I-femur (kusuka ku-Latin femur) ukuphela kwethambo lethanga eliphakathi kwesinqe namadolo.

Isakhiwo jikelele. Ihlanganiswe ngesimo, i-femur iyithambo elide kakhulu futhi imele ngokwesilinganiso ikota yobukhulu bomzimba. (1) Futhi iyithambo elikhulu kunawo wonke emzimbeni womuntu futhi lakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu:

• isiphetho esiseduze, esisethangeni;
• ukuphela okukude, okutholakala emadolweni
• i-diaphysis, noma umzimba, ingxenye emaphakathi yethambo etholakala phakathi kwemikhawulo emibili.

Amalunga. Isiphetho esiseduze se-femur sakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu (1):

• ikhanda le-femur, elise-acetabulum, umgodi we-articular wethambo le-hip, owenza i-hip;
• intamo ye-femur exhumanisa ikhanda neshafu;
• ama-trochanters amabili, ama-bony protrusions, abekwe ezingeni lokuxhuma kwentamo nekhanda.

Ukuphela okukude kwe-femur kuqukethe:

• imikhuba yabesifazane, noma izindawo zobuciko, eziveza imidwebo yetibia ukwakha idolo;
• indawo ye-patellar echaza kahle i-patella;
• ama-epicondyles, ama-bony protrusions, nama-tubercles, asebenza njengezindawo zokunamathisela emisipheni nasemigudwini. (1)

Ukudluliswa kwesisindo. I-femur idlulisa isisindo somzimba kusuka ethanjeni le-hip kuya e-tibia. (2)

Amandla omzimba. Amalunga we-femur esinqeni nasemadolweni ayabandakanyeka emandleni omzimba okuhambisa nokugcina ukuma okuqondile. (2)

Ukuqhekeka kwe-femur. Ukwephuka kwezinsikazi okuvame kakhulu yilokho okusentanyeni ye-femur, ikakhulukazi kubantu asebekhulile abane-osteoporosis. Zingaphinda zenzeke phakathi kwama-trochanters, ekugcineni okuphambili, naku-shaft (1). Ukuphuka kubonakaliswa ubuhlungu okhalweni.

I-epiphysis yekhanda lesifazane. I-Epiphysiolysis ibonakala ngokungajwayelekile koqwembe lwe-epiphyseal, olubhekisela ku-plaque osekupheleni kwethambo elide njenge-femur. Lesi sifo singakhula ekugcineni kwe-femur okwenza ikhanda le-femur liqhume entanyeni ye-femur. Le nhlangano futhi ingadala okunye ukungajwayelekile njenge-coxa vara, ukuguqulwa kwengxenye ephezulu yesifazane. (1)

Induku yamathanga, i-valga yethanga. Lezi zinkinga zihambisana nokuguqulwa kwengxenye ephezulu ye-femur ngokuguqulwa kwe-angle yokuthambekela phakathi kwentamo nomzimba we-femur. Le engeli imvamisa iphakathi kuka-115 ° no-140 °. Lapho leli engela liphansi ngokungavamile, sikhuluma ngalo induku ethangeni, ngenkathi iphakeme ngokungajwayelekile, iyi- ukukhanya kwethanga. (I-1)

Izifo zamathambo.

• I-osteoporosis. Le pathology yenza ukulahleka kwamathambo okutholakala kakhulu kubantu abangaphezu kweminyaka yobudala engama-60. Kugcizelela ubucayi bamathambo futhi kuthuthukise izikweletu. (3)
• Umdlavuza wamathambo. Ama-metastases angakhula emathanjeni. Lawa maseli omdlavuza avame ukuvela kumdlavuza oyinhloko kwesinye isitho. (4)
• I-dystrophy yamathambo. Lesi sifo sakha ukukhula okungajwayelekile noma ukulungiswa kabusha kwezicubu zethambo futhi kufaka izifo eziningi. Esinye sezivame kakhulu, isifo sikaPaget (5) sibangela ukuqina kwamathambo nokusonteka, okuholela ezinhlungwini. I-Algodystrophy isho ukuvela kobuhlungu kanye / noma ukuqina okulandela ukuhlukumezeka (ukuphuka, ukuhlinzwa, njll.).

Ukwelashwa. Ngokuya ngesifo esitholakele, ukwelashwa okuhlukile kungabekwa ukulawula noma ukuqinisa izicubu zamathambo, kanye nokunciphisa ubuhlungu nokuvuvukala.

Ukwelashwa kokuhlinzwa. Ngokuya ngohlobo lokwephuka, umsebenzi wokuhlinzwa ungenziwa ngokubekwa kwezikhonkwane, ipuleti lesikulufa, isilungisi sangaphandle noma kwezinye izimo okufakelwayo.

Ukwelashwa kwamathambo. Ngokuya ngohlobo lokwephuka, ukufakwa kosimende noma i-resin kungenziwa.

Ukwelashwa ngokomzimba. Izindlela zokwelashwa ngokomzimba, ezinjenge-physiotherapy noma i-physiotherapy, zingahle zinqunywe.

Ukwelashwa kwe-Hormonal, i-radiotherapy noma i-chemotherapy. Lezi zindlela zokwelashwa zingabekwa ngokuya ngesigaba sokuqhubeka komdlavuza.

Ukuhlolwa komzimba. Ukuxilongwa kuqala ngokuhlolwa kobuhlungu bezitho eziphansi ukuthola izimbangela zayo.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging yezokwelapha. Ngokuya nge-pathology esolwayo noma efakazelwe, kungenziwa izivivinyo ezengeziwe njenge-X-ray, i-ultrasound, i-CT scan, i-MRI, i-scintigraphy noma i-bone densitometry.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezokwelapha. Ukuze ubone izifo ezithile, ukuhlaziywa kwegazi noma komchamo kungenziwa, ngokwesibonelo, isilinganiso se-phosphorus noma i-calcium.

I-biopsy yamathambo. Kwezinye izimo, kuthathwa isampula lamathambo ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa.

NgoDisemba 2015, umagazini i-PLOS ONE wethula udaba olumayelana nokutholwa kwesifazane esivela ohlotsheni lwangaphambi kwesikhathi. (6) Latholwa ngonyaka we-1989 eChina, leli thambo alizange lifundwe kuze kube ngu-2012. Njengoba lisukela emuva eminyakeni eyi-14, leli thambo libukeka lingelolohlobo olusondela kuHomo mobile orHomo erectus ekugcineni. Abantu bakudala bebengasinda kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-Ice Age yokugcina, eminyakeni eyi-10 eyedlule. Lokhu kutholakala kungakhombisa ukuba khona kohlu olusha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo (000).