Ngisho naphakathi kozakwabo abangajwayelekile - ongqondongqondo bokudala nososayensi abahlanya kancane beMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab, etholakala eduze kwaseBoston (USA), lapho oshaka abakhulu abaphefumulayo belenga ophahleni, amatafula avame ukuhlotshiswa ngamakhanda amarobhothi. , kanye nososayensi abancane, abanezinwele ezimfishane emahembeni aseHawaii ngokuthakaselayo bexoxa ngamafomula angaqondakali adwetshwe ngoshoki ebhodini elimnyama - u-Saleb Harper ubonakala engumuntu ongavamile kakhulu. Nakuba ozakwabo ocwaningweni lwesayensi ukudala : ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, izitho zokufakelwa ezihlakaniphile, imishini yokugoqa yesizukulwane esilandelayo nemishini yezokwelapha ebonisa isimiso sezinzwa somuntu ku-3D, uHarper usebenzela phezu kwalokho – Utshala amaklabishi. Onyakeni odlule, uguqule indawo yokwamukela izivakashi encane yeSikhungo esitezi sesihlanu (ngemuva kweminyango yelebhu yakhe) yaba ingadi yobuchwepheshe obuphambili ebukeka sengathi yenziwe yaphila ngefilimu ye-sci-fi. Izinhlobo eziningana ze-broccoli, utamatisi kanye ne-basil zikhula lapha, zibonakala zisemoyeni, zigezwe ngezibani ze-LED ze-neon eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezibomvu; futhi izimpande zabo ezimhlophe zibenza babukeke njenge-jellyfish. Izitshalo zizungeze udonga lwengilazi, amamitha angu-7 ubude namamitha angu-2.5 ukuphakama, ukuze kubonakale sengathi zizungeze isakhiwo samahhovisi. Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi uma uvumela uHarper nozakwabo ukubamba amandla, maduze nje bangaguqula idolobha lonke libe ingadi ephilayo nedliwayo.
“Ngikholelwa ukuthi sinamandla okushintsha umhlaba kanye nesimiso sokudla somhlaba wonke,” kusho uHarper, indoda ende, eyisigqiki eneminyaka engu-34 ubudala egqoke iyembe eliluhlaza namabhuzu ezinkomo. “Amathuba okulima emadolobheni makhulu kakhulu. Futhi lawa akuwona amazwi angenalutho. “Ukulima emadolobheni” eminyakeni yamuva nje sekudlule esigabeni “sokubukeka, kungenzeka ngempela” (ngesikhathi kwenziwa izivivinyo zokutshala ulethisi nemifino ophahleni lwamadolobha nasezindaweni ezingenalutho zamadolobha) futhi sekuphenduke igagasi langempela lokusungula izinto ezintsha, ezaqalwa ongqondongqondo. bemi beqinile ngezinyawo zabo, njengoHarper. Wasungula iphrojekthi ye-CityFARM ngonyaka odlule, futhi uHarper manje ucwaninga ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu bungasiza kanjani ekwandiseni isivuno semifino. Ngasikhathi sinye, kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zezinzwa eziqapha isidingo sezitshalo zamanzi nomanyolo, futhi ziphakele izithombo ngokukhanya kwemvamisa yegagasi elilungile: ama-diode, ngokuphendula izidingo zesitshalo, athumela ukukhanya okungagcini nje ngokunikeza impilo. izitshalo, kodwa futhi inquma ukunambitheka kwabo. UHarper uphupha ukuthi amasimu anjalo esikhathini esizayo azothatha indawo yawo ophahleni lwezakhiwo - emadolobheni angempela lapho kuhlala khona abantu abaningi futhi basebenze.
Izinto ezintsha uHarper ahlongoza ukuzethula zinganciphisa izindleko zezolimo futhi zinciphise umthelela wazo kwezemvelo. Uthi ngokulinganisa nokulawula ukukhanya, ukuchelela kanye nokufaka umquba ngokwendlela yakhe, kungenzeka ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngo-98%, ukusheshisa ukukhula kwemifino izikhathi ezingu-4, ukuqeda ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali amakhemikhali kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane, kabili ukudla okunomsoco. ukubaluleka kwemifino futhi uthuthukise ukunambitheka kwabo.
Ukukhiqizwa kokudla kuyinkinga enkulu yemvelo. Ngaphambi kokuba ibe setafuleni lethu, ivamise ukuthatha uhambo lwezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha. U-Kevin Frediyani, inhloko yokulima okuphilayo e-Bicton College, isikole sezolimo e-Devon, e-UK, ulinganise ukuthi i-UK ithenga kwamanye amazwe ama-90% ezithelo nemifino yawo evela emazweni angu-24 (okungama-23% kuwo avela eNgilandi). Kuvele ukuthi ukulethwa kwekhanda leklabishi elitshalwe eSpain futhi lilethwe ngeloli e-UK kuzoholela ekukhishweni kwekhabhoni eyingozi engaba ngu-1.5 kg. Uma ukhula leli khanda e-UK, ku-greenhouse, isibalo sizoba phezulu nakakhulu: cishe i-1.8 kg ye-emissions. “Asinakho ukukhanya okwanele, futhi ingilazi ayikubambi kahle ukushisa,” kuphawula uFrediyani. Kodwa uma usebenzisa isakhiwo esikhethekile se-insulated esinezibani zokufakelwa, unganciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-0.25 kg. UFrediyani uyayazi into akhuluma ngayo: ngaphambilini wayephethe amasimu ezithelo nemifino e-Paington Zoo, lapho ngo-2008 aphakamisa indlela yokutshala emile ukuze kutshalwe ukudla kwezilwane ngempumelelo. Uma singabeka izindlela ezinjalo emsakazweni, sizothola ukudla okushibhile, okusha futhi okunomsoco, sizokwazi ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ngezigidi zamathani minyaka yonke, kuhlanganisa nengxenye yokukhiqiza ethinta ukupakishwa, ukuthuthwa nokuhlelwa imikhiqizo yezolimo, ekhiqiza igesi eyingozi izikhathi ezi-4 kunokulima ngokwako. Lokhu kungabambezela kakhulu ukusondela kwenkinga yokudla emhlabeni wonke.
Ochwepheshe be-UN babale ukuthi ngo-2050 inani labantu emhlabeni lizokhula ngezigidigidi ezingu-4.5, kanti u-80% wezakhamuzi zomhlaba uzohlala emadolobheni. Njengamanje, u-80% womhlaba ofanele ukulima uyasetshenziswa, futhi amanani entengo ayenyuka ngenxa yesomiso kanye nezikhukhula. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, abasunguli bezolimo baye babheka amadolobha njengekhambi elingaba ikhambi kule nkinga. Phela, imifino ingatshalwa noma kuphi, ngisho nasezindlini eziphakeme noma ezindaweni zokukhosela ezingasasetshenziswanga.
Inombolo yezinkampani eziqala ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha bokutshala imifino ekukhuliseni imifino nokuzondla ngama-LED kufaka phakathi, ngokwesibonelo, umdondoshiya onjengoPhilips Electronics, onomnyango wawo wama-LED wezolimo. Ososayensi abasebenza lapho bakha izinhlobo ezintsha zemigqa yokupakisha kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha, bahlola amathuba obuchwepheshe be-microclimate, i-aeroponics*, i-aquaponics**, i-hydroponics***, izinhlelo zokuvuna amanzi emvula ngisho nama-microturbine avumela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla esiphepho. Kodwa kuze kube manje, akekho oye wakwazi ukwenza izinto ezintsha ezinjalo zikhokhe. Ingxenye enzima kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. I-VertiCorp (Vancouver) hydroponic system, eyenza umsindo omkhulu emphakathini wesayensi, eyaqanjwa ngokuthi i-Discovery of the Year 2012 ngumagazini we-TIME, yaphahlazeka ngoba. idle ugesi omningi. “Kunamanga amaningi nezithembiso eziyize kule ndawo,” kusho uHarper, indodana yombhaki owakhulela epulazini laseTexas. “Lokhu kuholele ekutheni kumoshwe imali eningi kanye nokuwa kwezinkampani eziningi ezinkulu nezincane.”
UHarper uthi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwentuthuko yakhe, kuzokwazi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukagesi ngo-80%. Ngokungafani nobuchwepheshe bezolimo bezimboni obuvikelwe amalungelo obunikazi, iphrojekthi yakhe ivulekile, futhi noma ubani angasebenzisa izinto zakhe ezintsha. Sesivele sikhona isibonelo salokhu, njengoba kwakunjalo ngabasiki be-laser abaklanywe i-MIT kanye namaphrinta angu-XNUMXD, iSikhungo esiwakha futhi sinikele kumalebhu emhlabeni jikelele. "Bakha inethiwekhi yokukhiqiza engiyibona njengesibonelo somnyakazo wethu wokutshala imifino," kusho uHarper.
… Ngentambama enhle kaJuni, uHarper uhlola ukusetha kwakhe okusha. Uphethe ucezu lwekhadibhodi elithathwe kusethi yokudlala yezingane. Ngaphambi kwakhe kunebhokisi le-coleslaw elikhanyiswe ngamaLED aluhlaza nabomvu. Ukufika "kuqashwe" yikhamera yevidiyo elandela umkhondo ebolekwe nguHarper ku-PlayStation. Umboza igumbi ngeshidi lekhadibhodi - ama-diode akhanya. “Singakwazi ukucabangela ukwaziswa kwesimo sezulu futhi senze i-algorithm yesinxephezelo sokukhanyisa i-diode,” kusho usosayensi, “Kodwa lesi simiso ngeke sikwazi ukubikezela isimo sezulu esinemvula noma esiguqubele. Sidinga indawo yokusebenzisana kancane.”
UHarper wahlanganisa imodeli enjalo kusuka ku-aluminium slats namaphaneli e-plexiglass - uhlobo lwegumbi lokusebenza eliyinyumba. Ngaphakathi kwale block yengilazi, yinde kunomuntu, izitshalo ezingama-50 ziphila, ezinye zinezimpande ezilenga phansi futhi ziniselwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngemisoco.
Ngokwazo, izindlela ezinjalo azifani: amapulazi amancane abamba ukushisa asetshenziswe iminyaka eminingana. Ukuqamba okusha kulele ngqo ekusetshenzisweni kwama-diode okukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu, okudala i-photosynthesis, kanye nezinga lokulawula elizuzwe nguHarper. I-greenhouse igcwele izinzwa ezihlukahlukene ezifunda izimo zomkhathi futhi zithumele idatha kukhompyutha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi sitshalo esibamba ukushisa sizohlakanipha nakakhulu,” kuqinisekisa uHarper.
Isebenzisa uhlelo lwamalebula anikezwe isitshalo ngasinye ukulandelela ukukhula kwesitshalo ngasinye. “Kuze kube manje, akekho oke wakwenza lokhu,” kusho uHarper. “Kube nemibiko eminingi engamanga yocwaningo olunjalo, kodwa akukho noyedwa owaphumelela esivivinyweni. Manje kukhona ulwazi oluningi emphakathini wesayensi mayelana nezifundo ezinjalo, kodwa akekho owaziyo ukuthi ziphumelele yini, futhi ngokuvamile, ukuthi zenziwe ngempela yini.
Umgomo wakhe uwukwenza umugqa wokukhiqiza wemifino ofunekayo, olethwe njenge-Amazon.com. Esikhundleni sokukha imifino eluhlaza (isibonelo, njengoba utamatisi oluhlaza evunwa eNetherlands ehlobo noma eSpain ebusika - impofu ngezakhi futhi ayinambitheki), bese uyithumela amakhulu amakhilomitha, igesi ukuze unikeze ukubonakala kokuvuthwa - unga-oda utamatisi wakho lapha futhi kodwa uvuthwe ngempela futhi ube musha, kusukela engadini, futhi cishe emgwaqweni olandelayo. “Ukulethwa kuzoshesha,” kusho uHarper. “Akukho ukunambitheka noma ukulahlekelwa izakhi kule nqubo!”
Kuze kube manje, inkinga enkulu ka-Harper engaxazululiwe ngemithombo yokukhanya. Isebenzisa kokubili ukukhanya kwelanga okuvela efasiteleni nama-LED alawulwa yi-inthanethi enziwe i-Swiss startup Heliospectra. Uma ubeka amasimu emifino ezakhiweni zamahhovisi, njengoba uHarper ephakamisa ukwenza, khona-ke kuyoba namandla anele avela eLangeni. “Izitshalo zami zisebenzisa u-10% kuphela we-spectrum yokukhanya, okunye kufudumeza igumbi – kufana nomphumela obamba ukushisa,” kuchaza uHarper. - Ngakho-ke kufanele ngipholise i-greenhouse ngamabomu, okudinga amandla amaningi futhi kucekele phansi ukuzimela. Kodwa nanku umbuzo ongasho lutho: kubiza malini ukukhanya kwelanga?
Ezindlini zokugcina izithombo zendabuko "zelanga", iminyango kufanele ivulwe ukuze ipholise igumbi futhi inciphise umswakama oqoqwe - yile ndlela izivakashi ezingamenyiwe - izinambuzane nesikhunta - zingena ngayo ngaphakathi. Amaqembu esayensi ezinkampanini ezifana ne-Heliospectra ne-Philips akholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa iLanga yindlela eyisidala. Eqinisweni, impumelelo enkulu yesayensi emkhakheni wezolimo manje yenziwa izinkampani ezikhanyisayo. I-Heliospectra ayigcini nje ngokuhlinzeka ngezibani zezindlu zokugcina izithombo, kodwa futhi yenza ucwaningo lwezemfundo emkhakheni wezindlela zokusheshisa ukukhula kwe-biomass, ukusheshisa ukuqhakaza kanye nokwenza ngcono ukunambitheka kwemifino. I-NASA isebenzisa amalambu abawenzayo ekuhloleni kwabo ukumodela "i-Martian space base" eHawaii. Ukukhanyisa lapha kudalwe ngamaphaneli anama-diode, anekhompiyutha yawo eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. "Ungathumela isignali esitshalweni ubuza ukuthi sizizwa kanjani, bese sithumela ulwazi mayelana nokuthi ingakanani i-spectrum eyisebenzisayo nokuthi idla kanjani," kusho umholi ohlangene we-Heliosphere uChristopher Steele, waseGothenburg. "Isibonelo, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka akulungile ekukhuleni kwe-basil futhi kuthinta kabi ukunambitheka kwayo." Futhi, iLanga alikwazi ukukhanyisa imifino ngokulinganayo - lokhu kubangelwa ukubonakala kwamafu nokujikeleza koMhlaba. “Singakwazi ukutshala imifino ngaphandle kwemiphongolo emnyama namabala abukeka emuhle futhi enambitheka kahle,” kunezela isikhulu esiphezulu uStefan Hillberg.
Izinhlelo ezinjalo zokukhanyisa zithengiswa ngentengo yamakhilogremu angu-4400, okungabizi nhlobo, kodwa isidingo emakethe siphezulu kakhulu. Namuhla, kunezibani ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-55 ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo emhlabeni jikelele. "Amalambu kufanele ashintshwe njalo eminyakeni engu-1-5," kusho u-Hillberg. “Imali eningi leyo.”
Izitshalo zithanda ama-diode kunokukhanya kwelanga. Njengoba ama-diode angabekwa ngokuqondile ngaphezu kwesitshalo, akudingeki ukuthi achithe amandla engeziwe ekudaleni iziqu, ikhula ngokucacile phezulu futhi ingxenye enamaqabunga iba mkhulu. KwaGreenSenseFarms, ipulazi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elimile, elisendaweni engamakhilomitha angama-50 ukusuka eChicago, amalambu angaba ngu-7000 atholakala emakamelweni amabili okukhanyisa. "Ulethisi otshalwe lapha unambitheka kakhulu futhi unoshukela," kusho isikhulu esiphezulu uRobert Colangelo. – Sikhanyisa umbhede ngamunye ngamalambu ayi-10, sinemibhede engama-840. Sithola amakhanda kaulethisi angu-150 engadini njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-30.”
Imibhede ihlelwe ibheke phezulu epulazini futhi ifinyelela ku-7.6 m ukuphakama. Ipulazi le-Green Sense lisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe balokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ifilimu ye-hydro-nutrient". Ngokwenza kanjalo, lokhu kusho ukuthi amanzi anomsoco anomsoco ahamba "emhlabathini" - amagobolondo kakhukhunathi ochotshoziwe, asetshenziswa lapha esikhundleni se-peat, ngoba iyinsiza evuselelekayo. “Ngenxa yokuthi imibhede ihlelwe iqonde phezulu, imifino ikhula ngokujiya ngokuphindwe kashumi futhi ikhiqiza izikhathi ezingu-25 kuya kwezingu-30 kunezimo ezivundlile ezivamile,” kusho uColangelo. “Kuwulungele uMhlaba ngoba akukho ukukhishwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi sisebenzisa amanzi agaywe kabusha kanye nomanyolo ogaywe kabusha.” "Isebenzisa amandla amancane kakhulu (kunokuvamile)," kusho uColangelo, ekhuluma ngemboni yakhe yemifino, eyakhiwe ngokubambisana ne-Philips, enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
U-Colangelo ukholelwa ukuthi maduze imboni yezolimo izothuthuka ngezindlela ezimbili kuphela: okokuqala, izindawo ezinkulu, ezivulekile ezitshalwe okusanhlamvu okunjengokolweni nommbila, okungagcinwa izinyanga futhi kuhanjiswe kancane kancane emhlabeni jikelele - lawa mapulazi atholakala kude namadolobha . Okwesibili, amapulazi amile azokhula imifino ebizayo, ebolayo njengotamatisi, ukhukhamba nemifino. Ipulazi lakhe, elivulwe ngo-Ephreli nonyaka, kulindeleke ukuthi lingenise imali eyizigidi ezi-2-3 zamaRandi ngonyaka. U-Colangelo usevele uthengisa imikhiqizo yakhe esiginesha ezindaweni zokudlela kanye nesikhungo sokusabalalisa i-WholeFood (esendaweni eqhele ngemizuzu engama-30), esiletha imifino emisha ezitolo ezingama-48 ezifundazweni eziyi-8 zase-US.
"Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuzenzela," kusho uColangelo. Njengoba imibhede ihlelwe iqonde phezulu, umqondisi walesi sitshalo ukholelwa ukuthi uzokwazi ukusebenzisa amarobhothi nezinzwa ukuze kutholwe ukuthi imiphi imifino evuthiwe, ivunwe, bese ifaka izithombo ezintsha esikhundleni sazo. “Kuzofana neDetroit enezimboni ezizihambelayo lapho amarobhothi ehlanganisa izimoto. Izimoto namaloli kuhlanganiswa kusuka ezingxenyeni ezi-odwe abathengisi, hhayi ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi. Lokhu sizokubiza ngokuthi "ukukhula ngokuhleleka". Sizokha imifino uma isitolo siyidinga.”
Okusha okungakholakali nakakhulu emkhakheni wezolimo “amapulazi eziqukathi zokuthutha”. Zingamabhokisi akhulayo aqondile afakwe uhlelo lokushisa, ukuchelela nokukhanyisa ngezibani ze-diode. Lezi zitsha, kulula ukuthuthwa futhi zigcinwe, zingapakishwa ezine phezu kwesinye futhi zibekwe ngaphandle kwezitolo nezindawo zokudlela ukuze zinikezwe imifino emisha.
Izinkampani eziningana sezivele zigcwalise le niche. I-Growtainer esezinze eFlorida yinkampani ekhiqiza womabili amapulazi kanye nezixazululo ezikusayithi zezindawo zokudlela nezikole (lapho zisetshenziswa njengezinsiza ezibukwayo kubhayoloji). "Ngifaka isigidi samarandi kulokhu," kusho isikhulu esiphezulu seGrotainer uGlen Berman, osehole abalimi be-orchid eFlorida, Thailand, naseVietnam iminyaka engu-40 futhi manje ungumsabalalisi omkhulu wezitshalo eziphilayo e-US naseYurophu. “Senze izinhlelo zokunisela nezokukhanyisa zibe ziphelele,” usho kanje. "Sikhula kangcono kunemvelo ngokwayo."
Kakade, unenqwaba yezikhungo zokusabalalisa, eziningi zazo ezisebenza ngokuvumelana nesistimu "yomnikazi-umthengi": bakudayisela isitsha, futhi uzikhulisela imifino. Iwebhusayithi kaBerman ize ithi lezi ziqukathi zinhle kakhulu “zokukhangisa bukhoma” okungabekwa kuzo amalogo nolunye ulwazi. Ezinye izinkampani zisebenza ngomgomo ohlukile - zithengisa iziqukathi ezine-logo yazo, lapho imifino isivele ikhula khona. Ngeshwa, kuyilapho zombili izikimu zibiza kumthengi.
"Amapulazi amancane ane-ROI ehlanekezelwe endaweni ngayinye," kusho uPaul Lightfoot, i-CEO ye-Bright Farms. I-Bright Farms ikhiqiza izindawo zokugcina izithombo ezincane ezingabekwa eduze kwesitolo esikhulu, ngaleyo ndlela zinciphise isikhathi nezindleko zokulethwa. “Uma udinga ukushisisa igumbi, ishibhile ukushisa amakhilomitha-skwele ayishumi kunamamitha ayikhulu.”
Abanye abasunguli bezolimo abaveli ezifundweni kodwa baphuma kwezamabhizinisi. Kanjalo neBright Farms, ebisekelwe kuphrojekthi engenzi nzuzo yango-2007 i-ScienceBarge, okuyisibonelo sepulazi lasemadolobheni elakhiwe ihange e-Hudson River (New York). Kungaleso sikhathi lapho izitolo ezinkulu emhlabeni wonke zabona ukwanda kwesidingo semifino emisha, etshalwe endaweni.
Ngenxa yokuthi u-98% wolethisi othengiswa ezitolo ezinkulu zase-US utshalwa eCalifornia ehlobo nase-Arizona ebusika, izindleko zawo (okuhlanganisa izindleko zamanzi, abizayo entshonalanga yezwe) ziphakeme kakhulu. . EPennsylvania, iBright Farms yasayina inkontileka nesitolo esikhulu sendawo, yathola isikweletu sentela ngokudala imisebenzi esifundeni, futhi yathenga ipulazi elingamahektha ayi-120. Ipulazi, elisebenzisa uhlelo lwamanzi emvula ophahleni kanye nokucushwa okuqondile njenge-Saleb Harper's, lithengisa imifino yalo enophawu olubiza u-$2 million ngonyaka ezitolo ezinkulu eNew York nasePhiladelphia eseduze.
"Sinikeza enye imifino ebiza kakhulu, engashayi kangako eNtshonalanga Yasogwini," kusho uLightfoot. – Imifino ebolayo ibiza kakhulu ukuyihambisa ezweni lonke. Ngakho-ke leli yithuba lethu lokwethula umkhiqizo ongcono, omusha. Akudingeki ukuthi sisebenzise imali ekuhambiseni amabanga amade. Amagugu ethu abalulekile angaphandle kwendawo yobuchwepheshe. Ukuqamba kwethu imodeli yebhizinisi uqobo. Sikulungele ukusebenzisa noma yibuphi ubuchwepheshe obuzosivumela ukuthi sithole imiphumela.”
U-Lightfoot ukholelwa ukuthi amapulazi amakhonteyna awasoze akwazi ukuthola indawo ezitolo ezinkulu ngenxa yokuntuleka kwenkokhelo. "Kukhona ama-niches angempela, njengemifino ebizayo yezindawo zokudlela ezikhethiwe," kusho uLightfoot. “Kodwa ngeke kusebenze ngejubane engisebenza nalo. Nakuba izitsha ezinjalo, ngokwesibonelo, zingaphonswa esikhungweni samasosha asolwandle e-Afghanistan.”
Noma kunjalo, izinto ezintsha kwezolimo ziletha udumo nemali engenayo. Lokhu kuba sobala uma ubheka ipulazi, eliqhele ngamamitha angu-33 ngaphansi kwemigwaqo yaseNorth Capham (indawo yaseLondon). Lapha, endaweni yangaphambili yeMpi Yezwe I, usomabhizinisi uStephen Dring kanye nozakwethu baye baqoqa imali engu-£1 million ukuze baguqule indawo yasemadolobheni engafunwanga ukuze kwakhiwe ukulima okuphambili okusimeme futhi okunenzuzo, futhi kutshalwe ngempumelelo ulethisi nokunye okuluhlaza.
Inkampani yakhe, i-ZeroCarbonFood (ZCF, Zero Emission Food), itshala imifino kuma-racks aqondile isebenzisa uhlelo "lwe-tide": amanzi ageza phezu kwemifino ekhulayo bese eqoqwa (eqiniswa ngemisoco) ukuze aphinde asetshenziswe. Uhlaza lutshalwe enhlabathini yokwenziwa eyenziwe ngokhaphethi abagaywe kabusha base-Olympic Village eStratford. Ugesi osetshenziselwa ukukhanyisa uvela kuma-micro-hydroelectric turbines amancane. “Sinemvula eningi eLondon,” kusho uDring. Ngakho-ke sifaka ama-turbines ohlelweni lokugeleza kwamanzi emvula, futhi asinika amandla. I-Dring iphinde isebenze ekuxazululeni enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ngokukhula okuqondile: isitoreji sokushisa. "Sibheka ukuthi ukushisa kungasuswa kanjani kuguqulwe ugesi, nokuthi i-carbon dioxide ingasetshenziswa kanjani - isebenza njengama-steroids ezitshalweni."
Empumalanga yeJapane, eyahlaselwa kakhulu ukuzamazama komhlaba netsunami ngo-2001, uchwepheshe wezitshalo owaziwayo washintsha imboni yangaphambili ye-semiconductor yakwaSony yaba ipulazi lesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Ngendawo engu-2300 m2, ipulazi likhanyiswa ngama-electrode angamandla aphansi angu-17500 (akhiqizwe yiGeneral Electric), futhi akhiqiza amakhanda emifino ayi-10000 ngosuku. Inkampani ngemuva kwepulazi - i-Mirai ("Mirai" isho "ikusasa" ngesiJapane) - isivele isebenza nonjiniyela be-GE ukuze bamise "imboni ekhulayo" e-Hong Kong naseRussia. UShigeharu Shimamura, okunguyena owasungula lo msebenzi, wakha amacebo akhe esikhathi esizayo ngale ndlela: “Ekugcineni, sesikulungele ukuqalisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zezolimo.”
Akukho ukushoda kwemali emkhakheni wezolimo wesayensi njengamanje, futhi lokhu kungabonakala enanini elikhulayo lezinto ezintsha, kusukela kulawo aklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa ekhaya (kunamaphrojekthi amaningi athakazelisayo ku-Kickstarter, isibonelo, i-Niwa, okukuvumela ukuthi ukhule utamatisi ekhaya esitshalweni se-hydroponic esilawulwa yi-smartphone), emhlabeni jikelele. Isikhondlakhondla sezomnotho saseSilicon Valley i-SVGPartners, ngokwesibonelo, sihlangane neForbes ukuze sibambe ingqungquthela yamazwe ngamazwe yokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezolimo ngonyaka ozayo. Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi kuzothatha isikhathi eside - ishumi leminyaka noma ngaphezulu - ukuthi ezolimo ezishintshayo zizuze ingxenye ebalulekile yophaya bemboni yokudla emhlabeni wonke.
"Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi asinazo izindleko zokuhamba, akukho kukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokusetshenziswa okuncane kwezinsiza," kusho uHarper. Elinye iphuzu elithakazelisayo elaphawulwa usosayensi: ngolunye usuku sizokwazi ukudlula izici zesifunda zokukhula kwemikhiqizo yemifino. Izindawo zokudlela zizotshala imifino ngendlela yayo, ngaphandle nje, ezitsheni ezikhethekile. Ngokushintsha ukukhanya, ibhalansi ye-acid-base, ukwakheka kwamaminerali emanzini, noma ukukhawulela ngokukhethekile ukuchelela, bangakwazi ukulawula ukunambitheka kwemifino - bathi, yenza isaladi ibe mnandi. Kancane kancane, ngale ndlela ungazakhela eyakho imifino enophawu. “Ngeke kusaba khona ‘amagilebhisi angcono kakhulu amila lapha nalaphaya’,” kusho uHarper. - "Kuzoba" amagilebhisi amahle kakhulu atshalwa kuleli pulazi eBrooklyn. Futhi i-chard engcono kakhulu ivela kulelo pulazi eliseBrooklyn. Kuyamangaza lokhu”.
I-Google izosebenzisa okutholwe ngu-Harper kanye nedizayini yakhe yefamu elincane endaweni yokudlela yekomkhulu le-Mountain View ukuze inikeze abasebenzi ukudla okusha, okunempilo. Wabuye wathintwa yinkampani kakotini ibuza ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukutshala ukotini endaweni eshisayo enjalo (uHarper akanaso isiqiniseko - mhlawumbe kungenzeka). Iphrojekthi kaHarper, i-OpenAgProject, idonse ukunaka okuphawulekayo kwabezemfundo nezinkampani zomphakathi e-China, India, Central America, nase-United Arab Emirates. Futhi omunye uzakwethu oseduze nasekhaya, i-Michigan State University, usezoshintsha indawo yokugcina impahla yezimoto engamamitha-skwele angu-4600 emaphethelweni eDetroit ibe lokho okuzoba “imboni yemifino emile” enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. “Ikuphi indawo engcono kakhulu yokuqonda i-automation, uma kungenjalo eDetroit? Kubuza uHarper. - Futhi abanye basabuza, "iyini inguquko entsha yezimboni? Yilokho ayiyo!”
* I-Aeroponics inqubo yokutshala izitshalo emoyeni ngaphandle kokusebenzisa inhlabathi, lapho imisoco ihanjiswa ezimpandeni zezitshalo ngendlela ye-aerosol.
** Aquaponics – high techindlela yokulima enengqondo ehlanganisa i-aquaculture - ukukhulisa izilwane zasemanzini kanye ne-hydroponics - ukukhulisa izitshalo ngaphandle kwenhlabathi.
***I-Hydroponics iyindlela engenanhlabathi yokutshala izitshalo. Lesi sitshalo sinezimpande zaso hhayi emhlabathini, kodwa emoyeni onomswakama (amanzi, anomoya omuhle; okuqinile, kodwa okunomswakama- kanye nomoya onamandla futhi kunalokho okungenazimbotshana) okuphakathi, okugcwele amaminerali, ngenxa yezixazululo ezikhethekile. Indawo enjalo inomthelela ekwenzeni umoya-mpilo omuhle we-rhizomes yesitshalo.