Igama elithi alcohol alcohol liyibizo elidalwe ngekhulu lamashumi amabili futhi liqukethe igama lotshwala elifakwe kulo isijobelelo -emia, esivela esiGrekini haima, esisho igazi. Izinga lotshwala ngakho-ke lembula ubukhona botshwala be-ethyl egazini. Izinga lotshwala, noma izinga lotshwala egazini, kukalwa ngamagremu ilitha ngalinye legazi. Isimemezelo sangomhla ka-Agasti 29, 1995 sehlisa izinga eliphezulu lotshwala egazini eligunyazwe ukushayela ku-0,5 g / L.

Lapho othile edinga ukuba sendleleni, kubalulekile ukuthi ahlole izinga lakhe lotshwala ngaphambi kokungena esondweni. Ukushayela uphuze utshwala kuyimbangela yesibili yokufa kwabantu emigwaqeni. Eqenjini leminyaka engama-35-44, ikakhulukazi, izici zotshwala nezidakamizwa zimelwe ngokweqile: utshwala bukule ngxenye yabantu lapho kuvela khona izingozi ezingama-25%. Uma kwenzeka kwephulwa utshwala egazini, kepha futhi lapho umshayeli efuna ukuthatha ilayisense entsha ngemuva kokukhansela, noma ukuyibuyisa ngemuva kokumiswa, kuyenzeka ukuthi kuhlolwe igazi. 

Kuphoqelekile ukuthi ube ne-breathalyzer emotweni yakho. Ngakho-ke kuyindlela ekhethwayo ukuze wazi ukuthi ukulungele yini ukushayela ngemuva kokuphuza utshwala. Kukhona, noma kunjalo, uma ungenalo lolu vivinyo, ifomula yezibalo ukuyibala, ngokuya ngesisindo nobulili: 

• Okowesilisa: (V * T * 0,8) / (0,7 * M)
• Okowesifazane: (V * T * 0,8) / (0,6 * M)

Kulezi zindlela ezimbili:

• V ihambelana nevolumu ephuzile, ku-mL;
• T yizinga lotshwala ngamaphesenti (kubhiya ngo-5 °, kuzoba ngu-0,05%);
• I-0,8 ifana nobuningi botshwala;
• I-0,7 noma i-0,6 yi-coefficient yokusabalalisa kuye ngokuthi umuntu uyindoda noma owesifazane;
• UM umele isisindo ku-kg.

Ukubala kalula, ungagcina ngokuzithandela ishidi le-Excel ku-smartphone yakho. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula, ezivumela ukubala izinga lotshwala egazini, nazo zikhona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-breathalyzer ilinganisa izinga lotshwala emoyeni ophumayo.

Ngenkathi i-breathalyzerzer isetshenziswa kuphela ukuthola izinga lotshwala egazini ngaphandle kokulinganisa izinga eliqondile lotshwala, ukuqinisekiswa kwezinga eliqondile lotshwala egazini kungenziwa ngesampula segazi nokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwegazi kungenziwa ngezinhloso zokwelashwa noma ze-forensic. 

Lokhu kuhlolwa kwe-biology yezokwelapha kusetshenziselwa ukuthola ukuthi ngabe umuntu ubuphuzile yini utshwala, nokukala inani elikhona emzimbeni. 

• Kuyabuzwa lapho isiguli sisolwa ngokudakwa kwe-ethyl, ikakhulukazi uma siveza izimpawu;
• Kuyadingeka futhi lapho umuntu esolwa ngokwephula umthetho ngokuphuza utshwala, noma ngokuhambisana nokuthungathwa kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni;

• Izinga eliphezulu eligunyazwe ngumthetho lapho ushayela ngu 0,5 amagremu ngelitha ngalinye legazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi kwezimo eziningana, njengesikhathi sokuhlolwa noma ukushayela okuhambisanayo, leli zinga eliphakeme eligunyaziwe lotshwala lisethwe kulo 0,2 g / L wegazi. 

Ekugcineni, kunezimo ezimbili ezibalulekile lapho kudingeka khona isilinganiso sotshwala egazini:

• Unayo izinhloso zokwelashwa : ubukhona noma ukungabikho kotshwala kungasiza ekuchazeni izimpawu ezithile ezikhona ezigulini, futhi kuvumele ukwelashwa okuhle, ngokwesibonelo. I-Medical BAC ingacelwa uma isiguli siveza ngezimpawu ezikhombisa ukusikisela ngotshwala obunzima noma obungapheli;
• Ngezinhloso forensic Izinga lotshwala egazini lobulelesi liyacelwa uma umuntu obandakanyekayo ebandakanyeka engozini yemoto noma yasemsebenzini, noma esimweni sokwenza udlame olubhekiswe kwabanye, uma kwenzeka kuba nomsolwa wokufa. Amaphoyisa kanye ne-gendarmerie, ikakhulukazi, bavame ukwenza izivivinyo zotshwala egazini emigwaqeni. 

Ngokuqondile, ukuhlolwa kwegazi kwenza ukuthi kube lula ukukala ngokunembile izinga le-ethanol, kepha futhi kungasiza ekuhloleni ukusetshenziswa kotshwala ngenxa yezimpawu ezithile zebhayoloji.

I-Ethanol, noma i-ethyl alcohol, ingalinganiswa ngesampula segazi nasemoyeni ophefumulayo. Okokugcina kufanele kuhlaziywe ngokushesha.

Umoya okhipha umoya

Isampuli yomoya ekhishiwe itholakala ngokushaya. I-breathalyzerzer iyithuluzi lokuphela komthetho lokukala izinga eliqondile emoyeni okhishiwe ukuze kuthathwe izinyathelo zomthetho. Isetshenziswa ngamaphoyisa kanye nama-gendarmes futhi kufanele ithembeke, inembe, futhi ilandele i-AFNOR NF X 20 701 ejwayelekile. Ukuze isivivinyo sisebenze, le breathalyzer kufanele ihlolwe kanye ngonyaka. Kuyithuluzi lokulinganisa elisungula ukugxila kwe-ethanol emoyeni ophefumulayo ngokususelwa ekuqhathaniseni imikhuhlane emibili ekhanyayo. 

Uma kwenzeka ukuthi kukhona ukungakwazi ukuphefumula ngokomzimba noma ngesikhathi sokulimala komzimba, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwegazi njalo, okwenza kube namasampuli amabili, ukuze ukwazi ukucela ukubhekwa okuvundlile.

Isampula yegazi

Isampuli yegazi ithathwa ngokusebenzisa i-venipuncture, nenaliti efakwe emthanjeni emgodini wendololwane. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kokuphuza nokushayela kwenziwa e-laboratory. Ukuhlolwa okwenziwe kuyisilingo se-ethanol kusuka kulesi sampuli segazi. Lapho ukuhlaziywa kuhloselwe izinqubo zomthetho, kufanele kwenziwe kulabhorethri egunyaziwe kusetshenziswa inqubo enconyiwe. 

Lezi zivivinyo ziyakwazi ukuthola izinga lotshwala egazini esiswini esingenalutho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kwegazi kuzovumela ukuhlaziywa kwe- ukusebenza kwesibindi, isitho lapho kucishwa khona cishe i-95% yotshwala, ngezinyathelo:

• wezinga le Uhla lwe-GT (IGamma Glutamyl Transferase);
• du I-VGM (Kusho ivolumu yomzimba);
• izinga le- CDT (I-Carbohydrate Defeed Transferrin);
• we ama-transaminase (ASAT ne-ALAT) kanye ama-triglycerides.

Imiphumela yotshwala egazini inemiphumela kumshayeli, kuya ngezinga elikalwe egazini yile:

• Ingaphansi kuka-0,5 g / L wegazi (okusho u-0,25 mg ngelitha lomoya okhishiwe): isilawuli singekho, umshayeli akahlawuliswa;
• Phakathi kuka-0,5 no-0,8 g / L wegazi : umshayeli uvunyelwe. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nemikhawulo egunyaziwe yotshwala egazini kuholela enhlawulweni yesigaba sesine ngokuhoxiswa kwamaphoyinti ayisithupha kwilayisense;
• Kukhulu kuno-0,8 g / L wegazi (noma u-0,4 mg ilitha lomoya ophefumulwayo): ngokusho kwendatshana engu-L243-1 ye-Highway Code, “ngisho noma kungekho phawu olusobala lokudakwa, ukushayela imoto ngaphansi kwesimo sotshwala esiba sibi kakhulu ukugxila egazini okulingana noma okungaphezulu kuka-0,8 amagremu ngelitha noma ngokuhlushwa kotshwala emoyeni ophefumulayo olingana noma ngaphezulu kuka-0,4 mg / L ujeziswa ngokuboshwa iminyaka emibili kanye nenhlawulo yama-euro ayi-4500 ”. Izinhlawulo ezengeziwe ezitholakele, ikakhulukazi, ukumiswa okwesikhashana kweminyaka emithathu, kwelayisense yokushayela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kudokotela, uma ukutholakala kwe-ethanol kusampula kufakazela ngokusobala ukuthi isiguli siphuze utshwala, ukuhlushwa okulinganisiwe nakho kwenza ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ukukhombisa inkomba yokukhulelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono lokuqeda utshwala emzimbeni lincike ekusebenzeni kahle kwama-enzyme wesibindi, kepha nasekuthembekeni kwesibindi.

Futhi-ke, imiphumela yabamaki begazi ihunyushwa kanjena:

• Uhla lwe-GT : ukuhlolwa kwegazi le-gamma GT ukuhlolela ukuphuza ngokweqile kubonakala sengathi kuthembekile ngama-75%. Uma ukuhlolwa kwegazi kubuya kutholakele, kuyasekelwa ngesilingo se-CDT;
• CDT : I-carboxy-deficient transferrin (CDT) icaciswe kakhulu ekuphuzeni utshwala, futhi ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile. Izinga eliphakeme ngokweqile le-CDT lilinganiswa nge-electrophoresis uma likhulu noma lilingana ne-1,6% (enendawo engabazekayo “empunga” ephakathi kuka-1,3 no-1,6%). Umthamo wayo ubuyela kokujwayelekile ngemuva kwamasonto amabili kuya kwamane ngemuva kokuyeka ukuphuza utshwala.
• I-VGM : ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili zokuphuza ngokweqile, umthamo wamaseli abomvu uyanda. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinto zingaholela ekwandeni kosayizi weseli segazi, njengogwayi noma i-anti-vitamin K;
• enzyme I-ASAT, ALAT kanye ne-triglycerides : lezi zimpawu zebhayoloji nazo ziyalinganiswa kodwa kuvela ukuthi azicacisanga kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kotshwala.

Ekugcineni, kufanele wazi ukuthi njengomthetho ojwayelekile, isiphuzo esidakayo sivame ukuthatha ihora ukusiqeda, kepha kunokuhlukahluka okukhulu phakathi kwabantu ngokobuhlanga, ubulili nesisindo. Ngokwesilinganiso, izinga lotshwala egazini lehla ngo-0,15 g wotshwala ngelitha legazi ngehora.