Pythagoras ngesikhathi esifanayo isibalo sangempela kanye nenganekwane yempucuko yamaGreki asendulo. Ngisho negama lakhe liyindaba yokucatshangelwa nokuchazwa. Inguqulo yokuqala yencazelo yegama elithi Pythagoras "ibikezelwe nguPythia", okungukuthi, isangoma. Enye, inketho encintisanayo: "ukukholisa ngenkulumo", ngoba uPythagoras wayengazi nje ukukholisa, kodwa wayeqinile futhi eqinile enkulumweni yakhe, njenge-oracle Delphic.
Lesi sazi sefilosofi savela esiqhingini saseSamos, lapho sachitha khona ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwaso. Ekuqaleni, uPythagoras uhamba kakhulu. EGibhithe, ngenxa yokusekelwa kukafaro Amasis, uPythagoras wahlangana nabapristi baseMemphis. Ngenxa yamathalenta akhe, uvula indawo engcwele yezingcwele - amathempeli aseGibhithe. UPythagoras ugcotshwa umpristi futhi uba yilungu lesigaba sobupristi. Khona-ke, phakathi nokuhlasela kwamaPheresiya, uPythagoras uthunjwa amaPheresiya.
Kunjengokungathi isiphetho ngokwaso siyamhola, sishintsha isimo esisodwa sibe kwesinye, kuyilapho izimpi, izivunguvungu zomphakathi, imihlatshelo echitha igazi nezenzakalo ezisheshayo zisebenza njengesizinda kuye kuphela futhi azithinti, kunalokho, zibhebhethekisa ukulangazelela kwakhe ukufunda. EBabiloni, uPythagoras uhlangana nezazi zasePheresiya, okwathi ngokwenganekwane, wafunda kuzo ukufunda izinkanyezi nemilingo.
Lapho esekhulile, uPythagoras, ekubeni umphikisi wezombangazwe wePolycrates yaseSamos, wathuthela e-Italy futhi wahlala edolobheni laseCrotone, lapho amandla ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-6. BC e. yayingaphansi kwezikhulu. Kulapha, eCrotone, lapho isazi sefilosofi sidala inyunyana yakhe edumile yePythagorean. NgokukaDicaearchus, kwalandela ukuthi uPythagoras wafela eMetapontus.
“UPythagoras washona ngokubalekela eMetapontine Temple of the Muses, lapho achitha khona izinsuku ezingamashumi amane engadlile.”
Ngokwezinganekwane, uPythagoras wayeyindodana kankulunkulu uHermes. Enye inganekwane ithi ngolunye usuku umfula uKas, embona, wabingelela isazi sefilosofi ngezwi lomuntu. UPythagoras wahlanganisa izici zomuntu ohlakaniphile, ongaqondakali, wezibalo nomprofethi, umcwaningi ophelele wemithetho yezinombolo zomhlaba kanye nomguquli wenkolo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abalandeli bakhe babemhlonipha njengomenzi wezimangaliso.
Nokho, lesazi sefilosofi sasinokuthobeka okwanele, njengoba kufakazelwa eminye yemiyalo yaso: “Yenza izinto ezinkulu ngaphandle kokuthembisa izinto ezinkulu”; “Thula noma ukhulume okuthile okungcono kunokuthula”; “Ungaziboni uyindoda enkulu ngobukhulu besithunzi sakho ekushoneni kwelanga.”
Ngakho-ke, yiziphi izici zomsebenzi wefilosofi kaPythagoras?
Izinombolo ze-Pythagoras eziphelele nezingaqondakali. Izinombolo zakhushulelwa ezingeni lengqikithi yangempela yazo zonke izinto futhi zasebenza njengesimiso esiyisisekelo somhlaba. Isithombe sezwe saboniswa nguPythagoras ngosizo lwezibalo, futhi "imfihlakalo yezinombolo" edumile yaba umvuthwandaba womsebenzi wakhe.
Ezinye izinombolo, ngokusho kukaPythagoras, zihambelana nesibhakabhaka, ezinye izinto zasemhlabeni - ubulungisa, uthando, umshado. Izinombolo ezine zokuqala, eziyisikhombisa, eziyishumi, "izinombolo ezingcwele" ezisekela konke okusemhlabeni. AmaPythagoras ahlukanisa izinombolo zibe inombolo elinganayo neyinqaba neyinqaba - iyunithi abayibona njengesisekelo sazo zonke izinombolo.
Nasi isifinyezo semibono kaPythagoras ngengqikithi yokuba:
* Konke kuyizinombolo. * Ukuqala kwakho konke kukodwa. I-monad engcwele (iyunithi) ingumama wonkulunkulu, isimiso sendawo yonke kanye nesisekelo sazo zonke izenzakalo zemvelo. * I-"indefinite two" ivela kuyunithi. Okubili umgomo wokuphikisa, ukungabi nandaba emvelweni. * Zonke ezinye izinombolo zivela ezintweni ezimbili ezingenamkhawulo - amaphuzu avela ezinombolweni - ukusuka emaphuzwini - emigqeni - ukusuka emigqeni - izibalo eziyisicaba - ukusuka ezibalweni eziyisicaba - izibalo ezintathu-ntathu - ezivela kwizibalo ze-three-dimensional imizimba ebonwa imizwa izalwa, lapho izisekelo ezine. - ezihambayo futhi ziphenduka ngokuphelele, zikhiqiza umhlaba - onengqondo, oyindilinga, phakathi kwawo umhlaba, umhlaba nawo uyindilinga futhi uhlala kuwo wonke amahlangothi.
I-Cosmology.
* Ukunyakaza kwezindikimba zasemkhathini kuthobela ubudlelwano obaziwayo bezibalo, kwakha “ukuvumelana kwezinhlaka”. * Imvelo yakha umzimba (emithathu), enguziqu-zintathu wesiqalo nezinhlangothi zayo eziphikisanayo. * Okune - isithombe sezakhi ezine zemvelo. * Ishumi “ishumi leminyaka elingcwele”, isisekelo sokubala kanye nakho konke ukungaqondakali kwezinombolo, kuwumfanekiso wendawo yonke, ehlanganisa imbulunga yonke eyishumi enezinkanyiso eziyishumi.
Ukuqonda.
* Ukwazi umhlaba ngokusho kukaPythagoras kusho ukwazi izinombolo eziwulawulayo. * UPythagoras wayebheka ukucabanga okumsulwa (sophia) njengohlobo oluphakeme kakhulu lolwazi. * Kuvunyelwe izindlela zemilingo nezingaqondakali zokwazi.
Umphakathi.
* UPythagoras wayengumphikisi oshisekayo wentando yeningi, ngokombono wakhe, amademo kufanele alalele ngokuqinile umbuso wezicukuthwane. * UPythagoras wayebheka inkolo nokuziphatha njengezici eziyinhloko zokuhleleka komphakathi. * “Ukusabalala kwenkolo” endaweni yonke kuwumsebenzi oyisisekelo wawo wonke amalungu enhlangano yamaPythagoras.
Izimilo.
Imiqondo yezimiso zokuziphatha kuPythagoreanism ngezinye izikhathi ayicacile. Isibonelo, ubulungiswa buchazwa ngokuthi “inombolo ephindaphindwe iyodwa”. Kodwa-ke, isimiso esiyinhloko sokuziphatha siwukungabi nodlame (ahimsa), ukungazwisi ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka kuzo zonke ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo.
Umphefumlo.
* Umphefumulo awufi, futhi imizimba ngamathuna omphefumulo. * Umphefumulo udlula emjikelezweni wokuphindukuzalwa emizimbeni yasemhlabeni.
UNkulunkulu.
Onkulunkulu bayizidalwa ezifanayo nabantu, bangaphansi kokudalelwa, kodwa banamandla kakhulu futhi baphila isikhathi eside.
Umuntu.
Umuntu ungaphansi konkulunkulu ngokuphelele.
Phakathi kokufaneleka okungangabazeki kukaPythagoras ngaphambi kwefilosofi, umuntu kufanele afake neqiniso lokuthi ungomunye wabokuqala emlandweni wefilosofi yasendulo ukukhuluma ngolimi lwesayensi mayelana ne-metempsychosis, ukuphindukuzalwa, ukuvela kwemiphefumulo engokomoya nokufuduka kwayo emzimbeni owodwa. komunye. Ukukhuthaza kwakhe umbono we-metampsychosis ngezinye izikhathi kwakuthatha izindlela ezixakile: lapho isazi sefilosofi sikwenqabela ukucasula umdlwane omncane ngesizathu sokuthi, ngokubona kwakhe, lo mdlwane waba nokubukeka komuntu esikhathini esidlule futhi wayengumngane kaPythagoras.
Umqondo we-metempsychosis kamuva wawuzokwamukelwa isazi sefilosofi uPlato futhi uthuthukiswe nguye ube umqondo obalulekile wefilosofi, futhi ngaphambi kukaPythagoras abantu abadumile nabavuma izono kwakungama-Orphics. Njengabasekeli behlelo lama-Olympian, ama-Orphics anezinganekwane zawo “ezixakile” ngomsuka womhlaba - ngokwesibonelo, umbono wokuzalwa kwamabhithi angu-uXNUMX buXNUMXbits uvela eqandeni lombungu omkhulu.
Umkhathi wethu unokwakheka kweqanda futhi ngokusho kwe-cosmogony yamaPurana (imibhalo yasendulo yamaNdiya, amaVedic). Ngokwesibonelo, kwethi “Mahabharata” siyafunda: “Kuleli zwe, lapho ligutshuzelwe ubumnyama nhlangothi zonke ngaphandle kokukhanya nokukhanya, kwavela iqanda elilodwa elikhulu ekuqaleni kwe-yuga njengembangela yendalo, imbewu yaphakade. yazo zonke izidalwa, okuthiwa uMahadivya (unkulunkulu Omkhulu) “.
Esinye sezikhathi ezithakazelisa kakhulu ku-Orphism, ngokombono wokubunjwa okulandelayo kwefilosofi yamaGreki, kwakuyimfundiso ye-metempsychosis - ukuguqulwa kwemiphefumulo, okwenza lesi siko samaGreki sihlobane nemibono yamaNdiya nge-samsara (umjikelezo wokuzalwa kanye ukufa) kanye nomthetho we-karma (umthetho wokuphindukuzalwa ngokuvumelana nomsebenzi) .
Uma ukuphila kwasemhlabeni kukaHomer kungcono kunokuphila kwangemva kokufa, khona-ke ama-Orphics anokuphikisana: ukuphila ukuhlupheka, umphefumulo emzimbeni uphansi. Umzimba uyithuna nejele lomphefumulo. Umgomo wokuphila ukukhululwa komphefumulo emzimbeni, ukunqoba umthetho ongenakuguqulwa, ukuphula iketango lokuphindukuzalwa futhi ufinyelele "esiqhingini sababusisiwe" ngemva kokufa.
Lesi simiso esiyisisekelo se-axiological (value) sigcizelela amasiko okuhlanza asetshenziswa kokubili ama-Orphics namaPythagoras. U-Pythagoras wamukela ku-Orphics imithetho yesiko lokuzindla yokulungiselela "impilo ejabulisayo", njengoba akhe imfundo ezikoleni zakhe ngokohlobo lwe-monastic-oda. I-oda likaPythagoras lalinohlelo lwalo, imikhosi yalo eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nesimiso esiqinile sokuqalwa. I-elite ye-oda kwakungochwepheshe bezibalo ("esoterics"). Ngokuqondene nama-acusmatist ("exoterics", noma ama-novices), kuphela ingxenye yangaphandle, eyenziwe lula yemfundiso yePythagorean eyayitholakala kubo.
Wonke amalungu omphakathi ayephila impilo yokuzincisha injabulo, eyayihlanganisa nenqwaba yemithetho evimbela ukudla, ikakhulukazi ukwenqatshelwa kokudla ukudla kwezilwane. UPythagoras wayengumlimi oqinile. Esibonelweni sokuphila kwakhe, siqala ukubona ukuthi ulwazi lwefilosofi luhlanganiswa kanjani nokuziphatha kwefilosofi, isikhungo esiwukuzincisha injabulo nokuzidela okusebenzayo.
I-Pythagoras yayibonakala ngokuhlukana, impahla engokomoya ebalulekile, umngane ongaguquki wokuhlakanipha. Ngokugxeka okunonya kwesazi sefilosofi yasendulo, umuntu akufanele akhohlwe ukuthi nguye, u-hermit wasesiqhingini saseSamos, owake wachaza ifilosofi kanjalo. Lapho umashiqela uLeontes wasePhlius ebuza uPythagoras ukuthi ungubani, uPythagoras waphendula: “Isazi sefilosofi”. Leli gama lalingaziwa kuLeont, futhi uPythagoras kwadingeka achaze incazelo ye-neologism.
“Ukuphila,” ephawula, “kufana nemidlalo: abanye beza ukuzoqhudelana, abanye bezohwebelana, futhi abajabulela kakhulu ukubukela; kanjalo nasempilweni abanye, njengezigqila, bazalwa behahela inkazimulo nenzuzo, kuyilapho izazi zefilosofi zifinyelela eqinisweni kuphela.
Sengiphetha, ngizocaphuna ama-aphorisms amabili okuziphatha kaPythagoras, akhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi kumuntu walo mcabango, umcabango wamaGreki wawusondela ekuqondeni ukuhlakanipha okokuqala ngqa, njengokuziphatha okuhle, okungukuthi, ukuzijwayeza: “Isifanekiso sihle ukubonakala, nomuntu ngezenzo zakhe.” "Linganisa izifiso zakho, kala imicabango yakho, bhala amagama akho."
Igama langemuva lenkondlo:
Akuthathi okuningi ukuba umuntu ongadli imifino – udinga nje ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqala. Nokho, isinyathelo sokuqala ngokuvamile yisona esinzima kakhulu. Lapho inkosi edumile yamaSufi uShibli ibuzwa ukuthi kungani ikhethe iNdlela yokuzithuthukisa ngokomoya, inkosi yaphendula ngokuthi yayishukunyiswe kulokhu umdlwane olahlekile owabona ukucabangela kwakhe echibini. Siyazibuza: ingabe indaba yomdlwane olahlekile kanye nokuzindla kwawo echibini kwaba nendima engokomfanekiso esiphethweni samaSufi? Umdlwane wesaba ukuzindla kwawo, ukoma kwase kunqoba ukwesaba kwakhe, wavala amehlo akhe futhi, wagxumela echibini, waqala ukuphuza. Ngendlela efanayo, ngamunye wethu, uma sinquma ukungena endleleni yokuphelela, kufanele, njengoba somile, siwele emthonjeni onikeza ukuphila, siyeke ukuguqula umzimba wethu ube yi-sarcophagus (!) - indawo yokuhlala yokufa. , nsuku zonke singcwaba inyama yezilwane ezihluphekayo ezihlushwa esiswini sethu.
—— U-Sergey Dvoryanov, Ikhandidethi Yezesayensi Yefilosofi, UProfesa Ohlangene woMnyango we-Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation, uMongameli we-East-West Philosophical and Journalistic Club, ophila impilo yemifino iminyaka engu-12 (indodana - engu-11 ubudala, imifino kusukela ekuzalweni)