I-amoeba iyi-parasite ejikeleza ngokukhululeka endaweni futhi ikakhulukazi emanzini angcolile. Ezinye zazo zanda emgudwini wokugaya ukudla komuntu. Uma iningi le-amoeba lingenabungozi, ezinye ziyimbangela yezifo eziyingozi kwesinye isikhathi. Sithatha isitokwe.

I-amoeba isidalwa esiphilayo esineseli elilodwa le-eukaryotic esiyingxenye yeqembu lama-rhizopod. Njengesikhumbuzo, amangqamuzana e-eukaryotic abonakala ngokuba khona kwe-nucleus nama-organelles aqukethe izinto zofuzo futhi ahlukaniswe neseli lonke ngolwelwesi lwe-phospholidic.

I-Amoeba ine-pseudopodia, okungukuthi izandiso ze-cytoplasmic zesikhashana zokuzulazula nokubamba inyamazane. Ngempela, ama-amoeba angama-heterotrophic protozoa: abamba ezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuze zondle nge-phagocytosis.

Iningi lama-amoeba yizinto eziphilayo ezikhululekile: zingaba khona kuzo zonke izingxenye zemvelo. Bayazazisa izindawo ezinomswakama, ikakhulukazi amanzi afudumele ahlanzekile izinga lokushisa lawo lisukela ku-25 ° C kuya ku-40 ° C. Nokho, kunenani lama-amoebae enza i-parasitize umgudu womuntu wokugaya ukudla. Iningi lama-amoeba aliyona i-pathogenic.

Amanye ama-amoeba afakwe emgudwini wokugaya ukudla kwabantu kuyilapho amanye atholakala endaweni esizungezile. Inombolo encane kuphela ye-amoeba i-pathogenic.

Lawa ma-amoeba avame ukutholakala ekuhlolweni kwe-parasitology kwesitulo. Ukuba khona kwazo kubonisa ukungcola okuhlobene nobungozi bendle, kodwa ngokuvamile azinangozi. Phakathi kokugcina, sithola i-amoeba yohlobo:

• Entamoeba (hartmanni, coli, polecki, dispar);
• Endolimax nana;
• Iadamoeba (pseudolimax) bütschlii;
• i-Dientamoeba fragilis;
• njll

I-Amebiasis, i-meningitis, i-encephalitis, i-keratitis, i-pneumo-bronchitis, njll., lezi zifo zingabangelwa i-amoeba evame ukuba khona emanzini noma ekudleni okungcoliswe indle. Lezi pathologies ezingathi sína zihlala zingavamile. Ezaziwa kakhulu i-amebiasis yamathumbu, i-meningoencephalitis ka-Naegleria Fowleri kanye ne-Acanthamoeba keratitis.

I-intestinal amibiase (amœbose)

I-Amebiasis yisifo esibi sokugaya ukudla kanye nesibindi esibangelwa I-Entamoeba histolytica, i-amoeba yamathumbu kuphela yohlobo lwe-Entamoeba ekwazi ukuhlasela izicubu futhi ibhekwa njenge-pathogenic.

I-Amebiasis ingesinye sezifo ezintathu eziyinhloko ze-parasitic ezibangela ukugula emhlabeni (ngemuva kwe-malaria kanye ne-bilharzia). I-Amebiasis ivame kakhulu indawo eshisayo neyendawo eshisayo. Amafomu anezimpawu kakhulu atholakala ikakhulukazi eNdiya, eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, e-Afrika naseMelika eshisayo.

Ukutheleleka kuvame kakhulu ku izingane futhi ikakhulukazi emazweni anezinga eliphansi lemishini yenhlanzeko ehlangene (amazwe athuthukile kancane). Emazweni anezimboni, kuthinta kakhulu abahambi kusuka endaweni enokusabalala okukhulu kwesifo.

Ukungcola kwenzeka ngomlomo, ngokungenisa ukudla noma amanzi angcolile (izithelo nemifino) noma ngeumxhumanisi wezandla ezingcolile. Ukusatshalaliswa kwenziwa ngama-cysts aqinile aqukethwe ezindleni ezingcolisa imvelo yangaphandle.

Ubukhulu besifo bubangelwa i-pathogenicity ethize ye-parasite kanye nekhono layo lokusabalala ezicutshini, ikakhulukazi isibindi.

I-Meningoencephalitis ebangelwa Naegleria Fowleri

La i-meningoencephalitis ngenxa yeNaegleria Fowleriayivamile: kusukela ngo-1967, sekukonke, amacala angu-196 kuphela e-meningoencephalitis ahlonziwe emhlabeni, akuwona wonke axhunyaniswa nale amoeba.

Ukungcola kwenzeka ngokuhogela amanzi angcolile (isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokubhukuda).

Amanzi ashisayo akhishelwa ezansi nomfula asuka ezimbonini, ikakhulukazi iziteshi zikagesi, asengozini enkulu. Qaphela ukuthi izingane ziyizikhonzi ezikhethwayo ze-amoeba.

I-amoeba ingena ngolwelwesi lwamakhala ukuze ifinyelele ebuchosheni bese ikhula lapho. Isifo esibangelwa uNaegleria Fowleri siphumela ekuvuvukeni kobuchopho (meningoencephalitis). Izimpawu ezivame kakhulu yilezi:

• ikhanda;
• ukungakhululeki;
• ukudlikizela;
• ukozela;
• kwesinye isikhathi ukungahlaliseki okungajwayelekile.

Lesi sifo singabulala uma singatholakalanga.

I-Acanthamoeba keratitis

Ukuvuvukala kwe-cornea okubangelwa i-amoeba Acanthamoeba, evame ukutholakala enhlabathini, enhlabathini nasemanzini (kokubili emanzini olwandle kanye namanzi ompompi noma lawo amachibi okubhukuda, njll.). I-Acanthamoeba izethula ezifundeni ezimbili: esimweni se-trophozoite kanye nesimo se-cystic, lesi sakamuva simelana nezimo ezibucayi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphila kwayo.

Ezimweni ezingu-80%, lesi sifo sithinta abagqoka lens yokuxhumana. Ngempela, lokhu kwakamuva kubangela ukucasuka futhi kuhlukanise imbobo lapho i-amoebae ingaphindaphinda khona. Ama-20% asele akhathaza izakhamuzi zezifunda ezinesimo sezulu esomile.

I-inoculation yenziwa ngokufaka ku-cornea cysts exhunywe ngomunwe ongcolile, i-lens yokuxhumana engahlanjululwa ngokwanele noma ehlanjululwe, amanzi, into ebuthuntu (i-blade yotshani, i-splint yokhuni, njll.) , umoya othulile, njll.

Ukuqala kwalesi keratitis kubonakala ukuzwa okubuhlungu komzimba wangaphandle ngokuklebhula, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nge-photophobia. Ububomvu bamehlo, ukuphunguka kokubona kahle, nokuqunjelwa kwejwabu leso kuvamile. Lapho ukwelashwa kungaqalwa ngesikhathi futhi / noma kubonakala kungasebenzi, ukuqhubekela phambili okujulile kwe-amoebae kuyaqhubeka nokulimala kwegumbi elingaphambili, bese kuba yigumbi elingemuva, i-retina futhi ekugcineni sibona ezimweni ezinzima ama-metastases ebuchosheni noma ngomzila we-hematogenous. noma ngomzila wemizwa (egudla i-optic nerve).

Ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kufanele njalo kwengezwe ngamasampula uma kusolwa i-amoeba.

I-intestinal amibiase (amœbose)

Okokuqala nje, ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kubeka udokotela endleleni efanele. Indlela esetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa incike endaweni yokutheleleka:

Ukutheleleka kwamathumbu

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-stool microscopic kanye ne-enzyme immunoassay esitokisini;
• Sesha i-DNA ye-parasite esitulweni kanye/noma nokuhlolwa kwe-serological.

Ukutheleleka ngaphandle kwamathumbu

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging kanye ne-serological noma ukuhlolwa kokwelapha kwe-amebicide.

I-Meningoencephalitis e-Naegleria Fowleri

• Ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba;
• Ukuhlolwa kwezithombe, njenge-computed tomography (CT) kanye ne-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), kwenziwa ukuze kukhishwe ezinye izimbangela zokutheleleka kobuchopho, kodwa azikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-amoeba inesibopho;
• Ukubhoboza i-Lumbar kanye nokuhlaziywa koketshezi lwe-cerebrospinal kuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa;
• Amanye amasu angenziwa kumalabhorethri akhethekile futhi maningi amathuba okuthi athole i-amoeba. Lokhu kunjalo, isibonelo, nge-biopsy yezicubu zobuchopho.

I-Acanthamoeba keratitis

• Ukuhlolwa kanye nesiko le-corneal scrapings;
• Ukuxilongwa kuqinisekiswa ngokuhlola i-surface biopsy ye-cornea, egcotshwe nge-Giemsa noma i-trichrome, nangokuyihlakulela emithonjeni yezindaba ekhethekile.

Ama-pathologies abangelwa i-amoeba ngokuvamile adinga ukwelashwa ngokushesha ukuze agweme izinkinga. Imithi yokwelapha ngokuvamile ingeyezokwelapha (ama-antiamibiens, ama-antifungal, ama-antibiotic, njll.) futhi ngezinye izikhathi okokuhlinzwa.

I-Amibiase yamathumbu

Ukwelashwa kuhlanganisa ukuphathwa kwe-antiamoebic ehlakazekayo kanye ne-antiamoebic "yothintana naye". Ukuvimbela i-amebiasis ngokuyisisekelo kusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwemithetho yenhlanzeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye neqoqo. Uma kungekho ukwesekwa, ukubikezelwa kusalokhu kufiphele.

I-Amebic meningoencephalitis e-Naegleria Fowleri

Lesi simo sivame ukubulala. Odokotela bavame ukusebenzisa inhlanganisela yezidakamizwa eziningana, okuhlanganisa: I-Miltefosine neyodwa noma ngaphezulu kwezidakamizwa ezilandelayo: i-amphotericin B, i-rifampicin, i-fluconazole noma izidakamizwa ezihlobene ezifana ne-voriconazole, i-ketoconazole, i-itraconazole, i-azithromycin, njll.

I-Acanthamoeba keratitis

Ukwelashwa kunamathuba amaningana:

• imikhiqizo yokwelapha efana ne-propamidine isethionate (emathonsini esweni), i-hexomedine, i-itraconazole;
• izinqubo zokuhlinza ezifana ne-keratoplasty noma i-cryotherapy.