Okuqukethwe
Isibhakabhaka esigcwele izinkanyezi besilokhu siheha abantu. Ngisho nokuba sezingeni eliphansi lokuthuthuka, ukugqoka izikhumba zezilwane nokusebenzisa amathuluzi amatshe, umuntu usevele waphakamisa ikhanda futhi wahlola amaphuzu angaqondakali ayecwebezela ngendlela engaqondakali ekujuleni kwesibhakabhaka esikhulu.
Izinkanyezi ziye zaba esinye sezisekelo zezinganekwane zabantu. Ngokusho kwabantu basendulo, kulapho onkulunkulu babehlala khona. Izinkanyezi bezilokhu ziyinto engcwele kumuntu, engafinyeleleki kumuntu ovamile ofayo. Enye yesayensi yasendulo yesintu kwakuwukufunda izinkanyezi, okwakuhlola ithonya lezinto ezisemkhathini ekuphileni komuntu.
Namuhla, izinkanyezi zisalokhu zigxile kakhulu ekunakeni kwethu, kodwa kuyiqiniso ukuthi izazi zezinkanyezi zizifunda ngokwengeziwe, futhi ababhali bezinganekwane zesayensi basungula izindaba eziphathelene nesikhathi umuntu ayokwazi ngaso ukufinyelela izinkanyezi. Umuntu ovamile uvame ukuphakamisa ikhanda lakhe ukuze abuke izinkanyezi ezinhle esibhakabhakeni ebusuku, njengoba nje kwenza okhokho bakhe abakude ezigidini zeminyaka edlule. Sikuhlanganisele uhlu oluhlanganisa izinkanyezi ezikhanya kakhulu esibhakabhakeni.
10 I-Betelgeuse
Endaweni yeshumi ohlwini lwethu iBetelgeuse, izazi zezinkanyezi ziyibiza ngokuthi α Orionis. Le nkanyezi iyimfihlakalo enkulu kosonkanyezi: basaphikisana ngomsuka wayo futhi abakwazi ukuqonda ukuhlukahluka kwayo ngezikhathi ezithile.
Le nkanyezi ingeyesigaba semidondoshiya ebomvu futhi ubukhulu bayo buphindwe izikhathi ezingama-500-800 kunobukhulu beLanga lethu. Uma besingayihambisa ohlelweni lwethu, imingcele yayo ibingadlulela emzileni weJupiter. Kule minyaka engu-15 edlule, ubukhulu balenkanyezi behle ngo-15%. Ososayensi abakasiqondi isizathu salokhu.
I-Betelgeuse itholakala ebangeni elingama-light-year angama-570 ukusuka eLangeni, ngakho uhambo oluya kuyo ngeke lwenzeke maduze nje.
9. Achernar noma α Eridani
Inkanyezi yokuqala kulo mlaza, ikleliswe endaweni yesishiyagalolunye ohlwini lwethu. izinkanyezi ezikhanya kakhulu esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. I-Achernar itholakala ekugcineni komlaza i-Eridani. Le nkanyezi ihlukaniswa njengesigaba sezinkanyezi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, inzima ngokuphindwe kasishiyagalombili kuneLanga lethu futhi iyalidlula ngokugqama izikhathi eziyinkulungwane.
I-Achernar ingama-light-year angu-144 ukusuka kuplanethi yethu sonozungezilanga, futhi ukuya kuyo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze nakho kubukeka kungenakwenzeka. Esinye isici esithakazelisayo sale nkanyezi ukuthi izungeza i-eksisi yayo ngesivinini esikhulu.
8. I-Procyon noma u-α Wenja Encane
Lenkanyezi ingeyesishiyagalombili ngokukhanya kwawo emkhathini wethu. Igama lale nkanyezi lihunyushwa lisuselwa esiGrekini ngokuthi “ngaphambi kwenja.” I-Procyon ingena kunxantathu wasebusika, kanye nezinkanyezi uSirius noBetelgeuse.
Le nkanyezi iyinkanyezi kanambambili. Esibhakabhakeni, singabona inkanyezi enkulu yalo mbhangqwana, inkanyezi yesibili iyinkwenkwana encane emhlophe.
Kunenganekwane ehlotshaniswa nalesi sihlabani. Umlaza i-Canis Minor ifanekisela inja yomenzi wewayini wokuqala, u-Ikaria, owabulawa abelusi abakhohlisayo, ngemva kokuphuza iwayini lakhe kusengaphambili. Inja ethembekile yathola ithuna lomnikazi wayo.
7. Rigel noma β Orionis
Le nkanyezi okwesikhombisa ngokugqama esibhakabhakeni sethu. Isizathu esiyinhloko sendawo ephansi kakhulu endaweni yethu yibanga elikhulu kakhulu phakathi koMhlaba nale nkanyezi. Ukube u-Rigel wayesondelene kancane (ebangeni le-Sirius, isibonelo), ekukhanyeni kwayo kwakuzodlula ezinye izibani eziningi.
U-Rigel ungowesigaba sama-supergiants aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ubukhulu bale nkanyezi buyamangaza: inkulu izikhathi ezingama-74 kuneLanga lethu. Eqinisweni, u-Rigel akayona inkanyezi eyodwa, kodwa ezintathu: ngaphezu kwe-giant, le nkampani yezinkanyezi ihlanganisa izinkanyezi ezimbili ezincane.
I-Rigel itholakala ebangeni elingama-light years angama-870 ukusuka eLangeni, okuyinto eningi.
Lihunyushwe lisuselwa olimini lwesi-Arabhu, igama lalenkanyezi lisho “umlenze”. Abantu baye bazi le nkanyezi isikhathi eside kakhulu, yayifakwe ezinganekwaneni zabantu abaningi, kusukela kwabaseGibhithe lasendulo. Babebheka uRigel njengomzimba ka-Osiris, omunye wonkulunkulu abanamandla kunabo bonke onkulunkulu babo.
6. Isonto noma i-α Aurigae
Omunye izinkanyezi ezinhle kakhulu esibhakabhakeni sethu. Lena inkanyezi ephindwe kabili, okwakukhona ezikhathini zasendulo inkanyezi ezimele futhi ifanekisela imbuzi enamazinyane. I-Capella iyinkanyezi ephindwe kabili equkethe ama-giants amabili aphuzi azungeza isikhungo esivamile. Ngayinye yalezi zinkanyezi inobunzima obuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-2,5 kuneLanga lethu futhi itholakala ebangeni leminyaka yokukhanya engu-42 ukusuka ohlelweni lwethu lweplanethi. Lezi zinkanyezi zikhanya kakhulu kunelanga lethu.
Inganekwane yasendulo yamaGreki ihlotshaniswa neChapel, ngokusho kukaZeus wondliwe yimbuzi i-Amalthea. Ngolunye usuku, ngokunganaki uZeus waphula olunye lwezimpondo zesilwane, ngakho kwavela i-cornucopia emhlabeni.
5. Vega noma α Lyra
Omunye izinkanyezi ezikhanyayo nezinhle kakhulu esibhakabhakeni sethu. Itholakala ebangeni elingama-25 light years ukusuka eLangeni lethu (okuyibanga elincane). I-Vega ingeyomlaza iLyra, ubukhulu bale nkanyezi cishe buphindwe kathathu kunobukhulu beLanga lethu.
Le nkanyezi izungeza i-eksisi yayo ngesivinini esikhulu.
I-Vega ingabizwa ngokuthi enye yezinkanyezi ezifundwe kakhulu. Itholakala ebangeni elifushane futhi ilungele ucwaningo.
Izinganekwane eziningi zabantu abahlukene beplanethi yethu zihlotshaniswa nale nkanyezi. Ezindaweni zethu, i-Vega enye yezinkanyezi ezikhanya kakhulu esibhakabhakeni futhi okwesibili ngemuva kukaSirius no-Arcturus.
4. I-Arcturus noma i-α Bootes
Omunye izinkanyezi ezikhanyayo nezinhle kakhulu esibhakabhakeniengabonwa noma kuphi emhlabeni. Izizathu zalokhu kukhanya ubukhulu benkanyezi kanye nebanga elincane ukusuka kuyo ukuya emhlabeni wethu.
I-Arcturus ingeyesigaba sama-giants abomvu futhi inosayizi omkhulu. Ibanga ukusuka esimisweni sethu sonozungezilanga ukuya kule nkanyezi “kuphela” iminyaka engu-36,7 yokukhanya. Inkulu izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-25 kunenkanyezi yethu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhanya kwe-Arcturus kuphakeme izikhathi ezingu-110 kuneLanga.
Le nkanyezi iqanjwe ngomlaza i-Ursa Major. Lihunyushwe lisuselwa esiGrekini, igama laso lisho “umnakekeli webhere.” I-Arcturus ilula kakhulu esibhakabhakeni esigcwele izinkanyezi, udinga nje ukudweba i-arc ecatshangelwayo ngesibambo sebhakede le-Big Dipper.
3. Toliman noma α Centauri
Endaweni yesibili ohlwini lwethu kunenkanyezi ephindwe kathathu, eyingxenye yomlaza iCentaurus. Lesi simiso sezinkanyezi siqukethe izinkanyezi ezintathu: ezimbili zazo zisondele ngobukhulu beLanga lethu kanye nenkanyezi yesithathu, okuwumvuthwandaba obomvu obizwa ngokuthi i-Proxima Centauri.
Izazi zezinkanyezi zibiza inkanyezi ekabili esiyibona ngeso lenyama ngokuthi i-Toliban. Lezi zinkanyezi ziseduze kakhulu nesimiso sethu seplanethi, ngakho-ke zibonakala zikhanya kakhulu kithi. Eqinisweni, ukukhanya nobukhulu bazo kunesizotha. Ibanga ukusuka eLangeni ukuya kulezi zinkanyezi liyi-4,36 light years kuphela. Ngezindinganiso zezinkanyezi, cishe isikhona. I-Proxima Centauri yatholwa kuphela ngo-1915, iziphatha ngendlela exakile, ukukhanya kwayo kushintsha ngezikhathi ezithile.
2. I-Canopus noma i-α Carinae
Lokhu inkanyezi yesibili ekhanyayo esibhakabhakeni sethu. Kodwa, ngeshwa, ngeke sikwazi ukuyibona, ngoba i-Canopus ibonakala kuphela engxenyeni eseningizimu yeplanethi yethu. Engxenyeni esenyakatho, ibonakala kuphela ezindaweni ezishisayo.
Lena inkanyezi egqame kakhulu eningizimu nenkabazwe, ngaphezu kwalokho, yenza indima efanayo ekuzulazuleni njengeNkanyezi YaseNyakatho enyakatho nenkabazwe.
I-Canopus iyinkanyezi enkulu, enkulu ngokuphindwe kasishiyagalombili kunokukhanya kwethu. Le nkanyezi ingeyesigaba sama-supergiant, futhi isendaweni yesibili ngokugqama kuphela ngenxa yokuthi ibanga eliya kuyo likhulu kakhulu. Ibanga ukusuka eLangeni ukuya eCanopus cishe iminyaka engama-319 yokukhanya. I-Canopus iyinkanyezi ekhanya kakhulu phakathi kwe-radius yeminyaka yokukhanya engama-700.
Akukho ukuvumelana ngemvelaphi yegama lenkanyezi. Ngokunokwenzeka, yathola igama layo ngokuhlonipha umqhubi owayesemkhunjini kaMeneus (lokhu umlingisi we-epic yesiGreki mayelana neMpi YeThrojani).
1. Sirius noma α Canis Major
Inkanyezi ekhanya kakhulu esibhakabhakeni sethu, okuyingxenye yomlaza iCanis Major. Le nkanyezi ingabizwa ngokuthi ibaluleke kakhulu kubantu basemhlabeni, yiqiniso, ngemuva kweLanga lethu. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu bebelokhu beyihlonipha kakhulu le nkanyezi. Ziningi izinganekwane nezinsumansumane ngaye. AbaseGibhithe lasendulo babebeka onkulunkulu babo kuSirius. Le nkanyezi ingabonwa noma kuphi emhlabeni.
AmaSumer asendulo ayebuka uSirius futhi akholelwa ukuthi kwakukuyo lapho onkulunkulu abadala ukuphila emhlabeni wethu batholakala. AbaseGibhithe babukela lenkanyezi ngokucophelela, yayihlotshaniswa nezinkolo zabo ze-Osiris no-Isis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kukaSirius, banquma isikhathi sokukhukhula kweNayile, okwakubalulekile kwezolimo.
Uma sikhuluma ngoSirius ngokombono wesayensi yezinkanyezi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lena inkanyezi ephindwe kabili, equkethe inkanyezi ye-spectral class A1 kanye ne-white dwarf (Sirius B). Awukwazi ukubona inkanyezi yesibili ngeso lenyama. Zombili izinkanyezi zizungeza isikhungo esisodwa esinenkathi yeminyaka engama-50. I-Sirius A icishe ibe kabili ngobukhulu beLanga lethu.
I-Sirius ikude nathi ngeminyaka yokukhanya eyi-8,6.
AmaGreki asendulo ayekholelwa ukuthi uSirius wayeyinja yomzingeli wezinkanyezi u-Orion, owayephishekela isisulu sakhe. Kunesizwe samaDogon ase-Afrika esikhonza uSirius. Kodwa lokho akumangazi. Abantu base-Afrika, ababengakwazi ukubhala, babenolwazi ngobukhona be-Sirius B, eyatholwa kuphela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX ngosizo lwezibonakude ezithuthuke kakhulu. Ikhalenda le-Dogon lisekelwe ezikhathini zokuzungezisa kuka-Sirius B ku-Sirius A. Futhi lihlanganiswe ngokunembe impela. Ukuthi isizwe sama-Afrika sasendulo saluthola kanjani lonke lolu lwazi kuyimfihlakalo.