Uyini umkhuhlane?

Umkhuhlane, noma umkhuhlane, yisifo esibangelwa amagciwane omkhuhlane womndeni we-Orthomyxoviridae, amagciwane e-RNA. Isifo esithathelwanayo, umkhuhlane okokuqala kuthinta isimiso sokuphefumula futhi kungaba nzima kakhulu noma kube nezinhlobo ezinzima.

Uhlala isikhathi esingakanani umkhuhlane?

Ngokuvamile isukela izinsuku 3-7 futhi ingavimbela umuntu ekwenzeni imisebenzi yakhe yansuku zonke.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-influenza virus

Kunezinhlobo ezi-3 zamagciwane omkhuhlane, nezinhlobo ezincane ezihlukene ezihlukaniswa ngokwe-surface glycoprotein, ama-neuraminidase (N) nama-hemagglutinins (H):

Uhlobo lwe-Influenza A

Iyingozi kakhulu. Kubangele imiqedazwe eminingana ebulalayo njengomkhuhlane waseSpain odumile wango-1918, owabulala abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20. Ngo-1968, kwakuyisikhathi "somkhuhlane waseHong Kong" ukuqala ubhubhane. Uhlobo A luyashintsha ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, okumenza abe nzima kakhulu ukulwa. Ngempela, umzimba kufanele wakhe impendulo yokuzivikela komzimba eqondene nohlobo ngalunye olusha lomkhuhlane ojikelezayo.

Igciwane lohlobo A libangela ubhubhane cishe izikhathi ezi-3-4 ngekhulunyaka. Ngo-2009, uhlobo olusha lwegciwane A, H1N1, kwaqala olunye ubhubhane. Ngokusho kweziphathimandla zezempilo yomphakathi, ubungozi balolu bhubhane "bebulinganisene", ngokwenani lokufa. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, bheka ifayela lethu le-Influenza A (H1N1).

I-Avian influenza nayo iyigciwane lohlobo A elihlasela izinyoni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyahlatshwa (izinkukhu, amaturkey, izigwaca), zasendle (amahansi, amadada) noma ezifuywayo. Igciwane lisakazeka kalula lisuka ezinyonini liye kubantu, kodwa akuvamile ukuthi litheleleke phakathi kwabantu. Ubunzima H5N1 ibangele ukufa kwabantu abambalwa e-Asia, ngokuvamile kubantu abasondelene kakhulu nezinkukhu ezigulayo noma ezifile noma abavame ukuvakashela izimakethe zenkukhu eziphilayo.

Uhlobo lwe-Influenza B

Ngokuvamile, ukubonakaliswa kwayo akubi kangako. Idala kuphela izifo eziwumshayabhuqe zasendaweni. Lolu hlobo lomkhuhlane alujwayele ukuguquka kunohlobo A.

Uhlobo C umkhuhlane

Izimpawu eziwubangelayo ziyefana nezomkhuhlane ojwayelekile. Lolu hlobo lomkhuhlane nalo alujwayele ukuguquka kunohlobo A.

Ingabe amagciwane ayaguquka?

Lolu hlobo lwegciwane luhlala lubhekana nokuguqulwa kofuzo (ukuguqulwa kwe-genotypic). Yingakho ukuba nomkhuhlane unyaka owodwa kunganikezi ukuzivikela ngokumelene namagciwane azozungeza eminyakeni elandelayo. Ngakho-ke singangenwa umkhuhlane omusha minyaka yonke. Imithi yokugoma kufanele ishintshwe unyaka nonyaka ukuvikela abantu ezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha zegciwane.

Umkhuhlane kanye nokutheleleka: uhlala isikhathi esingakanani?

Umuntu onaleli gciwane angathathelana ngosuku olwandulela izimpawu zakhe zokuqala futhi angadlulisela igciwane izinsuku ezinhlanu kuya kweziyi-5. Izingane ngezinye izikhathi zithathelwana izinsuku ezingaphezu kweziyi-10.

Ukufukamela kuthatha izinsuku ezi-1 kuye kwezi-3, okusho ukuthi uma utheleleke ngegciwane lomkhuhlane, izimpawu zingaqala ukubonakala kusukela osukwini olu-1 ngemuva kokutheleleka kuze kube yizinsuku ezi-3 ngemuva.

Umkhuhlane, ubanjwe kanjani?

Umkhuhlane ubhebhetheka kalula, ngokutheleleka futhi ikakhulukazi ngama-microdroplets angcolile adedelwa emoyeni uma ukukhwehlela noma ukuthimula. Igciwane lingasakazwa futhi ngamathe. Njengoba leli gciwane lingasakazeka ngokushesha ebusweni nasezandleni zomuntu onomkhuhlane, ukuqabula nokuxhawula abantu abagulayo kufanele kugwenywe.

Ukutheleleka kwenzeka kuyaqabukela ngezinto ezithintwa amathe noma amaconsi angcolile; igciwane liphikelela ezandleni imizuzu emi-5 kuya kwengama-30 nasesigqikini izinsuku ezimbalwa. Ezindaweni ezingasebenzi, igciwane lihlala lisebenza amahora ambalwa, ngakho-ke gwema ukuthinta izinto zesiguli (amathoyizi, itafula, i-cutlery, isixubho).

Ingabe umkhuhlane ungabanjwa kalula uma kubanda?

AmaNtaliyane wekhulu XIV^e ekhulwini bakholelwa ukuthi iziqephu zokutheleleka ku Umkhuhlane zilethwe yi froid. Ngakho bamqamba igama umkhuhlane. Babengalungile ngokuphelele, ngoba ezindaweni ezipholile ze-hemispheres esenyakatho neseningizimu umkhuhlane uzibonakalisa kaningi ebusika. Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi, cishe babengazi ukuthi ezindaweni ezishisayo, ukuqubuka komkhuhlane kungenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka (asikho isikhathi somkhuhlane!).

Sekuyisikhathi eside kunenkolelo yokuthi “ukubanjwa umkhuhlane” kunciphisa ukumelana komzimba nomkhuhlane nemikhuhlane. Kodwa-ke, abukho ubufakazi bokuthi umkhuhlane wenza buthaka amasosha omzimba noma enze kube lula ukungena kwegciwane emgudwini wokuphefumula.^6-9 .

Uma umkhuhlane uvame kakhulu ebusika, kubonakala sengathi kungenzeka kakhulu kungenxa yokuvalelwa Ngaphakathi izindlu, okukhuthazayo ukutheleleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqiniso lokuthi umoya ungaphezulu eyomile ebusika futhi kusiza ukutheleleka, ngoba ulwelwesi lwamafinyila ekhaleni loma. Eqinisweni, ulwelwesi lwamafinyila luvimbela ukungena kwamagciwane ngokuphumelelayo uma esemanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umoya owomile wasebusika ungenza kube lula ngegciwane ukuthi liphile ngaphandle komzimba.²³.

Izinkinga ezingenzeka zomkhuhlane

• I-bacterium superinfection: izinkinga zingenzeka uma Umkhuhlane (ukutheleleka ngegciwane) ngaphezu kokutheleleka ngebhaktheriya abezindaba ze-otitis, lo i-sinusitis, lo inyumoniya i-bacterial post influenzae evela ku-4^st i-14^st usuku ngemva kokuqala kokutheleleka, ngokuvamile kubantu asebekhulile.
• I-pneumonia elihambisana nomkhuhlane obulalayo oyinhloko. Okungavamile futhi kubi kakhulu, kuholela ekulalisweni esibhedlela ekunakekelweni okukhulu kwezokwelapha.

• Izinkinga ezithinta izitho ezingaphandle kwamaphaphu, njenge-myocarditis (ukuvuvukala kwemisipha yenhliziyo), i-pericarditis (ukuvuvukala kwe-pericardium, ulwelwesi oluzungeze inhliziyo, i-encephalitis (ukuvuvukala kobuchopho), i-rhabdmyolysis (ukulimala okukhulu kwemisipha), I-Reye's syndrome (uma i-aspirin ithathwa ezinganeni, okubangela i-hepatitis eyingozi kanye ne-encephalitis, embi kakhulu).
• Izinkinga kubantu abane-immune encishisiwe,
• Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukukhulelwa kwesisu, ukungakabi isikhathi, ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa kwemizwa.
• Futhi kubantu abadala, Heart Ukwehlulekaisifo sokuphefumula noma sezinso esingase sibe sibi kakhulu (ukuwohloka).

Abantu abanempilo entekenteke kakhulu, njenge asebekhulile,  immunocompromised nalabo abanayo Izifo Zamaphaphu, basengozini enkulu yokuba nezinkinga nokufa.

Nini ukubonisana nodokotela ?

Uma kukhona izimpawu ezilandelayo, kungcono ukubonana nodokotela ukuze uthole futhi mhlawumbe uphathe noma yiziphi izinkinga ezingase ziphakame.

• Umkhuhlane ngaphezu kwama-38,5 ° C amahora angaphezu kwama-72.
• Ukuphelelwa umoya ngesikhathi sokuphumula.
• Ubuhlungu besifuba.

Bangaki abantu abathola umkhuhlane unyaka ngamunye?

EFrance, unyaka ngamunye, phakathi nobhadane lomkhuhlane, phakathi kwezigidi ezingu-788 nezingu-000 abantu abathintana nodokotela wabo ovamile, okungukuthi abantu abayizigidi ezingu-4,6 abathintekayo ngokwesilinganiso unyaka ngamunye ngumkhuhlane. Futhi cishe u-2,5% wabo ungaphansi kweminyaka engu-50. Phakathi nobhubhane lomkhuhlane we-18-2014, amacala omkhuhlane omkhulu wezi-2015 kanye nokufa kwe-1600 kwabonwa. Kepha inani lokufa ngokweqile elixhumene nomkhuhlane ngaleso sikhathi lalinganiselwa ekufeni kwabantu abangama-280 (ukufa kwabantu ababuthaka okungenzeka ukuthi ngaphandle komkhuhlane bebengeke bafe). 

Umkhuhlane uhlasela i-10% kuya ku-25% wabantu unyaka ngamunye Canadian3. Iningi lalabo abanaleli gciwane liyalulama ngaphandle kwenkinga. Noma kunjalo, umkhuhlane ubandakanyeka ekufeni kwabantu abangama-3000 kuye kwangama-5000 eCanada, imvamisa kubantu asebevele bekhubazekile.

Ubanjwa nini umkhuhlane?

ENyakatho Melika njengaseYurophu, inkathi yomkhuhlane iqala ngoNovemba kuya ku-Ephreli. Izigameko zonyaka zomkhuhlane ziyahlukahluka kuye ngendawo yezwe okulo kanye negciwane laminyaka yonke elisakazwayo.