo zensizakalo yezempilo. Kwesinye isikhathi zibizwa ngezindlu zokuzalwa amasethi ezizimele ukuze bahlukanise nezinkonzo zokubeletha “ezihlukile” (amagumbi okubeletha), asungulwe ezibhedlela ezithile; ngesingisi, siyababiza izikhungo zokuzala ou izikhungo zokuzala.

E-United States, indlu yokuqala yokuzalwa yasungulwa ngo-1975, eNew York; manje sebengaphezu kwekhulu. E-Europe, inhlangano yasungulwa okokuqala eJalimane (ngo-1987), kwase kuba seSwitzerland, e-Austria, eGreat Britain… E-France, izinhlaka zokuhlola, ezifakwe ohlelweni lokubeletha luka-1998, zisalinde ukukhanya okuluhlaza okuvela kuhulumeni. .

EQuebec, okwamanje kunezindlu eziyisikhombisa kulezi. Anamathele kuma-CLSC (izikhungo zesevisi zomphakathi zendawo) ngaphansi kwegunya loMnyango Wezempilo Nezinsizakalo Zezenhlalakahle waseQuebec. Bonke banikeza lezi zinsizakalo ezilandelayo mahhala:

• Ukulandelela okuphelele kokubeletha

     - Ukulandelwa kokubeletha okwenziwe ngezifiso.

     – Ukubeletha (usizo ngesikhathi sokubeletha).

     - Ukulandelwa kukamama kanye nangemuva kokubeletha, kufaka phakathi ukuvakashelwa emakhaya.

• Ukusekelwa ngocingo kwamahora angama-24.
• Imihlangano eqoqiwe yokubeletha.
• Umhlangano ohlanganyelwe wokubeletha
• Isevisi yosizo lokubeletha.
• Isikhungo semibhalo.
• Imininingwane kusihlwa.

Yize, selokhu kwaqala isikhathi, ukubeletha kuhlale kwenzeka ekhaya, phakathi kwabesifazane, umphakathi wezokwelapha emazweni aseNtshonalanga uye wazibamba kancane kancane. EQuebec, kungukusungulwa kwezikhungo ezintsha zomthetho nezemfundo ezilawula ukwelashwa nokuqeqeshwa, ngekhulu le-XNUMXth.^e kwekhulu leminyaka, elimemezela ukunyamalala kancane kancane kwababelethisi. Ngo-1847, umthetho owakha iKolishi Labahlengikazi wabanikeza igunya lokungenelela okwakuzungeze ukubeletha. Kamuva, ukubelethisa kuzoba yingcweti kwezokwelapha. Kusukela ngawo-1960, cishe konke ukuzalwa kwenzeka ezibhedlela.

Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1970, ngezidingo ezifinyelela kude, abesifazane babefuna ukuphinde babe nomthwalo wemfanelo kanye nokulawula izindawo eziningana zempilo yabo, kuhlanganise nokubeletha. Umsebenzi wososayensi abathile besintu, njengodokotela wokubelethisa ongumFulentshi uFrédéric Leboyer (umbhali we Okokuzalwa ngaphandle kodlame) kube nesandla esikhulu ekwenzeni le ndlela ibe semthethweni.

Ebhekene nokucindezela komphakathi futhi ngenxa yenkani yababelethisi abathile ukuba benze umsebenzi wabo, uhulumeni waseQuebec, ngo-1990, wamukela uMthetho ohlonipha umkhuba wokuba ababelethisi njengengxenye yemiklamo yokuhlola. Ngo-1999, isiGungu sikaZwelonke savotela ukwamukela uMthethosivivinywa wama-28 mayelana nomkhuba wababelethisi, owawugunyaza umthethosisekelo wesimiso sobungcweti omalungu awo ayezothola umsebenzi wokwenza okukhethekile futhi owawuzobuswa yiKhodi yobungcweti.¹

Elungeloni lokusebenzela ababelethisi kuvela elinye ilungelo, eliyisisekelo ngokwamaqembu amaningi engcindezi, lelo labesifazane nemindeni lokukhetha indawo yokuzalwa kwengane yabo. EQuebec, ukuzalwa kwasekhaya okuhambisana nombelethisi kuvunyelwe ngumthetho kusukela ngoMeyi 2004.¹⁰

Ukufinyelela ezikhungweni zokubelethela kugcinelwe amaklayenti angenazo izingcuphe ezithile, ukukhulelwa kwawo kuqhubeka ngendlela evamile futhi isidingo sokungenelela ngosizo lwezokwelapha ngesikhathi sokubeletha noma sokubeletha esingabonwa kusengaphambili (okungukuthi, iningi labesifazane). Ngokusho kokuhlanganiswa kocwaningo lwaseMelika, indlela yokukhetha eyenziwa izikhungo zokuzala ivumela abesifazane abakhulelwe okuvamile ukuba bagweme imikhuba yokubelethisa eyenzelwe ukukhulelwa okuyingozi kakhulu.². Uma kungenasidingo, le mikhuba ingaphazamisa ukulethwa okubushelelezi nokuthula kokubeletha.

Kuleli khasimende, ucwaningo lwaseMelika lubonise ukuthi izikhungo zokuzalwa ziphephe okungenani njengezibhedlela. Lolu cwaningo, olushicilelwe ngabakwa INew England Journal yeMedecine ngo-1989, kwenziwa ezikhungweni zokubeletha ezingama-84 lapho abesifazane abangu-11 babelethe khona³; ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokwaneliseka kwamakhasimende ahlolwe lifinyelele ku-98%.

Ocwaningweni olwalandela lokuqhathanisa, olwenziwa phakathi kwaleli qembu kanye nabesifazane abakhulelwe abasengozini ephansi aba-2 ababelethela esibhedlela, abacwaningi baphawule ukuthi labo ababeletha esibhedlela maningi amathuba okuthi bathole ukunakekelwa kohlobo lokungenelela, ngaphandle kwanoma yikuphi 'Lokhu kubangela izinzuzo kubo. noma izingane zabo.⁴

Ocwaningweni lwayo lokuhlola ngesikhathi kusungulwa izikhungo zokubelethisa, uhulumeni waseQuebec ukuqinisekisile ukuthi izinkinga ezithile zingancishiswa ngenxa yohlobo lokugadwa olunikezwa izikhungo zokubeletha, kufaka phakathi ukungakhuli ngaphambi kwesikhathi nokuzalwa kwezingane ezincane. isisindo. Uphinde waphawula ukuthi umkhuba wababelethisi ungaba nemiphumela ezuzisayo, njengokuncipha kokungenelela kokubelethisa ngesikhathi sangaphambi nesesibelethweni (ama-ultrasound ambalwa, ukuphuka okuzenzela kolwelwesi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-oxytocics, i-cesarean section, i-forceps, i-episiotomies nezinyembezi ze-perineal okwe-3^e futhi 4^e degree, phakathi kwabanye)⁵.

Ngokocwaningo oluthile, izinga lokufa liphansi nakakhulu ezikhungweni zokubelethela kunasezibhedlela, eqenjini labesifazane abakhulelwe okuvamile.⁶

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezifundo eziyisithupha (okubandakanya abesifazane abangaba ngu-9) okwenziwa ngama-000 yiYunivesithi yaseToronto, nokho, akuzange kuveze noma yikuphi ukwehla kokufa esikhungweni sokuzalwa. Ngokuqondene nezinye izinzuzo ezibonakalayo kulo mongo, umbhali uthi zingabangelwa ukunakwa okwandayo kwamakhasimende nabanakekeli ngezimpawu zokuxwayisa zezinkinga.⁷

• Ngenxa yokukhula kwabo, izifo ezithile ezifana nesifo sikashukela, noma ukukhulelwa okunzima kwangaphambilini, abanye besifazane (ngaphansi kuka-10%) abakwazi ukwamukelwa esikhungweni sokuzalwa. Ababelethisi baqeqeshelwa ukubona ukukhulelwa okuyingozi kakhulu.

EQuebec, njengamanje kunezikhungo zokuzalwa eziyisithupha, ngaphezu kwePovungnituk Maternity. Izinsizakalo zabo zimbozwe uhlelo lomshuwalense wezempilo, njengalezo zezikhungo zesibhedlela. Banikela ngolwazi kusihlwa. Ngezindlu zaseYurophu, ungathola imininingwane kumawebhusayithi amaningi. Bona ngezansi.

Indawo enokuthula nejabulisayo lapho, ngaphezu kwamagumbi okulala, kukhona ihholo lomphakathi, ihhovisi lokubonisana, isikhungo semibhalo (ukuncelisa ibele, ukudla okunomsoco, ukusebenza kwengqondo, ukugoma, njll.), ikhishi nendawo yokudlala yezingane. Ukudla nokudla okulula kulungiselelwa abasebenzi.

Umbelethisi unesibopho sokulandelela kusukela ekuqaleni kokukhulelwa kuze kube ngemva kokuzalwa kwengane; umbelethisi wesibili uyamsiza ngesikhathi ebeletha futhi amnikeze imihlangano yokulandelela ngemva kokubeletha. Isamba semihlangano eyi-12 kuya kweyi-15 yemizuzu cishe engama-45, njalo inabantu abajwayelene nabalaziyo ifayela.

Oshade naye (noma omunye umuntu) angaya kuzo zonke izigaba; abantu abangaphezu koyedwa bangase babe khona ekuzalweni.

Ukubeletha kwenzeka ekamelweni elinethezekile nelisondelene elifakwe izinto ezidingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kukamama nengane. Kuhlanganisa futhi: igumbi lokugezela eligcwele, umbhede ophindwe kabili, uhlelo lwe-stereo, ucingo, njll.

Owesifazane unokuzikhethela okukhulu kwezikhundla zokubeletha.

Ukuqapha inqubekelaphambili yomsebenzi ngesikhathi sokubeletha kwenziwa ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso eziqashelwayo ezikhungweni zokubelethisa futhi ngokuhambisana nemithethonqubo ephathelene nezingozi zokubeleka kanye nezinsana.

Uma kuba nezinkinga, umbelethisi ugunyaziwe ukuba angenelele; angacela ukubonisana nodokotela noma ahlele ukudluliselwa esikhungweni esibhedlela ngokushesha nangokuphepha. Esimweni sokudluliswa, umbelethisi uhamba nomama nengane futhi uhlala enesibopho sokunakekelwa kuze kufike ukwelashwa.

Imizuzu elandela ukuzalwa iphawulwa ukugadwa okuzolile, imfudumalo nobuhlakani umbelethisi ohlala okungenani amahora amathathu endaweni yesigameko ngemva kokufika komntwana ukuze aqaphe isimo sempilo yakhe kanye nesikamama, futhi asize ekunceliseni ibele lokuqala. . Ngemva kwalokho, isisebenzi sokubeletha sinikeza ukusekelwa okudingekayo ngesikhathi sonke sokuhlala (kusuka emahoreni ayisithupha kuya kwangama-24, kuye ngecala).

E-Quebec, selokhu kwamukelwa uMthethosivivinywa 28 mayelana nokusebenza kwababelethisi, yiNyuvesi yaseQuebec e-Trois-Rivières (UQTR) ehlinzeka ngohlelo lwe-baccalaureate emisebenzini yokubelethisa, ukuqeqeshwa kweminyaka emine.⁸.

Ukuze ube nelungelo lokuzilolonga, ababelethisi baseQuebec kudingeka babe yi-oda lochwepheshe, i-Order of Midwives of Quebec (OSFQ)⁹.

Bonke ababelethisi abanelayisensi yokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi baye bahlolwa ikomiti lokungena emsebenzini ngokubambisana neLaval University Health Science Assessment Center. Bangaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu ukuzilolongela endaweni yaseQuebec.

Brabant Isabelle. Ukuzalwa okujabulisayo, Éditions Saint-Martin, 1991. Uhlelo olusha olubuyekeziwe futhi lwabuyekezwa: 2001.

Incwadi egcwele inhliziyo nobuhlakani ebhalwe omunye wabo abaholi yenhlangano yokuqashelwa ababelethisi eQuebec, ngezithombe ezinhle ezimnyama nezimhlophe.

U-Grégoire Lysane no-St-Amant Stéphanie (Dir). Enhliziyweni yokuzalwa: ubufakazi nemicabango mayelana nokubeletha, Editions du remue-household, Canada, 2004.

Abazali balandisa ngokuzalwa kwezingane zabo ngokubeletha ngokwemvelo esibhedlela, esikhungweni sokuzalwa noma ekhaya. Izindaba ezinothile nezithinta inhliziyo, ezihlanganiswe nolwazi olubhebhethekisa inkulumo-mpikiswano ngokwelashwa kokubeletha. a kumele kubazali bakusasa.

Frederic Leboyer. Okokuzalwa ngaphandle kodlame, The Threshold, 1974.

I-classic enhle evumela abazali ukuthi baqonde imizwa nokushintsha kwenkundla ingane esanda kuzalwa ikuthola ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, nokulungiselela ukubeletha ngokufanele. Kuboniswe kahle.

Vadeboncoeur uHelen. Omunye ukuhlinzwa? Cha ngiyabonga, Quebec-America, ngo-1989.

Le ncwadi ikhuluma ngokuzalwa kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane ngemuva kokuhlinzwa (i-VBAC). Kubonisa ukuthi bonke abesifazane abaye bahlinzwa ngokuhlinzwa bangazama ukubeletha ngokwemvelo. Igcwele ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezibalo, iqukethe nobufakazi obungaba ngamashumi amabili obuvela kwabesifazane noma izithandani eziye zahlangabezana ne-VBAC.

Isayithi lePérinatalité.info (www.perinatalite.info) linikeza esigabeni salo Ukuze ufunde kabanzi isichasiselo esicebile nesithakazelisayo sezincwadi namavidiyo. Bheka futhi ikhathalogi yetimu yezincwadi zePasseportSanté.net.

Izikhungo Zokuzalwa Ku-inthanethi

Isiza esihle kakhulu se-American Association of Birthing Centers, ikakhulukazi esicacisiwe.

www.birthcenters.org

UDoulas - Sekela ukuzalwa

Isayithi leqembu lokuqala laseFrance lama-doulas. U-doula ungowesifazane ogama lakhe ukusiza omunye wesifazane kanye neqembu lakhe ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, sokubeletha nangesikhathi sokubeletha, ngenxa yesipiliyoni sakhe nokuqeqeshwa kwakhe. Kodwa-ke, akayena umbelethisi.

doulas.info

I-Nourri-Source Quebec Federation

Ulwazi mayelana nokuncelisa ibele kanye nenethiwekhi yamavolontiya “abeluleki bokuncelisa ibele”.

www.nourri-source.org

Isikhungo sokuzalwa saseMimosa

Isiza esihle kakhulu sendlu okuwukuphela kwayo endaweni yaseQuebec City. Kukhona ulwazi oluningi kanye nezixhumanisi lapho.

mimosa.qc.ca

Naissance.ws

Ingosi yolwazi ngokwenzekayo mayelana nokuzalwa emazweni akhuluma isiFulentshi. Iqukethe umkhombandlela wenhlangano eminingi.

www.fraternet.org

Ababelethisi be-NPO

Inhlangano yababelethisi baseFrance abasebenza ukumisa izikhungo zokubeletha. Isifinyezo sabo simele i-Neurosciences and Psychology at the service of Obstetrics.

www.sinmampXNUMXa.org

Ukuzalwa okujabulisayo

Isiza sase-French esisesikhathini samanje esinolwazi oluningi, amakheli nezixhumanisi.

www.chez.com

Iqembu le-Birth-Renaissance

Le nhlangano yaseQuebec yolwazi, ukuqeqeshwa, imfundo kanye nocwaningo mayelana nokunakekelwa kokubeletha sekuneminyaka eminingi isebenza kakhulu. Ihlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi.

www.nizaXNUMXnhsinkukhali.qc.ca

Inethiwekhi yaseQuebec yababelethi

Isethulo esiphelele nesimibalabala samasevisi ahlinzekwa abantu abahambisana nalesi sihloko: usizo lokubeletha, ngemva kokubeletha nokubeletha, iseluleko sazo zonke izinhlobo, ukwesekwa kokuncelisa, ukwabelana ngemizwa, nokunye okuningi.

www.siphendo.ca