Okuqukethwe
Incwadi ethi "Introduction to Psychology". Ababhali - RL Atkinson, RS Atkinson, EE Smith, DJ Boehm, S. Nolen-Hoeksema. Ngaphansi komhleli jikelele we-VP Zinchenko. Uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-15, i-St. Petersburg, i-Prime Eurosign, ngo-2007.
Uhlanga lwesintu luzuze lukhulu ekhonweni lokukhiqiza, ukuxhumana, nokwenza ngemicabango eyinkimbinkimbi. Ukucabanga kuhlanganisa inhlobonhlobo yemisebenzi yengqondo. Sicabanga uma sizama ukuxazulula inkinga enikezwe ekilasini; sicabanga lapho siphupha silindele le misebenzi ekilasini. Sicabanga lapho sinquma ukuthi sizothenga ini esitolo, lapho sihlela ukuya eholidini, lapho sibhala incwadi, noma lapho sikhathazeka:mayelana nobudlelwano obunzima.
Imiqondo nokuhlukaniswa ngezigaba: izakhi zokucabanga
Umcabango ungabonakala njengokuthi «ulimi lwengqondo». Eqinisweni, izilimi ezinjalo ezingaphezu koyedwa zingenzeka. Enye yezindlela zomcabango ihambisana nokugeleza kwemishwana «esiyizwa ezingqondweni zethu»; kubizwa ngokuthi i-propositional thinking ngoba iveza iziphakamiso noma izitatimende. Enye imodi — ukucabanga okungokomfanekiso — kuhambisana nezithombe, ikakhulukazi ezibukwayo, esizibonayo ezingqondweni zethu. Ekugcineni, kukhona cishe imodi yesithathu — motor ukucabanga, elihambisana ukulandelana «ukunyakaza kwengqondo» (Bruner, Olver, Greenfield et al, 1966). Nakuba ukunakwa okuthile kukhokhwe ekucabangeni kwezimoto ezinganeni ocwaningweni lwezigaba zokukhula kwengqondo, ucwaningo lokucabanga kubantu abadala lugxile kakhulu kwezinye izindlela ezimbili, ikakhulukazi ukucabanga okuhlongozwayo. Bona →
Ukubonisana
Uma sicabanga ngeziphakamiso, ukulandelana kwemicabango kuyahlelwa. Ngezinye izikhathi inhlangano yemicabango yethu inqunywa ukwakheka kwenkumbulo yesikhathi eside. Umcabango wokubiza uyihlo, isibonelo, uholela esikhumbuzweni sengxoxo yakamuva naye endlini yakho, okuholela emcabangweni wokulungisa i-attic endlini yakho. Kodwa ukuhlanganisa inkumbulo akuzona kuphela izindlela zokuhlela umcabango. Okuthakazelisayo futhi isici senhlangano salawo macala lapho sizama ukubonisana. Lapha ukulandelana kwemicabango kuvame ukuthatha isimo sokuziphendulela, lapho isitatimende esisodwa simelela isitatimende noma isiphetho esifuna ukusikhipha. Izitatimende ezisele ziyizizathu zalokhu kugomela, noma izakhiwo zalesi siphetho. Bona →
Ukucabanga okudala
Ngaphezu kokucabanga ngendlela yezitatimende, umuntu angabuye acabange ngendlela yezithombe, ikakhulukazi izithombe ezibukwayo.
Abaningi bethu banomuzwa wokuthi ingxenye yokucabanga kwethu yenziwa ngokubona. Ngokuvamile kubonakala sengathi sikhiqiza imibono yangaphambili noma izingcezwana zakhona bese sizisebenza njengokungathi ziyimibono yangempela. Ukuze ujabulele lesi sikhathi, zama ukuphendula le mibuzo emithathu elandelayo:
- Izindlebe zikaMalusi waseJalimane zinjani?
- Iyiphi incwadi ozoyithola uma uzungeza inhlokodolobha engu-N 90 degrees?
- Mangaki amafasitela abazali bakho abanawo endlini yabo yokuphumula?
Ekuphenduleni umbuzo wokuqala, abantu abaningi bathi bakha isithombe esibukwayo sekhanda likaMalusi waseJalimane futhi "babheke" ezindlebeni ukuze banqume ukuma kwabo. Lapho bephendula umbuzo wesibili, abantu babika ukuthi baqala ukwakha umfanekiso we-capital N, bese ngokwengqondo "bajikelezisa" ngamadigri angu-90 futhi "babheke" ukuze banqume ukuthi kwenzekeni. Futhi lapho bephendula umbuzo wesithathu, abantu bathi bacabanga igumbi bese «baskena» lesi sithombe ngokubala amafasitela (Kosslyn, 1983; Shepard & Cooper, 1982).
Lezi zibonelo ezingenhla zisekelwe emibonweni ecabangelayo, kodwa bona kanye nobunye ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi izethulo ezifanayo nezinqubo zihilelekile ezithombeni njengoba kubonwa (Finke, 1985). Izithombe zezinto nezindawo zendawo ziqukethe imininingwane ebonakalayo: sibona umalusi waseJalimane, inhloko-dolobha N noma igumbi lokuphumula labazali bethu «engqondweni yethu». Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kwengqondo esikwenzayo ngalezi zithombe ngokusobala kufana nemisebenzi eyenziwa ngezinto ezibukwayo zangempela: siskena isithombe segumbi labazali ngendlela efanayo njengoba besiskena igumbi langempela, bese sizungezisa isithombe sosonhlamvukazi esingu-N ngendlela efanayo njengoba sizungeza ngayo singaba into yangempela. Bona →
Ukucabanga Ngezenzo: Ukuxazulula Izinkinga
Kubantu abaningi, ukuxazulula izinkinga kumelela ukucabanga ngokwakho. Lapho sixazulula izinkinga, silwela umgomo, singabi nazo izindlela ezikulungele ukuwufinyelela. Kufanele sihlukanise umgomo ube amagoli amancane, futhi mhlawumbe le migomo emincane siyihlukanise kakhulu ibe amagoli amancane size sifike ezingeni lapho sinezindlela ezidingekayo (Anderson, 1990).
La maphuzu angafanekiswa ngesibonelo senkinga elula. Ake sithi udinga ukuxazulula inhlanganisela ongajwayelekile yokukhiya kwedijithali. Wazi kuphela ukuthi kunezinombolo ezi-4 kule nhlanganisela nokuthi uma nje udayela inombolo efanele, uzwa ukuchofoza. Umgomo jikelele uwukuthola inhlanganisela. Esikhundleni sokuzama amadijithi angu-4 ngokungahleliwe, abantu abaningi bahlukanisa igoli lilonke libe amagoli amancane angu-4, ngalinye lihambisana nokuthola inombolo eyodwa kwezingu-4 ekuhlanganisweni. Inhloso encane yokuqala ukuthola idijithi yokuqala, futhi unendlela yokuyifinyelela, okuwukuvula ilokhi kancane uze uzwe ukuchofoza. Inhloso encane yesibili ukuthola idijithi yesibili, futhi inqubo efanayo ingasetshenziswa kulokhu, njalo njalo ngawo wonke ama-subgoals asele.
Amasu okuhlukanisa umgomo abe amagoli amancane ayinkinga eyinhloko ocwaningweni lokuxazulula izinkinga. Omunye umbuzo ukuthi abantu bacabanga kanjani ngengqondo inkinga, ngoba kalula ukuxazulula inkinga kuncike kulokhu. Zombili lezi zindaba zicatshangelwa ngokuqhubekayo. Bona →
Umthelela wokucabanga olimini
Ingabe ulimi lusibeka ohlakeni oluthile lokubuka umhlaba okukhethekile? Ngokokwakheka okumangalisa kakhulu kwe-linguistic determinism hypothesis (Whorf, 1956), uhlelo lolimi lwazo zonke izilimi luwumfanekiso we-metaphysics. Isibonelo, ngenkathi isiNgisi sinamabizo nezenzo, uNootka usebenzisa izenzo kuphela, kuyilapho u-Hopi ehlukanisa iqiniso libe izingxenye ezimbili: izwe elibonakalayo kanye nomhlaba ongacacile. U-Whorf ugomela ngokuthi ukwehluka okunjalo kwezilimi kwakha indlela yokucabanga ezikhulumini zomdabu engaqondakali kwabanye. Bona →
Ulimi lunganquma kanjani umcabango: ukuhlobana kwezilimi kanye nokunqunywa kolimi
Akekho ophikisana nethisisi yokuthi ulimi nokucabanga kunethonya elibalulekile komunye nomunye. Nokho, kunokuphikisana ngokuthi ulimi ngalunye lunomthelela walo ekucabangeni nasezenzweni zabantu abalukhulumayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wonke umuntu ofunde izilimi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu uyamangala ngezici eziningi ezihlukanisa ulimi olulodwa kolunye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sicabanga ukuthi izindlela zokubona umhlaba osizungezile ziyefana kubo bonke abantu. Bona →
Isahluko 10
Ushayela wehla ngothelawayeka, uzama ukufika kunhlolokhono ebalulekile. Uvuke sekuhlwile namhlanje ekuseni, ngakho bekufanele weqe ukudla kwasekuseni, futhi manje ulambile. Kubonakala sengathi wonke amabhodi okukhangisa owadlulayo akhangisa ukudla - amaqanda amnandi aphehliwe, amabhega anamanzi, ijusi yezithelo epholile. Isisu sakho siyabhodla, uyazama ukuziba, kodwa uyehluleka. Ngekhilomitha ngalinye, umuzwa wendlala uyanda. Ucishe uphahlazeka emotweni ephambi kwakho ngenkathi ubuka isikhangiso se-pizza. Ngamafuphi, ungaphansi kwesimo esikhuthazayo esaziwa ngokuthi yindlala.
Ugqozi yisimo esenza kusebenze futhi siqondise ukuziphatha kwethu. Bona →