Iyini i-biofuel nezinhlobo zayo
Ama-biofuels akhona ngezindlela ezintathu: uketshezi, okuqinile kanye negesi. Okuqinile ukhuni, sawdust, umquba omisiwe. Uketshezi luyi-bioalcohols (i-ethyl, i-methyl ne-butyl, njll.) kanye ne-biodiesel. I-gaseous fuel i-hydrogen ne-methane ekhiqizwa ukuvutshelwa kwezitshalo nomquba. Izitshalo eziningi zingacutshungulwa zibe uphethiloli, njenge-rapeseed, ubhontshisi wesoya, i-canola, i-jatropha, njll. Amafutha emifino ahlukahlukene nawo afanelekile kulezi zinhloso: ukhukhunathi, isundu, i-castor. Zonke ziqukethe inani elanele lamafutha, elikuvumela ukuthi wenze uphethiloli ngazo. Muva nje, ososayensi bathole ulwelwe olukhula emachibini angasetshenziswa ukwenza i-biodiesel. UMnyango Wezamandla wase-US ulinganisela ukuthi ichibi elingamamitha ayishumi ngamamitha angamashumi amane elitshalwe ulwelwe lingakhiqiza imiphongolo kawoyela wemvelo efika ku-3570. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, i-10% yezwe lase-US elinikezwe amachibi anjalo likwazi ukunikeza zonke izimoto zaseMelika ngophethiloli unyaka wonke. Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe babulungele ukusetshenziswa eCalifornia, eHawaii naseNew Mexico ekuqaleni kuka-2000, kodwa ngenxa yamanani aphansi kawoyela, kwahlala kusesimweni sephrojekthi.
Izindaba ze-Biofuel
Uma ubheka esikhathini esidlule saseRussia, khona-ke ungathola ngokuzumayo ukuthi ngisho nase-USSR, ama-biofuels emifino asevele asetshenziswa. Isibonelo, ngeminyaka yama-30s, uphethiloli wendiza wengezwa nge-biofuel (bioethanol). I-rocket yokuqala ye-Soviet R-1 yagijima ngengxube ye-oxygen nesisombululo esinamanzi se-ethyl alcohol. Phakathi neMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, amaloli e-Polutorka awazange afakwe uphethiloli, owawushoda, kodwa nge-biogas ekhiqizwa ama-generator igesi ephathwayo. EYurophu, ngezinga lezimboni, ama-biofuels aqala ukukhiqizwa ngo-1992. Eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalombili kamuva, kwase kunezimboni ezingaba ngamakhulu amabili ezikhiqiza amathani ayizigidi ezingu-16 ze-biodiesel, ngo-2010 zase zikhiqiza amalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-19. I-Russia ayikwazi ukuziqhayisa ngamavolumu okukhiqizwa kwe-biodiesel yaseYurophu, kodwa ezweni lethu kunezinhlelo ze-biofuel e-Altai naseLipetsk. Ngo-2007, i-biodiesel yaseRussia esekelwe ku-rapeseed yahlolwa ezitimeleni zikadizili zeVoronezh-Kursk South-Eastern Railway, kulandela imiphumela yokuhlolwa, abaholi beRussia Railways bazwakalise isifiso sabo sokuyisebenzisa esikalini sezimboni.
Emhlabeni wanamuhla, amazwe amakhulu angaphezu kweshumi nambili asevele ethuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ama-biofuels. E-Sweden, isitimela esihamba nge-biogas sigijima njalo sisuka edolobheni lase-Jönköping siya e-Västervik, sekuyingqopha-mlando, okuwukuphela kokuzisola ukuthi igesi yaso yenziwa ngodoti wendlu yokulashelwa yendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-Jönköping, iningi lamabhasi namaloli kadoti asebenzisa i-biofuel.
E-Brazil, ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwe-bioethanol kumoba kuyathuthukiswa. Ngenxa yalokho, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yezokuthutha kuleli zwe isebenzisa amafutha ahlukile. Futhi eNdiya, ama-biofuels asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezikude ukuze kuphehlwe ugesi ohlinzeka ngogesi emiphakathini emincane. E-China, i-biofuel yezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi yenziwa ngotshani berayisi, futhi e-Indonesia naseMalaysia yenziwa ngokhukhunathi nezihlahla zesundu, lezi zitshalo ezitshalwe kuzo ngokukhethekile ezindaweni ezinkulu. E-Spain, kuthuthukiswa inkambiso yakamuva yokukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel: amapulazi asolwandle akhulisa ulwelwe olukhula ngokushesha olucutshungulwa lube uphethiloli. Futhi e-USA, uphethiloli onamafutha wendiza wathuthukiswa eNyuvesi yaseNyakatho Dakota. Benza okufanayo eNingizimu Afrika, bethula iphrojekthi ye-Waste to Wing, lapho bezokwenza khona uphethiloli wendiza ngemfucumfucu yezitshalo, basekelwa yi-WWF, Fetola, SkyNRG.
Izinzuzo zama-biofuels
· Ukubuyiswa ngokushesha kwezinto ezingavuthiwe zokukhiqiza. Uma kuthatha amakhulu eminyaka ukwenza uwoyela, kusho ukuthi kuthatha iminyaka eminingana ukuthi izitshalo zikhule.
· Ukuphepha Kwemvelo. I-biofuel icutshungulwa ngokwemvelo cishe ngokuphelele; esikhathini esingangenyanga, ama-microorganisms ahlala emanzini nasenhlabathini ayakwazi ukukuhlakaza kube izakhi eziphephile.
· Yehlisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Izimoto ze-biofuel zikhipha i-CO2 engaphansi kakhulu. Empeleni, bakhipha ncamashi njengoba nje isitshalo sawumunca lapho sikhula.
Ukuphepha okwanele. Ama-biofuels adinga ukuba ngaphezu kuka-100°C ukuze okhele, okuwenza aphephe.
Izingozi ze-biofuels
· Ubuthaka bamandla kagesi. Ama-Bioethanols kanye ne-biodiesel angagcinwa isikhathi esingekho ngaphezu kwezinyanga ezintathu ngenxa yokubola kancane kancane.
Ukuzwela emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ebusika, kuyadingeka ukushisa i-liquid biofuel, ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke isebenze.
· Ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo ezivundile. Isidingo sokunikeza umhlaba omuhle wokutshalwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwe-biofuels, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe umhlaba wokulima.
Kungani kungekho biofuel eRussia
I-Russia iyizwe elikhulu elinezinqolobane ezinkulu zamafutha, igesi, amalahle namahlathi abanzi, ngakho-ke akekho ozothuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obunjalo ngezinga elikhulu okwamanje. Amanye amazwe, njengeSweden, angenazo izinqolobane ezinjalo zemithombo yemvelo, azama ukusebenzisa kabusha imfucumfucu yemvelo, enze uphethiloli ngayo. Kepha kunezingqondo ezikhanyayo ezweni lakithi ezethula amaphrojekthi okulinga ukukhiqizwa kwama-biofuels ezitshalweni, futhi lapho kuphakama isidingo, azokwethulwa kakhulu.
Isiphetho
Isintu sinemibono kanye nama-prototypes asebenzayo kaphethiloli kanye nobuchwepheshe bamandla obuzosivumela ukuthi siphile futhi sithuthuke ngaphandle kokuqeda izinsiza ezingaphansi komhlaba futhi ngaphandle kokungcolisa imvelo. Kodwa ukuze lokhu kube ngokoqobo, isifiso esijwayelekile sabantu siyadingeka, kuyadingeka ukushiya umbono ojwayelekile wabathengi beplanethi enguMhlaba futhi uqale ukuhlalisana ngokuzwana nezwe langaphandle.