Izibonelelo zomndeni: Top 10 ulwazi olungajwayelekile ongalwazi

Ngezinye izikhathi zithathwa kalula eFrance, ngeshwa azizange zibe khona njalo futhi mhlawumbe ngeke zihlale zikhona kuwo wonke umuntu. Izibonelelo zomndeni wusizo olukhokhelwa abantu abanezingane ezibondliwayo, amanani nezimo ezihlukahluka kuye ngamazwe. Nasi isifinyezo esifushane somlando wezibonelelo zomndeni eFrance, izinyathelo ezinkulu eziye zenzeka kusukela ekudalweni kwazo, ukuxhaswa kwazo ngezimali noma izindleko zazo. Kwanele thola okwengeziwe ngalezi zinsiza esizithola nyanga zonke, futhi kungani kungenjalo, khanyisa ngolwazi lwakho ku-aperitif yesidlo sakusihlwa esilandelayo nabazali!

Ukhokho wezibonelelo zomndeni wazalwa cishe ngo-1916

EFrance ngo-1916, unjiniyela okuthiwa u-Emile Romanet, naye owayengumKatolika oshisekayo, wenza uphenyo phakathi kwezisebenzi zasembonini yakhe eGrenoble. Uyakuqaphela lokho lapho imikhaya iba mikhudlwana, kuba nzima nakakhulu ukuziphilisa, ukuze ikwazi ukuyithola ngokwezimali. Eqiniseka ngesithakazelo sokuba abaqashi banikeze usizo kubasebenzi babo, waqinisekisa umphathi wakhe, uJoanny Joya, ukuba ethule "ibhonasi yemithwalo yemfanelo yomndeni", ebalwa ngokwenani lezingane endlini ngayinye. Kwazalwa idlozi lezibonelelo zomndeni. Ngokulindele izimfuno zabasebenzi basemafekthri angomakhelwane, u-Emile Romanet uzokholisa abaphathi bamabhizinisi endawo ukuthi bazihlelele ukugwema iziteleka. Osozimboni abahlanu bakha ngo-April 29, 1918 Isikhwama Sesinxephezelo, isikhwama sesibili salolu hlobo esiqashelwa eFrance, esokuqala sasungulwa ngawo lowo nyaka eLorient, eBrittany.

Umthetho wokuqala owaphasiswa ngo-1932

Ngo-1928 no-1930 umthetho womshwalense wezenhlalakahle ohlanganisa ukugula, ukuguga nokungabi namsebenzi waphasiswa. Khona-ke, ngo-1932, umthetho wakwaLandry uhlanganisa izibonelelo zomndeni kubo bonke abasebenzi embonini nakwezohwebo, ngokwenza kube impoqo kubaqashi ukuthi bajoyine isikhwama sokunxeshezelwa. Kodwa ukungenelela kombuso kusenomkhawulo, kanti nenani lezibonelelo liyahlukahluka emnyangweni owodwa kuya komunye. UMbuso awuzange uthathe izibonelelo zomndeni kwaze kwaba ngu-1945, lapho kusungulwa i-Social Security.

Isilinganiso esixhunywe ngokwengxenye nokuncipha kwezinga lokuzalwa

Ngokwengxenye eyasungulwa ngohlelo lwamaKhatholika, ikakhulukazi inhlangano yobuKristu-somphakathi, izibonelelo zomndeni zavela ikakhulukazi ngeminyaka yawo-1930s. indlela yokunxephezela ukwehla kwezinga lokuzalwa eyabonwa eFrance ngemva kweMpi Enkulu. I-France yabe ithola izinga eliphezulu lokufa, kanye nezinga eliphansi lokuzalwa, elibeka emsileni we-Europe mayelana nokukhula kwabantu. Khuthaza amaFulentshi ukuthi abe nezingane ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuhlehlisa lo mkhuba okhathazayo, obandakanya kakhulu inqubomgomo yomndeni evumayo.

Imibandela yemali engenayo yezibonelelo isukela kuphela ngo-2015

Kuze kube ngu-2015, inani lezibonelelo zomndeni ezitholwe abazali ayizange ibekwe ngokuvumelana nezinsiza zasendlini. Ngokusobala, umkhaya wezikhulu noma izisebenzi ezimbalwa umuntu ngamunye onezingane ezimbili wathola imali efanayo nakuba ayengaholi nhlobo.

Ngo-1996, u-Alain Juppé, owayenguNdunankulu ngaleso sikhathi ngaphansi kobuholi bukaJacques Chirac, wethula itshe eligandayiwe echibini ngokumemezela ukubonakaliswa kwalo. izibonelelo zomndeni ezihloliwe, ngaphandle kwempumelelo. Umbono wesilinganiso esinjalo waphinde wavela ngo-1997 ngo-Lionel Jospin, kodwa futhi, lesi silinganiso ngeke sisetshenziswe, sivuna ukwehliswa kwe-quotient yomndeni.

Kwaze kwafika ngo-2014, ngaphansi kukaFrançois Hollande, lapho izibonelelo zomndeni ezihloliwe zizobuyiselwa etafuleni, ukuze zamukelwe ngokuqinisekile ngoJulayi 15, 2015. Kusukela ngalolu suku, izibonelelo zomndeni zizokwehliswa ngohhafu kubazali bezingane ezimbili ezihola ngaphezu kwama-euro angu-6 ngenyanga (ama-euro angama-64 esikhundleni se-129), futhi ngezine kulabo abahola ngaphezu kwama-euro angu-8 ngenyanga (ama-euro angama-32 esikhundleni sika-129), imali engenayo ikhuphuka ngama-euro angama-500 ngengane ngayinye eyengeziwe.

Igatsha lomndeni Lokuvikeleka Komphakathi: okungenani ama-euro ayizigidi ezingama-500 eshodayo

Lokhu akulona i-scoop: ukushoda Kwezokuphepha Komphakathi eFrance kukhuphuka kakhulu, nakuba wonke uhulumeni olandelanayo amashumi eminyaka uzama ukukunciphisa. Ngokusho kwedatha evela ku-Social Security Accounts Commission, ukushoda kokugcina kwakungama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4,4 ngo-2017. Kodwa lIgatsha lomndeni le-Social Security, elihlanganisa izibonelelo zomndeni, akulona elinensalela enkulu kakhulu.

Ngokusho kolwazi lwansuku zonke Okwezwe, igatsha lomndeni lizohamba "oluhlaza" okokuqala kusukela ku-2007, kuya ku-500 million euros ku-2017 ngokumelene nokushoda kwe-euro eyibhiliyoni ku-2016. Igatsha lomndeni le-Social Security ngokuqinisekile isashoda, kodwa incane kunamanye amagatsha njengezingozi emsebenzini (ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-800), nokuguga (ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,5).

I-France ihamba kahle uma iqhathaniswa nabanye omakhelwane baseYurophu

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sivumelana nokunyuswa kwezibonelelo zomndeni noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, sifisa ukuzibona zincishiswa, ngeke siphike noma yikuphi ukuthi iFrance ingcono kakhulu ngokwenqubomgomo yomndeni. Nakuba amanani ngokuvamile ephezulu eJalimane kanye nasemazweni athile aseScandinavia, amanye amazwe anjenge-Italy, iSpain noma i-United Kingdom aseqalile ukusebenzisa. imikhawulo enzima yemali engenayo. Futhi phakathi kwabanye omakhelwane baseYurophu, ukwanda kwenani ngokwenani lezingane kuncane kunaseFrance, ngisho noma sinathi ingane yokuqala ayinikezi ilungelo lanoma iyiphi isibonelelo. Uma sihlanganisa ndawonye lonke usizo lomndeni olutholakala e-France (ikhefu labazali, izibonelelo zomndeni, ilivu yokubeletha, njll.), inqubomgomo yomndeni inenzuzo ngokukhethekile. I-France nayo iyabonisa elinye lamazinga aphezulu okuqashwa kwabesifazane e-Europe, kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokuzalwa kuneningi lomakhelwane bayo, ngokwengxenye okungenani ngenxa yosizo olunikezwa imikhaya.

Isengezo somndeni, isandla sokusiza ingane yesi-3

Ezweni laseFrance, i- isithasiselo somndeni (CF) ihloselwe imindeni okungenani enezingane ezintathu ezibondliwayo zonke ezineminyaka okungenani emi-3 nangaphansi kweminyaka engama-21. Sakhiwe ngoJanuwari 1978, isengezo somndeni siphawula okubaluleke kakhulu okunikezwa ingane yesithathu. Isithasiselo somndeni sithatha indawo yesibonelelo somholo oyedwa, isibonelelo sikamama wokuhlala ekhaya kanye nesibonelelo sokunakekela izingane.

NgoZibandlela wezi-2016, yakhokhelwa amakhaya angu-826, ingxenye yesine yawo umndeni onomzali oyedwa. Inani eliyisisekelo lingu-€ 600, elinganyuswa libe ngu-€ 170,71 emindenini engenayo imali engadluli uphahla oluthile.

2014: isilinganiso sekhefu labazali lokukhuthaza ukulingana ngokobulili

Njengengxenye yomthethosivivinywa wokulingana ngokobulili oholwa nguNkz. Najat Vallaud-Belkacem, ngaleso sikhathi owayenguNgqongqoshe Wamalungelo Abantu Besifazane ngaphansi kwehhovisi lika-François Hollande, uguquko olukhulu lwekhefu labazali lwenzekile, futhi luqale ukusebenza ngoJulayi 2014. Njengoba Ngalolu suku, abazali bengane eyodwa kuphela, okwathi kuze kube yileso sikhathi babenelungelo lezinyanga eziyi-6 zekhefu, bangathatha ezinye izinyanga eziyisithupha uma nje omunye umzali ethatha ikhefu. Ngokusobala, ilivu yelulelwa ezinyangeni eziyi-12 inqobo nje uma lesi sikhathi sabiwe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwabazali ababili. Kusukela enganeni yesibili, ilivu yabazali ihlala isikhathi esifinyelela eminyakeni emithathu, kodwa usizo lwe-CAF luzokhokhwa kuphela kuze kube yilapho ingane isineminyaka emi-3 ubudala uma yabelwa abazali ababili: izinyanga ezingama-24 umzali oyedwa nezinyanga eziyi-12 omunye umzali, njengengxenye ye Ukwabelana Ngenzuzo Yemfundo Yengane (PreParE). Umgomo: ukukhuthaza obaba ukuthi bathathe ikhefu labazali ukuze banakekele ingane yabo esanda kuzalwa.

Ngasekupheleni kokusebenza ngokubambisana kwezibonelelo zomndeni?

Lona ngumbuzo ohlale uhlezi uhlezi etafuleni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ohulumeni abahlukene bathambekele kuphi kwezepolitiki. Kuze kube manje, uma izibonelelo zomndeni zinenani elincike ezingeni lemali engenayo yemindeni, zihlala zizonke: bonke abazali baseFrance, noma ngabe bangobani, bathola izibonelelo zomndeni, ngisho noma inani lihluka ngokwezinga labo lemali engenayo.

Ngesikhathi lapho kudingekile ukuthola izindlela zokunciphisa ukushoda kwe-Social Security, universality of izibonelelo zomndeni kuphakamisa imibuzo. Ingabe umndeni oneholo lanyanga zonke lama-euro angaphezu kuka-10 udinga ngempela usizo lwama-euro ambalwa nje ukuze ukhulise izingane zawo?

Ngo-March 2018, u-Guillaume Chiche, isekela le-LREM lika-Deux-Sèvres, ngokubambisana nesekela le-LR le-Ille-et-Vilaine Gilles Lurton, babezoletha umbiko ohlanganisa izincomo mayelana nenqubomgomo yomndeni yaseFrance. Kodwa uma nokho zenziwa (amasekela abeyoba nobunzima bokuthola into efanayo), iziphetho zawo azibanga nomsindo okwamanje futhi azikawuniki umthethosivivinywa.

Ubani okhokhela izibonelelo zomndeni?

Ngo-2016, ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-84,3 akhokhwa Isikhwama Semali Yesibonelelo Somndeni (i-Caf) kanye ne-Central Agricultural Social Mutual Funds (Ccmsa) ngendlela yezinzuzo ezingokomthetho. Lesi sibalo sezimali sihlanganisa izigaba ezintathu: izinzuzo ezihambisana nokuba khona kwengane, izinzuzo zezindlu, izinzuzo ezihlobene nobumbano nokusekelwa komsebenzi. Ngokuphathelene nezibonelelo zomndeni, lezi zixhaswa kakhulu yiminikelo yomphakathi ekhokhelwa abaqashi, kufika ku-5,25% noma u-3,45% kuye ngomsebenzi. Okunye kuvela ku-CSG (umnikelo womphakathi ojwayelekile, obuye ukhokhiswe ngama-payslip) kanye nezintela. Ngokusobala, umFulentshi ngamunye okhuthele uxhasa ngezimali izibonelelo zomndeni kancane.

imithombo:

• https://www.caf.fr/sites/default/files/cnaf/Documents/Dser/essentiel/Essentiel_depensesPresta_ESSENTIEL.pdf
• https://www.urssaf.fr/portail/home/employeur/calculer-les-cotisations/les-taux-de-cotisations/la-cotisation-dallocations-famil.html
• http://www.vie-publique.fr/decouverte-institutions/protection-sociale/politique-familiale/comment-branche-famille-securite-sociale-est-elle-financee.html
• http://www.vie-publique.fr/politiques-publiques/famille/chronologie/
• http://www.slate.fr/story/137699/emile-romanet-inventa-allocations-familiales