I-Amnesia ichazwa njengobunzima bokwenza izinkumbulo noma ukubuyisa ulwazi enkumbulweni. Ngokuvamile i-pathological, ingaba futhi i-non-pathological, njengasendabeni ye-amnesia yezingane. Eqinisweni, kuwuphawu olungaphezu kwesifo, ikakhulukazi esixhunywe emiphakathini yethu yokuguga nesifo se-neurodegenerative njengesifo i-Alzheimer's, futhi singaba nezinye izimbangela ezimbalwa. I-Amnesia, ngokwesibonelo, ingaba nemvelaphi ye-psychogenic noma ebuhlungu. Enye yezindlela zokwelapha ezingenzeka ukuvuselela inkumbulo, okunganikezwa ngisho nasezifundweni zabantu abadala, ikakhulukazi ezikhungweni zokuhlunyeleliswa.

Incazelo ye-amnesia

I-Amnesia yigama elijwayelekile, elibhekisela ebunzimeni bokwenza izinkumbulo, noma ukubuyisa ulwazi enkumbulweni. Kungaba yi-pathological, noma hhayi i-pathological: lokhu kunjalo nge-amnesia yezingane. Ngempela, kunzima kakhulu kubantu ukubuyisela izinkumbulo kusukela ebuntwaneni, kodwa-ke lokhu akubangelwa inqubo ye-pathological.

I-Amnesia iwuphawu kakhulu kunesifo ngokwaso: lolu phawu lokukhubazeka kwenkumbulo lungaba uphawu lwesifo se-neurodegenerative, uphawu lwaso kakhulu isifo i-Alzheimer's. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-amnesic syndrome iwuhlobo lwe-memory pathology lapho ukuphazamiseka kwenkumbulo kubaluleke kakhulu.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-amnesia:

• uhlobo lwe-amnesia lapho iziguli zikhohlwa khona ingxenye yesikhathi sazo esidlule, esibizwa ngokuthi i-identity amnesia, futhi ukuqina kwakho kuyahlukahluka: isiguli singafinyelela ezingeni lokukhohlwa ukuthi ungubani.
• i-anterograde amnesia, okusho ukuthi iziguli zinobunzima bokuthola ulwazi olusha.
• i-retrograde amnesia ibonakala ngokukhohlwa okwedlule.

Ezinhlotsheni eziningi ze-amnesia, izinhlangothi zombili, i-anterograde kanye ne-retrograde, zikhona, kodwa lokhu akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ama-gradients. “Iziguli zonke zihlukile komunye nomunye, kuphawula uProfesa Francis Eustache, uprofesa ochwepheshe benkumbulo, futhi lokhu kudinga uhambo olunembe kakhulu ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele izinkinga ezihilelekile.«

Izinkinga ze-amnesia

Eqinisweni, i-amnesia ibangelwa izimo eziningi lapho isiguli sinenkinga yokukhumbula. Okuvame kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo:

• izifo ze-neurodegenerative, eyaziwa kakhulu okuyisifo i-Alzheimer's, okuyimbangela ekhulayo ye-amnesia emiphakathini yanamuhla ethuthukela ekugugeni jikelele kwenani labantu;
• ukuhlukumezeka ekhanda;
• I-Korsakoff syndrome (isifo sezinzwa semvelaphi yezinto eziningi, ebonakala ikakhulukazi ngokukhubazeka kokwazi);
• isimila ebuchosheni;
• i-sequelae ye-stroke: lapha, indawo ye-lesion ebuchosheni izodlala indima enkulu;
• I-Amnesia ingabuye ihlotshaniswe ne-cerebral anoxia, kulandela ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo isibonelo, ngakho-ke ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo ebuchosheni;
• Ama-Amnesis nawo angaba ngemvelaphi ye-psychogenic: azobe esexhunyaniswa nama-pathologies asebenzayo angokwengqondo, njengokushaqeka ngokomzwelo noma ukuhlukumezeka ngokomzwelo.

Ukuxilongwa kwe-amnesia

Ukuxilongwa kuncike kumongo womtholampilo ojwayelekile.

• Ngokulimala kwekhanda, ngemva kwe-coma, i-etiology ye-amnesia izobonakala kalula.
• Ezimweni eziningi, i-neuropsychologist izokwazi ukusiza ngokuxilongwa. Ngokuvamile, izivivinyo zenkumbulo zenziwa ngohlu lwemibuzo, oluhlola ukusebenza kahle kwenkumbulo. Ukuxoxisana nesiguli nalabo abaseduze naso kungaba nomthelela ekuxilongweni. Ngokubanzi, imisebenzi yengqondo yolimi, kanye nomkhakha wengqondo, ingahlolwa. 
• Ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa kungenziwa udokotela wezinzwa, ngokusebenzisa umtholampilo, ukuze ahlole ukuphazamiseka kwemoto yesiguli, ukuphazamiseka kwakhe kwezinzwa nezinzwa, kanye nokusungula ukuhlolwa kwenkumbulo esimweni esikhudlwana. I-MRI ye-anatomical izovumela ukubonakala kwanoma yiziphi izilonda. Isibonelo, i-MRI izokwenza kube nokwenzeka, ngemva kokushaywa unhlangothi, ukubona ukuthi izilonda zikhona yini, nokuthi zitholakala kuphi ebuchosheni. Ukulimala kwe-hippocampus, etholakala engxenyeni engaphakathi ye-lobe yesikhashana yobuchopho, kungase futhi kubangele ukukhubazeka kwenkumbulo.

Abantu abathintekayo

Ngokuya nge-etiology, abantu abathintekayo yi-amnesia ngeke bafane.

• Abantu abavame kakhulu abathintekayo yi-amnesia ebangelwa ukuphazamiseka kwe-neurodegenerative abantu asebekhulile.
• Kodwa i-cranial traumas izothinta abantu abasha kakhulu, kulandela izingozi zezithuthuthu noma zezimoto, noma ukuwa.
• Izingozi ze-Cerebrovascular, noma unhlangothi, nazo zingathinta abantu abasha, kodwa ngokuvamile zithinta abantu beminyaka ethile.

Isici esiyingozi esikhulu iminyaka yobudala: lapho umuntu emdala, maningi amathuba okuba abe nezinkinga zenkumbulo.

Izimpawu zezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-amnesia zingathatha izinhlobo ezahlukene kakhulu, kuye ngokuthi izinhlobo ze-pathologies ezihilelekile, kanye neziguli. Nazi ezivame kakhulu.

I-Anterograde amnesia

Lolu hlobo lwe-amnesia lubonakala ngobunzima bokuthola ulwazi olusha: ngakho-ke uphawu luboniswa lapha ngenkinga yokugcina ulwazi lwakamuva.

Retrograde amnesia

I-gradient yesikhashana ivame ukubonwa ngalolu hlobo lwe-amnesia: okusho ukuthi, ngokuvamile, iziguli ezihlushwa i-amnesia zikhetha ukuvala izinkumbulo ezikude kakhulu, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho zibambe ngekhanda izinkumbulo zakamuva. .

Izimpawu ezibonakaliswa ku-amnesia zizoncika kakhulu ku-etiology yazo, ngakho-ke ngeke zonke ziphathwe ngendlela efanayo.

Njengamanje, ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa ku-Alzheimer's kuncike esigabeni sobunzima be-pathology. Imithi ngokuyinhloko eyokubambezeleka, futhi ithathwe ekuqaleni kokuvela kwemvelo. Lapho ubucayi be-pathology buba buthaka, abaphathi bazoba ngokwenhlalonhle-yengqondo, ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo eziguqulelwe kulaba bantu abanenkinga yenkumbulo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlobo lokunakekelwa kwe-neuropsychological luzohlose ukusebenzisa amandla agcinwe kulesi sifo. Ukuzivocavoca okuhambisana nengqikithi kungase kwenziwe, ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo ezifanele, njengezikhungo zokuhlunyeleliswa. Ukufundisa kabusha inkumbulo kuyiphuzu elibalulekile ekunakekelweni kwe-amnesia, noma ukukhubazeka kwenkumbulo, kunoma iyiphi iminyaka nanoma iyiphi imbangela.

Kunezici ezigciniwe, ezizosiza ukuvikela umuntu engcupheni yokuba nesifo se-neurodeergenerative. Phakathi kwazo: izici zenhlanzeko yokuphila. Ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuqapha izifo ezifana nesifo sikashukela noma i-arterial hypertension, esebenzisana kakhulu nezici ze-neurodeergenerative. Indlela yokuphila enempilo, kokubili okunomsoco kanye nokusebenza ngokomzimba okuvamile, kuzosiza ukulondoloza inkumbulo.

Esicini sokucabanga okwengeziwe, umqondo wokugcinwa kwengqondo ususunguliwe: usekelwe ngokuqinile ekusebenzelaneni komphakathi kanye nezinga lemfundo. Kumayelana nokugcina imisebenzi yobuhlakani, ukubamba iqhaza ezinhlanganweni, ukuhamba. “Yonke le misebenzi eshukumisa umuntu iyizici ezivikelayo, ukufunda nakho kungenye yazo.", Kugcizelela uFrancis Eustache.

UProfessor uyachaza kanjalo, kwenye yezincwadi zakhe ukuthi “uma iziguli ezimbili zibonakalisa izinga elifanayo lezilonda ezinciphisa amandla azo obuchopho, isiguli esingu-1 sizoletha ukuphazamiseka ngenkathi isiguli sesi-2 singeke sithinteke ngokuqonda, ngoba i-cerebral reserve yakhe imnika umkhawulo omkhulu, ngaphambi kokufinyelela umkhawulo obalulekile wokuntuleka kokusebenza.“. Eqinisweni, indawo yokulondoloza ichazwa ngokuthi “ngokwenani lokulimala kwengqondo okungabekezelelwa ngaphambi kokufinyelela emngceleni wokubonakaliswa komtholampilo kokushoda".

• Kule modeli ebizwa nge-passive, le-structural brain reserve ngaleyo ndlela incike ezintweni ezifana nenani lama-neurons nokuxhumana okutholakalayo.
• Okubizwa nge-active reserve model icabangela umehluko phakathi kwabantu ngabanye endleleni abenza ngayo imisebenzi, okuhlanganisa nokuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke.
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona nezindlela zokunxeshezelwa, ezizokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqasha amanye amanethiwekhi obuchopho, ngaphandle kwalawo avame ukusetshenziswa, ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukulimala kobuchopho.

Ukuvimbela akuwona umsebenzi olula: igama elithi ukuvimbela lisho okwengeziwe, kumlobi waseMelika uPeter J. Whitehouse, udokotela wezokwelapha nengqondo, “ukubambezela ukuqala kokuncipha kwengqondo, noma ubambezele ukuqhubeka kwayo, kunokukuqeda ngokuphelele“. Inkinga enkulu yanamuhla, njengoba umbiko waminyaka yonke weZizwe Ezihlangene ngenani labantu emhlabeni wabonisa ngo-2005 ukuthi “inani labantu abaneminyaka engu-60 nangaphezulu kuthiwa seliphindeke kathathu ngo-2050, lafinyelela cishe kubantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,9.". 

U-Peter J. Whitehouse uhlongoza, kanye nozakwabo uDaniel George, uhlelo lokuvimbela, ngenhloso yokuvimbela ukuguga kobuchopho ngesisekelo sezifo ze-neurodeergenerative, ngokusekelwe kulokhu:

• ekudleni: dla amafutha amancane nanamafutha agcwele kanye nokudla okucutshungulwayo, izinhlanzi eziningi namafutha anempilo njenge-omega 3s, usawoti omncane, unciphise ukudla kwakho kwansuku zonke kwekhalori, futhi ujabulele utshwala ngokulinganisela; 
• ekudleni okucebile ngokwanele kwezingane ezincane, ukuze zivikele ubuchopho bazo kusukela zisencane;
• ukuvivinya umzimba imizuzu eyi-15 kuya kwengama-30 ngosuku, kathathu ngesonto, ukukhetha imisebenzi ezomjabulisa umuntu; 
• ekugwemeni ukuchayeka emvelweni emikhiqizweni enobuthi njengokudla izinhlanzi ezinobuthi obuningi, nokukhipha umthofu nezinye izinto ezinobuthi ekhaya;
• ekunciphiseni ukucindezeleka, ngokuzivocavoca, ukuphumula kwemisebenzi yokuzilibazisa, kanye nokuzizungezile nabantu abapholile;
• ngokubaluleka kokwakha ukugcinwa kwengqondo: ukuzibandakanya emisebenzini evuselelayo, ukwenza zonke izifundo nokuqeqeshwa okungenzeka, ukufunda amakhono amasha, ukuvumela izinsiza ukuthi zabiwe ngokulinganayo ezikoleni;
• ngesifiso sokuhlala usesimweni kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila komuntu: ngokungangabazi ukufuna usizo lodokotela noma abanye ochwepheshe bezempilo, ngokukhetha umsebenzi oshukumisayo, ukufunda ulimi olusha noma ngokudlala insimbi yomculo, ukudlala ibhodi noma imidlalo yamakhadi. eqenjini, ukuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni ezishukumisa ingqondo, ukuhlakulela ingadi, ukufunda izincwadi ezishukumisa ingqondo, ukuthatha amakilasi abantu abadala, ukuzithandela , ukulondoloza umbono omuhle wokuba khona, ukuvikela izinkolelo zakhe;
• mayelana neqiniso lokuzivikela ezifweni: ukugwema izifo ebuntwaneni kanye nokuqinisekisa ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okuhle kwakho nomndeni wakho, ukufaka isandla ekulweni nezifo ezithathelwanayo emhlabeni wonke, ukwamukela imikhuba yokulwa nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke .

Futhi uPeter J. Whitehouse ukukhumbula:

• impumuzo enesizotha yezimpawu ehlinzekwa ukwelapha kwamanje kwemithi yesifo i-Alzheimer's;
• imiphumela edumazayo ngokuhlelekile ehlinzekwe izivivinyo zomtholampilo zakamuva eziphakamisweni ezintsha zokwelapha;
• ukungaqiniseki mayelana nokufaneleka kokwelashwa okuzayo okufana nama-stem cells noma imigomo ye-beta-amyloid.

Laba dokotela ababili kanye nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zeluleka ohulumeni ukuthi “ngizizwa ngigqugquzelekile ngokwanele ukuba ngiqale ukulandela inqubomgomo eguquguqukayo, ezohlose ukuthuthukisa impilo yabantu bonke, kuzo zonke izimpilo zabantu, kunokusabela ekwehleni kwengqondo ngemva kweqiniso.".

Futhi uPeter Whitehouse ekugcineni ucaphuna u-Arne Naess, owayenguprofesa eNyuvesi yase-Oslo lapho aqamba khona igama elithi “deep ecology”, eveza umqondo wokuthi “abantu baxhumene ngokuseduze nangokomoya emhlabeni":"Cabanga njengentaba!“, Intaba ezinhlangothi zayo ezigugulekile zikhuluma umuzwa wokushintsha kancane kancane, njengokubonakaliswa kwezinqubo zemvelo zokuguga, neziqongo zazo neziqongo zazo ezikhuthaza ukuphakamisa ukucabanga komuntu...