Ukungazi akugcini nje ngokusithakazelisa, kodwa futhi kuyasethusa: sesaba ukufunda okuthile ngathi esingakwazi ukuphila nakho ngokuthula. Kungenzeka yini ukukhuluma mayelana nokuxhumana nokungazi kwethu, singasebenzisi imigomo ye-psychoanalysis, kodwa izithombe ezibukwayo? Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo u-Andrei Rossokhin ukhuluma ngalokhu.
Psychologies Ukuquleka kuyindaba ethokozisayo futhi eyinkimbinkimbi. Ungawuphendula kanjani umbuzo: kuyini ukuquleka?1
U-Andrey Rossokhin: Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ziyathanda ukukhuluma ngamagama, kodwa ngizozama ukuchaza lo mqondo ngolimi oluphilayo. Imvamisa ezifundweni ngiqhathanisa ukuquleka ne-macrocosm kanye ne-microcosm. Cabanga ngalokho esikwaziyo ngendawo yonke. Izikhathi eziningana ngathola isimo esikhethekile ezintabeni: uma ubheka izinkanyezi, uma unqoba ngempela ukuphikiswa kwangaphakathi futhi uzivumele uzizwe ungapheli, nqamula lesi sithombe ezinkanyezini, uzwe lokhu okungapheli kwendawo yonke kanye nokungabaluleki ngokuphelele. ngokwakho, bese kuvela isimo sokwesaba. Ngenxa yalokho, izindlela zethu zokuzivikela ziyaqalwa. Siyazi ukuthi i-cosmos ayinqunyelwe ngisho nasendaweni eyodwa kuphela, ukuthi umhlaba awunasiphelo ngokuphelele.
Umkhathi wengqondo, ngokomthetho, awupheli, awubonakali kuze kube sekupheleni, njengoba kunjalo ne-macrocosm.
Nokho, iningi lethu linombono ngesibhakabhaka nangezinkanyezi, futhi siyathanda ukubuka izinkanyezi. Lokhu, ngokuvamile, kuthulisa, ngoba kuguqula lo mgodi we-cosmic ube i-planetarium, lapho kukhona indawo yesibhakabhaka. I-cosmic kwalasha igcwele izithombe, abalingiswa, singaphupha, singajabulela, siyigcwalise ngencazelo engokomoya. Kodwa ngokwenza kanjalo, sifuna ukugwema umuzwa wokuthi kukhona okunye okungaphezu kwendawo, into engapheli, engaziwa, engapheli, eyimfihlo.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sizama kangakanani, ngeke sazi konke. Futhi enye yezincazelo zokuphila, ngokwesibonelo, kososayensi abafunda izinkanyezi, ukufunda okuthile okusha, ukufunda izincazelo ezintsha. Hhayi ukwazi konke (akunakwenzeka), kodwa ukuqhubekela phambili kulokhu kuqonda.
Eqinisweni, sonke lesi sikhathi bengikhuluma ngamagama asebenza ngokuphelele kumaqiniso engqondo. Kokubili ama-psychoanalyst kanye nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo abalweli nje ukuphatha abantu (ama-psychoanalysts kanye ne-psychotherapists ngokwezinga elikhulu), kodwa futhi baqaphele indawo yonke yengqondo, beqaphela ukuthi ayinamkhawulo. Empeleni, ayinamkhawulo, njengoba nje ingabonakali kuze kube sekugcineni, njengoba kunjalo ne-macrocosm. Iphuzu lomsebenzi wethu wengqondo, we-psychoanalytic, njengalelo lososayensi abaphenya umhlaba wangaphandle, ukunyakaza.
Iphuzu lomsebenzi we-psychoanalytic, njengalelo lososayensi abaphenya umhlaba wangaphandle, ukunyakaza
Enye yezincazelo zokuphila komuntu ukutholakala kwezincazelo ezintsha: uma engazitholi izincazelo ezintsha, uma engeyona yonke iminithi isethwe ukuhlangana nento engaziwa, ngombono wami, ulahlekelwa injongo yokuphila.
Sisekutholeni okuqhubekayo, okungapheli kwezincazelo ezintsha, izindawo ezintsha. Yonke i-ufology, imicabango ezungeza abafokazi, lokhu kuwukubonakaliswa kokungazi kwethu, ngoba empeleni sifaka izifiso zethu kanye nezifiso zethu, ukwesaba nokukhathazeka, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho, konke, yonke into ibe ngokoqobo yangaphandle ngendlela yemicabango eyisigidi mayelana nabafokazi okufanele zindizele futhi zisisindise, kufanele zisinakekele, noma, ngokuphambene, zingase zibe ezinye izidalwa ezinobuqili, izigilamkhuba ezifuna ukusibhubhisa.
Okusho ukuthi, ukungazi kuyinto engathi sína kakhulu, ejulile futhi enkulu kakhulu kunalokho esikubona ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, lapho senza okuningi ngokungazi: silawula ngokuzenzekelayo imoto, siphefa incwadi ngaphandle kokungabaza. Ingabe abantu abaqulekile nabangazi lutho yizinto ezihlukene?
A. R .: Kukhona ama-automatism angena equlekile. Safunda kanjani ukushayela imoto - sasibazi, futhi manje sesiyishayela kancane ngokuzenzakalelayo. Kodwa ezimweni ezibucayi, ngokungazelelwe siqaphela izikhathi ezithile, okungukuthi, siyakwazi ukuzibona. Kukhona ama-automatism ajulile esingakwazi ukuwabona, njengokuthi umzimba wethu usebenza kanjani. Kodwa uma sikhuluma ngokungazi kwengqondo, khona-ke lapha iphuzu eliyisisekelo lilandelayo. Uma sinciphisa konke ukungazi ku-automatisms, njengoba kuvame ukuba njalo, khona-ke empeleni siqhubeka eqinisweni lokuthi umhlaba wangaphakathi womuntu unqunyelwe ukwazi okunengqondo, kanye nama-automatisms athile, futhi umzimba ungangezwa lapha.
Kufika isikhathi lapho wazi ngempela ukuthi ungakwazi ukuzwa kokubili uthando nenzondo ngomuntu oyedwa.
Umbono onjalo wokungazi lutho unciphisa i-psyche nezwe langaphakathi lomuntu endaweni elinganiselwe. Futhi uma sibheka umhlaba wethu wangaphakathi ngale ndlela, khona-ke lokhu kwenza umhlaba wethu wangaphakathi ube ngomshini, ubikezeleke, ulawuleke. Empeleni kuwukulawula okungelona iqiniso, kodwa kufana nokuthi siyalawula. Futhi ngokufanele, ayikho indawo yokumangala noma into entsha. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ayikho indawo yokuhamba. Ngoba igama eliyinhloko ku-psychoanalysis, ikakhulukazi ku-psychoanalysis yesiFulentshi, ukuhamba.
Sisohambweni oluya ezweni elithile esilazi kancane ngoba sinolwazi (i-psychoanalyst ngayinye idlula ekuhlaziyeni kwayo ngaphambi kokuqala ukusebenza ngokujulile nangokujulile nomunye umuntu). Futhi ubuye waphila okuthile ezincwadini, kumafilimu noma kwenye indawo - yonke imikhakha yezobuntu imayelana nalokhu.
Kungani-ke uhambo lokuya ekujuleni kwengqondo lusabisa kangaka kwabaningi? Kungani lokhu kwalasha kokungazi lutho, ukungapheleli okungase kusembulelwe lolu hambo, kungumthombo wokwesaba, hhayi nje isithakazelo futhi hhayi nje ilukuluku?
A. R .: Kungani sisaba, isibonelo, ngombono wokuhamba ngendiza emkhathini? Kuyethusa ngisho ukucabanga. Isibonelo se-banal eyengeziwe: nge-mask, ngokuvamile, ngamunye wethu ulungele ukubhukuda, kodwa uma uhamba ngomkhumbi kude kakhulu nogu, khona-ke ukujula okumnyama okunjalo kuqala lapho kangangokuthi sibuyela emuva, ngokujwayelekile, ukulawula isimo. . Kukhona amakhorali, yinhle lapho, ungabuka izinhlanzi lapho, kodwa uma nje ubheka ekujuleni, kukhona izinhlanzi ezinkulu, akekho owaziyo ukuthi ubani ozobhukuda lapho, futhi imicabango yakho igcwele lezi zinzulu. Uba nokungakhululeki. Ulwandle luyisisekelo sempilo yethu, asikwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwamanzi, ngaphandle kolwandle, ngaphandle kokujula kolwandle.
UFreud wathola ukuthi engazi lutho, lelo zwe langaphakathi lomuntu, eligcwele imizwa ehluke ngokuphelele.
Banikeza ukuphila komunye nomunye wethu, kodwa ngendlela esobala futhi bayesaba. Kungani kunjalo? Ngoba i-psyche yethu ine-ambivalent. Leli yigama kuphela engilisebenzisa namuhla. Kodwa leli yigama elibaluleke kakhulu. Ungakwazi ngempela ukuzwa futhi ukuphile kuphela ngemva kweminyaka embalwa yokuhlaziya. Kufika isikhashana lapho wamukela imbivalence yalo mhlaba kanye nobudlelwano bakho kuwo, lapho wazi ngempela ukuthi ungakwazi ukuzwa kokubili uthando nenzondo kumuntu oyedwa.
Futhi lokhu, ngokuvamile, akubhubhisi noma omunye noma wena, kungakwazi, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukudala indawo yokudala, indawo yokuphila. Kusadingeka sifike kuleli phuzu, ngoba ekuqaleni sesaba ngokufa kwalokhu kungaboni ngasolinye: sikhetha ukuthanda umuntu kuphela, kodwa sesaba imizwa yenzondo ehambisana naye, ngoba khona-ke kukhona icala, ukuzijezisa, imizwa eminingi ejulile ehlukene.
Uyini ubuhlakani bukaFreud? Ekuqaleni, wasebenza neziguli ezine-hysterical, walalela izindaba zabo futhi wakha umqondo wokuthi kukhona uhlobo oluthile lokuhlukumeza ngokocansi kubantu abadala. Wonke umuntu ukholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwakuyinguquko eyenziwa nguFreud. Kodwa empeleni akuhlangene nhlobo ne-psychoanalysis. Lokhu kuyi-psychotherapy emsulwa: umbono wohlobo oluthile lokuhlukumezeka abantu abadala abangaluletha enganeni noma komunye nomunye, bese luthinta ingqondo. Kukhona ithonya langaphandle, kukhona ukuhlukumezeka kwangaphandle okuholela ezimpawu. Sidinga ukucubungula lokhu kulimala, futhi konke kuzolunga.
Abukho ubuntu ngaphandle kobulili. Ucansi Lusiza Ukuzithuthukisa
Futhi ubuhlakani bukaFreud kwaba ukuthi akagcinanga lapho, waqhubeka nokulalela, waqhubeka nokusebenza. Futhi-ke wathola ukuthi equlekile kakhulu, lelo zwe elingaphakathi kakhulu lomuntu, egcwele imizwa ambivalent ehluke ngokuphelele, izifiso, izingxabano, amaphupho, ngokwengxenye noma ecindezelwe, ikakhulukazi usana, ekuqaleni. Wabona ukuthi kwakungekona neze ukulimala. Kungenzeka ukuthi amacala amaningi ayethembele kuwo ayengelona iqiniso ngokombono wezenhlalo: kwakungekho, ake sithi, ubudlova obuvela kubantu abadala, lezi kwakuyimicabango yengane eyayikholelwa ngobuqotho kuzo. Eqinisweni, uFreud wathola izingxabano zangaphakathi zokuquleka.
Okungukuthi, lalingekho ithonya langaphandle, kwakuyinqubo yengqondo yangaphakathi?
A. R .: Inqubo yengqondo yangaphakathi eyaqagelwa kubantu abadala abazungezile. Awukwazi ukusola ingane ngalokhu, ngoba leli yiqiniso layo lengqondo. Yilapho uFreud athola khona ukuthi ukuhlukumezeka, kuvela, akukhona ngaphandle, kuyingxabano. Amandla ahlukahlukene angaphakathi, zonke izinhlobo zokuthambekela, akhula kithi. Cabanga nje...
Ngakho ngake ngazama ukuzwa ukuthi ingane encane izizwa kanjani lapho abazali beqabulana. Kungani beqabulana ezindebeni, isibonelo, kodwa akakwazi? Kungani bengalala ndawonye, futhi ngingedwa, ngisho nakwelinye igumbi? Lokhu akunakwenzeka ukuchaza. Kungani? Kukhona ukukhungatheka okukhulu. Siyazi ngokusebenza kwengqondo ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuthuthuka komuntu kuhamba ngezingxabano. Futhi kusukela ku-psychoanalysis, siyazi ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuthuthukiswa kobuntu, kuhlanganise nomuntu, akuhambi nje ngezingxabano, kodwa ngokusebenzisa izingxabano ezithinta ubulili. Umusho engiwuthandayo, engake ngawenza: "Abukho ubuntu ngaphandle kobulili." Ucansi lusiza ukuthuthuka komuntu siqu.
Uma ngempela ubanjwe wumsebenzi - lena indlela eya ekuqulekeni
Ingane ifuna ukuyongena embhedeni nabazali bayo, ifuna ukuba nabo. Kodwa unqatshelwe, uphindiselwa emuva, futhi lokhu kumbangela ukukhathazeka nokungaqondi. Ubhekana kanjani nalesi simo? Usangena kuleli gumbi, kodwa kanjani? Ufika lapho emcabangweni wakhe, futhi lokhu kancane kancane kuqala ukumthulisa. Angene lapho, acabange ukuthi kwenzakalani lapho. Kusukela lapha konke lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kuzalwa, le midwebo ye-surrealistic yabadwebi, ekude kakhulu ne-biology kanye ne-physiology yobulili babantu abadala. Lokhu ukwakheka kwesikhala somqondo kusuka emisindweni, imibono, imizwa. Kodwa lokhu kuthulisa ingane, izwa ukuthi empeleni iqala ukulawula isimo, ithola ukufinyelela ekamelweni lomzali. Futhi ngakho kuthatha incazelo entsha.
Ingabe zikhona ezinye izindlela zokufinyelela ekuqulekeni kwethu ngaphandle kwe-psychoanalysis?
A. R .: Njengoba ukuquleka kukuyo yonke indawo, ukufinyelela kuyo yonke indawo. Ukufinyelela kokuqulekile kusekuwo wonke umzuzu wezimpilo zethu, ngoba ukuquleka kuhlala nathi. Uma silalelisisa futhi sizama ukubheka ngaphesheya kwesibhakabhaka, engikhulume ngaso, khona-ke ukungazi kuzosikhumbuza ngokwako ngezincwadi ezisithintayo, okungenani kancane, zisibangele imizwa, hhayi ngempela enhle, ehlukile: ubuhlungu, ukuhlupheka , injabulo, injabulo… Lona umhlangano onezici ezithile zokuquleka: ezithombeni, kumamuvi, ekukhulumisaneni komunye nomunye. Lesi yisimo esikhethekile. Ukuthi nje umuntu uvele avuleke esuka kolunye uhlangothi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela i-micro-universe entsha ingivulela. Kunjena ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Njengoba sikhuluma ngezincwadi nemidwebo, ingabe unazo izibonelo ezicacile zemisebenzi lapho impendulo yokuquleka izwakala ngokucacile ngokukhethekile?
A. R .: Ngizosho into eyodwa elula, bese ngisho into eyodwa ethize. Into elula ukuthi uma ubanjwe ngempela umsebenzi, lokhu kuyindlela eya kokungazi lutho, futhi uma kuvusa imizwa yakho, futhi hhayi imizwa emihle, lokhu, ngokufanele, into engakuthuthukisa. Futhi into ethize engingathanda ukwabelana ngayo iyaxaka kakhulu. Incwadi engcono kakhulu engiyifundile mayelana ne-psychoanalysis i-screenplay ebizwa ngokuthi iFreud. Ibhalwe nguJean-Paul Sartre.
Inhlanganisela enhle.
A. R .: Lesi yisazi sefilosofi esagxeka uFreud impilo yakhe yonke. Okwakha imibono eminingi ekugxekeni uFreud. Futhi ngakho wabhala umbhalo wefilimu omangalisayo, lapho wona kanye umoya we-psychoanalysis, ingqikithi ejulile ye-psychoanalysis, uzwakala ngempela. Angifundanga lutho olungcono kunale "fake" biography kaFreud, lapho kubalulekile ukuthi uSartre uyigcwalisa kanjani ngencazelo. Lokhu kuyinto emangalisayo, elula kakhulu, ecacile futhi edlulisa umoya wokuquleka kanye ne-psychoanalysis.
1 Inhlolokhono yaqoshwa iphrojekthi ye-Psychologies ethi "Isimo: Ebudlelwaneni" emsakazweni othi "Culture" ngo-Okthoba 2016.