Okuqukethwe
I-fluke yesibindi iyisibungu esiyisinambuzane esihlala emzimbeni womuntu noma wesilwane, sithinta isibindi nemigudu yenyongo. I-fluke yesibindi isakazeke emhlabeni wonke, ibangela isifo esibizwa ngokuthi i-fascioliasis. Imvamisa, isibungu sibulala umzimba wezinkomo ezinkulu nezincane, nakuba kwaziwa ukuqubuka okukhulu nokuhlasela kwabantu ngezikhathi ezithile. Idatha yokugula kwangempela iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, inani labantu abangenwe yi-fascioliasis lisuka kubantu abayizigidi ezingu-2,5-17 emhlabeni jikelele. E-Russia, i-fluke yesibindi isakazeke kakhulu phakathi kwezilwane, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho kunamadlelo angamaxhaphozi. I-parasite ayitholakali kubantu.
I-fluke yesibindi iyi-trematode enomzimba omise okweqabunga eliyisicaba, ama-suckers amabili atholakala ekhanda layo. Kungosizo lwalawa ma-suckers lapho i-parasite igcinwa khona emzimbeni wesilwane sayo esihlala njalo. Isikelemu esikhulile singafika ku-30 mm ubude no-12 mm ububanzi. Izigaba zokukhula kwe-fluke yesibindi zimi kanje:
Isiteji se-marita yesibindi
I-Marita yisigaba sokuvuthwa ngokocansi sesikelemu, lapho i-parasite inamandla okukhulula amaqanda endaweni yangaphandle. Isibungu siyi-hermaphrodite. Umzimba ka-marita umise okweqabunga eliyisicaba. Umlomo wokumunca usekupheleni komzimba. Esinye isilwane esincelisayo siyingxenye ye-ventral yomzimba wesibungu. Ngosizo lwayo, i-parasite inamathele ezithweni zangaphakathi zomgcini. U-Marita ukhiqiza amaqanda ngokuzimela, njengoba eyi-hermaphrodite. Lamaqanda aphuma nendle. Ukuze iqanda liqhubeke nokukhula futhi lidlulele esigabeni sezibungu, lidinga ukungena emanzini.
Isigaba sezibungu se-fluke yesibindi - i-miracidium
I-Miracidium iphuma eqandeni. Isibungu sinesimo se-oval oblong, umzimba waso umbozwe nge-cilia. Ngaphambili kwe-miracidium kunamehlo amabili nezitho ezikhipha indle. Ingemuva lomzimba linikezwa ngaphansi kwamangqamuzana amagciwane, okuzovumela ukuthi i-parasite yande. Ngosizo lwe-cilia, i-miracidium iyakwazi ukunyakaza emanzini futhi ibheke umgcini ophakathi (i-mollusk yamanzi ahlanzekile). Ngemva kokutholakala kwe-mollusk, isibungu simila emzimbeni waso.
Isigaba se-Sporocyst se-fluke yesibindi
Uma isisemzimbeni we-mollusk, i-miracidium idlulela esigabeni esilandelayo - i-sporocyst efana nesaka. Ngaphakathi kwe-sporocyst, izibungu ezintsha ziqala ukuvuthwa emangqamuzaneni amagciwane. Lesi sigaba somkhuhlane wesibindi sibizwa ngokuthi i-redia.
I-Liver fluke larva - i-redia
Ngalesi sikhathi, umzimba we-parasite uyakhula, une-pharynx, amathumbu, i-excretory kanye nesimiso sezinzwa sizalwa. Ku-sporocyst ngayinye ye-fluke yesibindi, kungaba khona kusuka ku-8 kuya ku-100 redia, okuncike ohlotsheni oluthile lwe-parasite. Lapho i-redia ivuthiwe, iphuma ku-sporocyst futhi ingene ezicutshini ze-mollusk. Ngaphakathi kwe-redia ngayinye kunamaseli amagciwane avumela i-hepatic fluke ukuthi iqhubekele esigabeni esilandelayo.
Isigaba se-Circaria se-fluke yesibindi
Ngalesi sikhathi, i-larva ye-fluke yesibindi ithola umsila nama-suckers amabili. Ku-cercariae, uhlelo lwe-excretory seluvele lwakhiwe futhi ama-rudiments wesistimu yokuzala avela. I-cercariae ishiya igobolondo le-redia, bese kuba umzimba womsingathi ophakathi, ilibhoboze. Ukuze enze lokhu, unesitayela esibukhali noma inqwaba yama-spikes. Kulesi simo, isibungu singahamba ngokukhululekile emanzini. Inamathiselwe kunoma iyiphi into futhi ihlala kuyo kulindelwe umnikazi waphakade. Ngokuvamile, izinto ezinjalo ziyizitshalo zasemanzini.
Isigaba se-adolescaria (metatsercaria) se-hepatic fluke
Lesi yisigaba sokugcina sezibungu ze-fluke yesibindi. Kuleli fomu, i-parasite ilungele ukungena emzimbeni wesilwane noma umuntu. Ngaphakathi kwento ephilayo ye-host host unomphela, i-metacercariae iphenduka ibe i-marita.
Umjikelezo wempilo ye-fluke yesibindi uyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho-ke izibungu eziningi ziyafa ngaphandle kokuphenduka umuntu ovuthiwe ngokocansi. Ukuphila kwe-parasite kungaphazanyiswa esigabeni seqanda uma lingangeni emanzini noma lingatholi uhlobo olulungile lwe-mollusk. Kodwa-ke, izikelemu azikafi futhi ziyaqhubeka nokuphindaphinda, okuchazwa yizinqubo zokunxeshezelwa. Okokuqala, banesimiso sokuzala esithuthuke kahle kakhulu. U-marita omdala uyakwazi ukuzala amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaqanda. Okwesibili, i-sporocyst ngayinye iqukethe i-redia efika ku-100, futhi i-redia ngayinye ingakhiqiza ngaphezu kwama-cercariae angu-20. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-fluke amasha esibindi angaba yi-200 angavela ku-parasite eyodwa.
Izilwane zitheleleka kakhulu lapho zidla utshani obuvela ezimfundeni zamanzi, noma lapho ziphuza amanzi ezizindeni ezimile. Umuntu uzotheleleka kuphela uma egwinya isibungu esigabeni se-adolescaria. Ezinye izigaba ze-fluke yesibindi aziyona ingozi kuye. Ukuze uvimbele amathuba okutheleleka, kufanele ugeze kahle imifino nezithelo ezidliwa ziluhlaza, futhi ungaphuzi amanzi angazange acutshungulwe okudingekayo.
Uma isemzimbeni womuntu noma wesilwane, i-adolescaria ingena esibindini nasemiseleni yenyongo, inamathele lapho bese iqala ukuzala. Ngama-suckers kanye ne-spines, ama-parasites abhubhisa izicubu zesibindi, okuholela ekwandeni kwaso ngosayizi, ekubukeni kwama-tubercles. Lokhu-ke kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kwe-cirrhosis. Uma i-bile ducts ivalekile, khona-ke umuntu uba ne-jaundice.