Incazelo yokudangala

Ukucindezeleka yisifo esibonakala ikakhulukazi ngokudabuka okukhulu, umuzwa wokuphelelwa ithemba (isimo sokucindezeleka), ukulahlekelwa umdlandla namandla okwenza izinqumo, ukuncipha nomuzwa wenjabulo, ukuphazamiseka kwemikhuba yokudla nokulala, imicabango eguquguqukayo kanye nomuzwa wokukhathazeka. engenanzuzo njengomuntu ngamunye.

Emibuthanweni yezokwelapha, igama elithi ukucindezeleka okukhulu livame ukusetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kulesi sifo. Ukucindezeleka ngokuvamile kwenzeka njengezikhathi zokucindezeleka ezingahlala amasonto, izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka. Ngokuya ngokuqina kwezimpawu, ukucindezeleka kuzohlukaniswa njengokuthambile, okumaphakathi noma okukhulu (okubi). Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukucindezeleka kungaholela ekuzibulaleni.

Ukudangala kuthinta imizwa, imicabango nokuziphatha, kepha nomzimba. Ukudana kungabonakaliswa emzimbeni ngobuhlungu beqolo, ubuhlungu besisu, ikhanda elibuhlungu; Kuchaza nokuthi kungani umuntu ohlushwa ingcindezi engaba sengozini yokungenwa yimikhuhlane nezinye izifo ngenxa yokuthi amasosha omzimba abuthakathaka.

Ukucindezeleka noma ukucindezeleka?

Igama elithi “ukucindezeleka”, namanje elingajwayelekile esikhathini esingengakanani edlule, livame ukusetshenziswa kabi olimini lwansuku zonke ukuchaza izikhathi ezingenakugwemeka zokudabuka, isithukuthezi kanye nokudangala lapho wonke umuntu ubizelwa ukuba azizwele ngesikhathi esithile. komunye ngaphandle kokuba isifo.

Isibonelo, ukuzwa ukudabuka ngemuva kokulahlekelwa othandekayo noma ukuzizwa ungaphumeleli lapho unezinkinga emsebenzini kuyinto evamile. Kodwa lapho lezi zimo zibuya nsuku zonke ngaphandle kwesizathu esithile noma ziphikelela isikhathi eside ngisho nembangela ebonakalayo, kungase kube ukucindezeleka. Ukucindezeleka empeleni kuyisifo esingelapheki, esihlangabezana nemibandela ethile yokuxilonga.

Ngaphezu kokudabuka, umuntu ocindezelekile ugcina imicabango engemihle nephansi: “Ngimubi ngempela”, “Ngeke ngikwazi ukukwenza”, “Ngiyazonda lokho engiyikho”. Uzizwa engelutho futhi unenkinga yokuzibonakalisa esikhathini esizayo. Akasenandaba nezinto ezake zaduma.

Ukuvama

Ukudana komoya kungenye yezinkinga ezivame kakhulu zengqondo. Ngokocwaningo olwenziwe yiziphathimandla zezempilo yomphakathi eQuebec, cishe abantu abangu-8% abaneminyaka eyi-12 nangaphezulu babike ukuthi bake baba nesikhathi sokucindezeleka ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezedlule1. Ngokusho kwe-Health Canada, cishe ama-11% abantu baseCanada kanye ne-16% yabesifazane baseCanada bazohlushwa ukucindezeleka okukhulu empilweni yabo. Futhi ama-75% abantu baseFrance abaneminyaka engu-7,5 kuya ku-15 babhekane nesiqephu esidabukisayo ezinyangeni ezingama-85 ezedlule12.

Ngokusho kwe-World Health Organisation (WHO), ngo-2020, ukucindezeleka kuzoba imbangela yesibili ehamba phambili yokukhubazeka emhlabeni wonke, ngemuva kokuphazamiseka kwenhliziyo2.

Ukucindezeleka kungenzeka kunoma ibuphi ubudala, kuhlanganise nobuntwana, kodwa kuqala ukuvela kaningi ekupheleni kobusha noma lapho usumdala.

Izimbangela zokudangala

Akucaci ukuthi yini ebangela ukucindezeleka, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi yisifo esiyinkimbinkimbi esifaka izinto eziningana ezihlobene nokuzalwa, i-biology, imicimbi yokuphila, isizinda nemikhuba. wempilo.

I-Genetic

Ucwaningo lwesikhathi eside emindenini kanye nasemaweleni (ahlukanisiwe noma cha lapho ezalwa) luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukucindezeleka kunengxenye ethile yofuzo, nakuba ingakabonakali. izakhi zofuzo ezithile ezihilelekile kulesi sifo. Ngakho-ke, umlando wokudangala emndenini ungaba yingozi.

Biology

Yize i-biology yobuchopho iyinkimbinkimbi, abantu abanokudangala bakhombisa ukushiyeka noma ukungalingani kwama-neurotransmitter athile afana ne-serotonin. Lokhu kungalingani kuphazamisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-neurons. Ezinye izinkinga, njengokuphazamiseka kwe-hormonal (i-hypothyroidism, ukuthatha amaphilisi wokulawula ukubeletha ngokwesibonelo), nakho kungasiza ekucindezelekeni.

Imvelo nendlela yokuphila

Imikhuba emibi yokuphila (ukubhema, ukuphuza ngokweqile, ukuzivocavoca umzimba okungatheni, ukweqiwa kwethelevishini88 noma imidlalo yevidiyo, njll.) Nezimo zokuphila (izimo eziyingozi kwezomnotho, ingcindezi, ukuzihlukanisa nabantu) kungenzeka zibe nomthelela omkhulu kulowo muntu. isimo sengqondo. Isibonelo, ukwakheka kwengcindezi emsebenzini kungaholela ekutubekeni ekugcineni nasekucindezelekeni.

Imicimbi yempilo

Ukulahlekelwa othandekayo, isehlukaniso, ukugula, ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi noma yikuphi okunye ukuhlukumezeka kungadala ukucindezeleka kubantu ababekeke bahlaselwa yilesi sifo. Ngokufanayo, ukuphathwa kabi noma ukuhlukumezeka okwenzeka ebuntwaneni kwenza ukucindezeleka kungene kalula ekubeni umuntu omdala, ikakhulukazi ngoba kuphazamisa unomphela ukusebenza kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile ezihlobene nokucindezeleka.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zokucindezeleka

Izinkinga zokucindezeleka zihlukaniswa ngamaqembu amaningi: ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kokudangala, ukuphazamiseka kwe-dysthymic kanye nokuphazamiseka kwengcindezi okungachazwanga.

Isifo esikhulu sokucindezeleka 

Kubonakala ngesiqephu esisodwa noma eziningi ze-Major Depression (imizwa ecindezelekile noma ukulahlekelwa yintshisekelo okungenani amasonto amabili ahlotshaniswa okungenani nezinye izimpawu ezine zokudangala).

Isifo seDysthymic (dys = ukungasebenzi kahle kanye ne-thymia = imood)

Kubonakala ngemizwelo yokudangala ekhona isikhathi esiningi okungenani iminyaka emibili, ehlotshaniswa nezimpawu zokudangala ezingahlangabezani nenqubo yesiqephu Esikhulu Sokucindezeleka. Kuwumkhuba ocindezelayo, ngaphandle kokuba kube khona ukucindezeleka okukhulu.

I-Nonspecific Depression Disorder yisifo sokudangala esingahlangabezani nenqubo yesifo sokudangala esikhulu noma i-dysthymic disorder. Kungenzeka, ngokwesibonelo, inkinga yokulungiswa enesimo sokudangala noma inkinga yokulungiswa enezimo zombili zokukhathazeka nezicindezelekile.

Amanye amagama asetshenziswa eceleni kwalesi sigaba esivela ku-DSM4 (Incwajana Yokuhlukaniswa Kokuphazamiseka Kwengqondo):

Ukucindezeleka kokukhathazeka. Okwenezela ezimpawini ezivamile zokucindezeleka uvalo nokukhathazeka ngokweqile.

Isifo se-bipolar phambilini esasibizwa ngokuthi ukucindezeleka komuntu. 

Lesi sifo sengqondo sibonakala ngezikhathi zokucindezeleka okukhulu, neziqephu ze-manic noma ze-hypomanic (i-euphoria eyeqile, injabulo eyengeziwe, uhlobo lokucindezeleka oluhlehlayo).

Ukucindezeleka kwesizini. 

Isimo sokucindezeleka esizibonakalisa ngokujikeleza, ngokuvamile ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zonyaka lapho ilanga lisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu.

Ukucindezeleka kwe-Postpartum

Ku-60% kuya ku-80% wabesifazane, isimo sokudabuka, ukwesaba nokukhathazeka sizibonakalisa ezinsukwini ngemva kokubeletha. Sikhuluma nge-baby blues ehlala phakathi kosuku nezinsuku eziyi-15. Imvamisa, lo muzwa omubi uxazulula wedwa. Nokho, kowesifazane oyedwa kwabayi-1, ukucindezeleka kwangempela kuqala ngokushesha noma kuvele ungakapheli unyaka ebelethile.

Ukucindezeleka ngemva kokushonelwa. Emasontweni alandela ukulahlekelwa othandekayo, izimpawu zokucindezeleka zivamile, futhi kuyingxenye yenqubo yokudabuka. Kodwa-ke, uma lezi zimpawu zokucindezeleka ziqhubeka isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga ezimbili, noma uma zimakwe kakhulu, kufanele kukhulunywe nochwepheshe.

Izinkinga

Kunezinkinga eziningana ezingaba khona ezihlobene nokudangala:

• Ukuphindeka kokudangala : Kuvamisile njengoba kuthinta u-50% wabantu abake baba nengcindezi. Ukuphatha kunciphisa kakhulu le ngozi yokuphindeka.
• Ukuphikelela kwezimpawu ezisalelayo: lawa amacala lapho ukucindezelwa kungalapheki ngokuphelele nalapho lapho ngemuva kwesiqephu sokucindezeleka, izimpawu zokudangala ziqhubeka.
• Ukushintshela ekucindezelekeni okungapheli.
• Ingozi yokuzibulala: Ukudangala kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yokuzibulala: cishe abantu abangama-70% abafa ngokuzibulala banenkinga yokudana. Abesilisa abacindezelekile abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-70 yibo abasengozini enkulu yokuzibulala. Esinye sezimpawu zokudangala yimicabango yokuzibulala, kwesinye isikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "yimicabango emnyama". Noma iningi labantu elinemicabango yokuzibulala lingenzi mzamo, kuyifulegi elibomvu. Abantu abanokudangala bacabanga ngokuzibulala ukuze bayeke ukuhlupheka abakuthola kungabekezeleleki.

Ukuphazamiseka okuhambisana nokudangala : Ukudangala kunokuxhumana ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo nezinye izinkinga zempilo:

• Ukukhathazeka,
• Umlutha: Ukuphuza ngokweqile; ukuhlukunyezwa kwezinto ezifana ne-cannabis, i-ecstasy, i-cocaine; ukuncika ezidakamizweni ezithile njengamaphilisi okulala noma ama-tranquilizers…
• Ingozi eyengeziwe yezifo ezithile : isifo senhliziyo nesifo sikashukela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukucindezelwa kuhlotshaniswa nengozi ephezulu yezinkinga zenhliziyo noma imivimbo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlushwa ukucindezeleka kungasheshisa kancane ukuqala kwesifo sikashukela kubantu asebesengozini kakade.⁷⁰. Abaphenyi bathi abantu abanengcindezi nabo mancane amathuba okuthi bazivocavoce futhi badle kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminye imithi ingakhuphula isifiso sokudla futhi idale ukuzuza kwesisindo. Zonke lezi zinto zandisa ubungozi besifo sikashukela sohlobo 2.