Amakhulu ezinhlobo zezilwane angalala ebusika. Izinga le-metabolic emizimbeni yabo liyancipha ngokuphindwe kashumi. Abakwazi ukudla futhi kunzima ukuphefumula. Lesi simo sisaqhubeka singesinye sezimfihlakalo ezinkulu zesayensi. Ukuyixazulula kungaholela ekuphumeleleni ezindaweni eziningi, kusukela ku-oncology kuya endizeni yasemkhathini. Ososayensi bafuna ukwenza umuntu alale.
“Ngasebenza eSweden unyaka wonke futhi angikwazanga ukwenza ama-gopher alale unyaka wonke,” kuvuma uLyudmila Kramarova, umcwaningi omkhulu e-Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Pushchino).
ENtshonalanga, amalungelo ezilwane zaselabhorethri anemininingwane eminingi - iSimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu siphumula. Kodwa izivivinyo ocwaningweni lwe-hibernation azikwazi ukwenziwa.
- Umbuzo uwukuthi, kungani kufanele balale uma kushisa endlini ye-gopher futhi yondliwe kusukela esiswini? Ama-Gophers awazona izilima. Lapha elabhorethri yethu, babesheshe balale nami!
U-Lyudmila Ivanovna onomusa uchofoza umunwe wakhe etafuleni futhi ukhuluma nge-gopher yaselabhorethri ehlala endaweni yakhe. “Susya!” wamemeza esemnyango. “Khokha!” – kuphendule i-gopher, ngokuvamile engathambisayo. Lo Susya akazange alale ngisho nakanye eminyakeni emithathu ekhaya. Ebusika, lapho kubanda ngokuphawulekayo efulethini, wayegibela ngaphansi kwe-radiator futhi afudumale ikhanda lakhe. “Kungani?” kubuza uLyudmila Ivanovna. Mhlawumbe isikhungo sokulawula sokulala endaweni ethile ebuchosheni? Ososayensi abazi okwamanje. Imvelo yokulala ingenye yezimangaliso ezinkulu kubhayoloji yesimanje.
Ukufa kwesikhashana
Sibonga i-Microsoft, ulimi lwethu lunothiswe ngelinye igama elithi - hibernation. Leli igama lemodi lapho iWindows Vista ingena khona kukhompyutha ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Umshini ubonakala uvaliwe, kodwa yonke idatha igcinwa ngesikhathi esifanayo: Ngicindezele inkinobho - futhi konke kwasebenza njengokungathi akwenzekanga lutho. Kwenzeka okufanayo nangezinto eziphilayo. Izinkulungwane zezinhlobo ezahlukene - kusukela kubhaktheriya wakudala kuya kuma-lemurs athuthukile - ziyakwazi "ukufa" okwesikhashana, okubizwa ngokuthi yi-hibernation, noma i-hypobiosis ngokwesayensi.
Isibonelo sakudala i-gophers. Wazini ngama-gophers? Amagundane anjalo ajwayelekile avela emndenini wezingwejeje. Bazimbela imink, badle utshani, bazale. Lapho kufika ubusika, ama-gopher angena ngaphansi komhlaba. Yilapho, ngokombono wesayensi, kwenzeka into ethakazelisa kakhulu. I-Gopher hibernation ingahlala izinyanga eziyisi-8. Phezulu, isithwathwa kwesinye isikhathi sifinyelela ku -50, imbobo iba yiqhwa kuze kube -5. Khona-ke izinga lokushisa lezitho zezilwane lehla liye ku-2, futhi izitho zangaphakathi zibe -2,9 degrees. Ngendlela, ngesikhathi sasebusika, i-gopher ilala ngokulandelana amasonto amathathu kuphela. Bese iphuma ebusika amahora ambalwa, bese iphinde ilale. Ngaphandle kokungena emininingwaneni ye-biochemical, ake sithi uvuka ukuze achame futhi azelule.
Ingwejeje yasemhlabathini eqandisiwe ihlala ihamba kancane: izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo yayo lehla lisuka ku-200-300 liye ku-1-4 beats ngomzuzu, ukuphefumula kwesiqephu - ukuphefumula okungu-5-10, bese ukungabikho kwabo okuphelele ihora. Ukunikezwa kwegazi ebuchosheni kuncipha cishe ngama-90%. Umuntu ojwayelekile akakwazi ukusinda kunoma yini eseduze nalokhu. Akakwazi ngisho nokufana nebhere, izinga lokushisa kwalo lehla kancane ngesikhathi sokulala - kusuka ku-37 kuya ku-34-31 degrees. Lawa ma-degree amathathu kuya kwamahlanu ngabe asanele: umzimba ubuzolwela ilungelo lokugcina izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, isigqi sokuphefumula nokubuyisela izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lomzimba amahora ambalwa engeziwe, kodwa lapho izinsiza zamandla ziphela, ukufa akunakugwenywa.
izambane ezinoboya
Uyazi ukuthi i-gopher ibukeka kanjani uma ilele? kubuza u-Zarif Amirkhanov, umcwaningi ophezulu e-Institute of Cell Biophysics. “Njengamazambane aphuma endlini engaphansi. Kunzima futhi kubanda. Uboya kuphela.
Okwamanje, i-gopher ibukeka njenge-gopher - idla imbewu ngokujabula. Akulula ukucabanga ukuthi lesi sidalwa esijabule singawela ngokuzumayo ngaphandle kwesizathu futhi sichithe ingxenye enkulu yonyaka kanje, bese, futhi, ngaphandle kwesizathu, "siphume" kulobu buthuntu.
Enye yezimfihlakalo ze-hypobiosis ukuthi isilwane siyakwazi ukulawula isimo saso ngokwaso. Ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa elizungezile akudingekile nhlobo kulokhu - ama-lemurs avela eMadagascar awela ebusika. Kanye ngonyaka, bathola imbobo, bavale indlela yokungena bese belala izinyanga eziyisikhombisa, behlisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba wabo libe ngu-+10 degrees. Futhi emgwaqeni ngesikhathi esifanayo konke okufanayo +30. Ezinye izingwejeje zasemhlabathini, ngokwesibonelo, ezaseTurkestan, nazo zingalala lapho kushisa. Akukhona kakhulu izinga lokushisa elizungezile, kodwa i-metabolism ngaphakathi: izinga le-metabolic lehla ngo-60-70%.
“Uyabona, lesi isimo somzimba esihluke ngokuphelele,” kusho uZarif. - Ukushisa komzimba kuyehla hhayi njengesizathu, kodwa ngenxa yalokho. Enye indlela yokulawula iyasebenza. Imisebenzi yenqwaba yamaprotheni iyashintsha, amaseli ayeka ukuhlukana, ngokuvamile, umzimba wakhiwe kabusha ngokuphelele emahoreni ambalwa. Bese kuthi emahoreni ambalwa afanayo yakhiwe kabusha. Awekho amathonya angaphandle.
Izinkuni kanye nesitofu
Okuhlukile kwe-hibernation ukuthi isilwane singaqala ukupholisa bese sifudumala ngaphandle kosizo lwangaphandle. Umbuzo uthi kanjani?
"Kulula kakhulu," kusho uLyudmila Kramarova. “Izicubu ze-adipose ezinsundu, uzwile?
Zonke izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele, kuhlanganise nabantu, zinala mafutha ansundu angaqondakali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinsaneni kuningi kakhulu kunomuntu omdala. Isikhathi eside, indima yayo emzimbeni ngokuvamile yayingaqondakali. Eqinisweni, kukhona amafutha ajwayelekile, kungani futhi ansundu?
- Ngakho-ke, kwavela ukuthi amafutha ansundu adlala indima yesitofu, - kuchaza uLyudmila, - futhi amafutha amhlophe ayizinkuni nje.
Amafutha ansundu ayakwazi ukufudumala umzimba kusuka ku-0 kuya ku-15 degrees. Futhi-ke ezinye izindwangu zifakiwe emsebenzini. Kodwa ukuthi sesithole isitofu akusho ukuthi sesithole ukuthi sizosenza kanjani sisebenze.
"Kumele kube khona okuvula lo mshini," kusho uZarif. - Umsebenzi wento yonke ephilayo uyashintsha, okusho ukuthi kunesikhungo esithile esilawula futhi siqalise konke lokhu.
U-Aristotle wanikezwa ukuthi afundele ukulala kwasebusika. Ngeke kushiwo ukuthi isayensi ibilokhu yenza lokho kanye kusukela eminyakeni engu-2500. Ngokujulile le nkinga yaqala ukucatshangelwa eminyakeni engu-50 kuphela edlule. Umbuzo oyinhloko uwukuthi: yini emzimbeni ebangela umshini wokulala? Uma siyithola, sizoqonda ukuthi isebenza kanjani, futhi uma siqonda ukuthi isebenza kanjani, sizofunda ukuthi singaba kanjani u-hibernation kubantu abangalali. Ngokufanelekile, sinawe. Lona umqondo wesayensi. Kodwa-ke, nge-hypobiosis, ingqondo evamile ayizange isebenze.
Konke kwaqala kusukela ekugcineni. Ngo-1952, umcwaningi waseJalimane u-Kroll washicilela imiphumela yocwaningo oluvusa amadlingozi. Ngokwethula ukukhishwa kobuchopho bokulala kwama-hamster, ama-hedgehogs namalulwane emzimbeni wamakati nezinja, wabangela isimo se-hypobiosis ezilwaneni ezingalali. Lapho inkinga iqala ukubhekwana nayo eduze, kwavela ukuthi i-hypobiosis factor ayitholakali kuphela ebuchosheni, kodwa ngokujwayelekile kunoma yisiphi isitho sesilwane esilalayo. Amagundane ayelala embhedeni elalele uma ejovwe nge-plasma yegazi, izikhupha zesisu, ngisho nomchamo wezingwejeje ezilele. Kusuka engilazini yomchamo we-gopher, izinkawu nazo zalala. Umphumela ukhiqizwa kabusha ngokuqhubekayo. Kodwa-ke, iyenqaba ngokuphelele ukukhiqizwa kuyo yonke imizamo yokuhlukanisa into ethile: umchamo noma igazi libangela i-hypobiosis, kodwa izingxenye zabo ngokwehlukana azikwenzi. Akuwona wonke ama-squirrels aphansi, noma ama-lemurs, noma, ngokuvamile, noma yiziphi i-hibernators emzimbeni ezatholakala noma yini engazihlukanisa kubo bonke abanye.
Ukusesha kwe-hypobiosis factor sekuyiminyaka engu-50, kodwa umphumela ucishe ube ngu-zero. Azitholakalanga izakhi zofuzo ezibangela ukulala ebusika noma izinto ezikubangelayo. Akucaci ukuthi yisiphi isitho esibhekene nalesi simo. Ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene kwakuhlanganisa izindlala ze-adrenal, ne-pituitary gland, ne-hypothalamus, kanye nendlala yegilo ohlwini "lwabasolwa", kodwa isikhathi ngasinye kwavela ukuthi babengabahlanganyeli kule nqubo, kodwa hhayi abaqali bayo.
"Kuyacaca ukuthi kude nalo lonke uhla lwezinto ezikule ngxenye engcolile ziyasebenza," kusho uLyudmila Kramarova. — Hhayi-ke, uma kungenxa yokuthi nathi sinazo. Izinkulungwane zamaphrotheni nama-peptide anesibopho sokuphila kwethu ngezingwejeje zomhlaba ziye zacutshungulwa. Kodwa akekho kubo - ngokuqondile, okungenani - oxhunywe ku-hibernation.
Kuye kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi kuphela ukugxila kwezinto ezishintshayo emzimbeni we-gopher elele, kodwa noma ngabe into entsha yakhiwe khona namanje akwaziwa. Lapho ososayensi beqhubeka bethuthuka, kulapho bethambekela nakakhulu ekucabangeni ukuthi inkinga akuyona “isici sokulala” esingaqondakali.
"Ngokunokwenzeka, lokhu ukulandelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezenzakalo ze-biochemical," kusho uKramarova. - Mhlawumbe i-cocktail iyasebenza, okungukuthi, ingxube yenani elithile lezinto ekugxilweni okuthile. Mhlawumbe i-cascade. Okungukuthi, umphumela ongaguquki wenani lezinto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe, lawa amaprotheni aziwa isikhathi eside wonke umuntu anawo.
Kuvele ukuthi ukulala ubuthongo buwukulingana nabo bonke abaziwayo. Uma ilula, kuba nzima kakhulu ukuyixazulula.
Qedela isiphithiphithi
Ngekhono lokulala, imvelo yenza umonakalo ophelele. Ukondla izingane ngobisi, ukubeka amaqanda, ukugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba njalo - lezi zimfanelo zilenga kahle emagatsheni esihlahla sokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Futhi i-hypobiosis ingabonakaliswa ngokucacile ohlotsheni olulodwa futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ingabi khona ngokuphelele esihlotsheni sayo esiseduze. Ngokwesibonelo, izimbila nezingwejeje zasemkhayeni wezingwejeje zilala emikhawulweni yazo izinyanga eziyisithupha. Futhi ama-squirrels ngokwawo awacabangi ukulala ngisho nasebusika obunzima kakhulu. Kodwa amanye amalulwane (amalulwane), ama-insectivores (hedgehogs), ama-marsupial nezinkawu (ama-lemur) awela ebusika. Kodwa ababona ngisho nabazala besibili kuma-gophers.
Ezinye izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinambuzane zilala. Ngokuvamile, akucaci kahle ukuthi imvelo yabakhetha ngani, hhayi abanye, njengama-hibernators. Futhi ingabe wakhetha? Ngisho nalezo zinhlobo ezingakwazi nhlobo ukulala ebusika, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ziqagela kalula ukuthi kuyini. Ngokwesibonelo, inja yasehlathini enomsila omnyama (umndeni wamagundane) ilala endaweni yaselabhorethri uma incishwa amanzi nokudla futhi ibekwe egumbini elimnyama, elibandayo.
Kubonakala sengathi ingqondo yemvelo isekelwe ngokunembile kulokhu: uma uhlobo oluthile ludinga ukusinda ngenkathi yendlala ukuze luphile, lunenketho nge-hypobiosis endaweni egciniwe.
"Kubonakala sengathi sibhekene nendlela yokulawula yasendulo, etholakala kunoma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo ngokujwayelekile," uZarif ucabanga ngokuzwakalayo. - Futhi lokhu kusiholela emcabangweni oyindida: akumangalisi ukuthi ama-gophers alala. Okuxakayo ukuthi thina ngokwethu asilali. Mhlawumbe besizokwazi ngempela i-hypobiosis uma yonke into ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo ithuthuke ngendlela eqondile, okungukuthi, ngokomgomo wokwengeza izimfanelo ezintsha ngenkathi kugcinwa ezindala.
Nokho, ngokusho kososayensi, umuntu maqondana nokulala akayena ongenathemba ngokuphelele. Aboriginal Australians, pearl divers, Indian yogis banganciphisa imisebenzi yomzimba yomzimba. Vumela leli khono lifinyelelwe ngokuqeqeshwa okude, kodwa kufinyelelwe! Kuze kube manje, akekho usosayensi okwazile ukufaka umuntu endaweni yokulala egcwele. I-Narcosis, ubuthongo obunzima, i-coma yizifunda eziseduze ne-hypobiosis, kodwa zinesisekelo esihlukile, futhi zibhekwa njenge-pathology.
Ukuhlolwa kokungenisa umuntu ebusika kuzoqala maduze odokotela base-our country. Indlela abayiqambile isekelwe ezintweni ezimbili: amazinga aphezulu e-carbon dioxide emoyeni namazinga okushisa aphansi. Mhlawumbe lezi zivivinyo ngeke zisivumele ukuthi siqonde ngokugcwele isimo sokulala, kodwa okungenani siguqule i-hypobiosis ibe yinqubo yomtholampilo egcwele.
Isiguli silaliswe
Ngesikhathi sokulala, i-gopher ayesabi nje kuphela amakhaza, kodwa futhi nezifo eziyinhloko ze-gopher: ischemia, izifo, nezifo ze-oncological. Kusukela kulesi sifo, isilwane esivukayo siyafa ngosuku, futhi uma sithelelekile esimweni sokulala, asinandaba. Kunamathuba amakhulu odokotela. I-anesthesia efanayo ayisona isimo esimnandi kakhulu somzimba. Kungani ungafaki esikhundleni saso ngokulala okungokwemvelo?
Cabanga ngesimo: isiguli sisonqenqemeni lokuphila nokufa, iwashi liyabala. Futhi ngokuvamile lawa mahora awanele ukwenza ukuhlinzwa noma ukuthola onikelayo. Futhi ngesikhathi sokulala, cishe noma yisiphi isifo sikhula njengokuhamba kancane, futhi asisakhulumi ngamahora, kodwa mayelana nezinsuku, noma amasonto. Uma unikeza amandla emcabangweni wakho, ungacabanga ukuthi iziguli ezingenathemba zicwiliswa kanjani esimweni se-hypobiosis ngethemba lokuthi ngolunye usuku izindlela ezidingekayo zokwelashwa kwazo zizotholakala. Amafemu asebenzela i-cryonics enza okufanayo, kuphela aqandisa umuntu osevele efile, futhi akunakwenzeka neze ukubuyisela into ephilayo esele iminyaka eyishumi ku-nitrogen ewuketshezi.
Indlela yokulala ingasiza ekuqondeni izifo ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, usosayensi waseBulgaria uVeselin Denkov encwadini yakhe ethi “On the Edge of Life” usikisela ukunaka i-biochemistry yebhere elilele: “Uma ososayensi bekwazi ukuthola isimo saso esimsulwa into ethile (cishe ihomoni) engena emzimbeni. kusukela ku-hypothalamus yamabhere, ngosizo lapho izinqubo zokuphila zilawulwa ngesikhathi sokulala, khona-ke bazokwazi ukuphatha ngempumelelo abantu abaphethwe yizinso.
Kuze kube manje, odokotela bawuxwaye kakhulu umqondo wokusebenzisa u-hibernation. Noma kunjalo, kuyingozi ukubhekana nesenzakalo esingaqondi ngokugcwele.