Isifinyezo esifushane nokugqamisa.
Ngaphambi kweNguquko Yezimboni. Inyama idliwa kancane cishe yonke indawo (uma kuqhathaniswa nezindinganiso zanamuhla). 1900-1960 Ukusetshenziswa kwenyama kukhuphuke kakhulu eNtshonalanga njengoba ezokuthutha kanye nesiqandisi sekulula 1971 - Ukushicilelwa kwe-Diet for a Small Planet nguFrancis Moore Lappe kwethula ukunyakaza kwemifino e-US, kodwa ngeshwa kuveza inganekwane yokuthi abantu abadla imifino badinga "ukuhlanganisa" amaprotheni ukuze bathole amaprotheni "aphelele". 1975 - Ukushicilelwa kwe-Animal Liberation nguprofesa wezimiso zokuziphatha wase-Australia u-Peter Singer kunikeza umfutho ekuzalweni kwenhlangano yamalungelo ezilwane e-United States kanye nokusungulwa kweqembu le-PETA, abasekeli abashisekayo bokudla kwemifino. Ekupheleni kwawo-1970 - Umagazini weVegetarian Times uqala ukushicilelwa. 1983 - Incwadi yokuqala ye-veganism ishicilelwe udokotela waseNtshonalanga oqinisekisiwe, uDkt. John McDougall, The McDougall Plan. 1987 I-John Robbins 'Diet for a New America yaphefumulela ukunyakaza kwe-vegan e-US. Ukunyakaza kwe-vegan kubuyile. I-1990-e Ubufakazi bezokwelapha bezinzuzo zokudla kwemifino sebubonakala yonke indawo. I-Vegetarianism igunyazwe ngokusemthethweni i-American Dietetic Association, futhi izincwadi zodokotela abadumile zitusa ukudla okunamafutha aphansi noma ukudla okuseduze kwe-vegan (isb, Uhlelo lwe-McDougall kanye nohlelo lukaDkt. Dean Ornish lwe-Heart Disease). Uhulumeni wase-US ekugcineni ukhipha i-Four Food Groups engasasebenzi futhi exhaswe yinyama nobisi nge-Food Pyramid entsha ekhombisa ukuthi ukondliwa kwabantu kufanele kusekelwe kokusanhlamvu, imifino, ubhontshisi nezithelo.
Ngaphambi kokuvela kwemithombo ebhaliwe.
I-Vegetarianism isekelwe ezikhathini ezikude ngaphambi kokuvela kwemithombo ebhaliwe. Izazi eziningi ze-anthropologists zikholelwa ukuthi abantu basendulo babedla kakhulu ukudla kwezitshalo, babengabaqoqi abaningi kunabazingeli. (Bheka izihloko zikaDavid Popovich noDerek Wall.) Lo mbono usekelwa iqiniso lokuthi isimiso sokugaya ukudla komuntu sifana kakhulu nesilwane esidla uhlaza kunesilwane esidla inyama. (Khohlwa amazinyo—nezinye izilwane ezidla uhlaza nazo zinawo, kodwa izilwane ezidla inyama azinawo amazinyo okuhlafuna, ngokungafani nabantu nezinye izilwane ezidla uhlaza.) Elinye iqiniso lokuthi abantu bokuqala babengadli imifino liwukuthi abantu abadla inyama basengozini enkulu yokuba nesifo senhliziyo nomdlavuza. kunabadla imifino.
Yiqiniso, abantu baqala ukudla inyama isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuvela kwezinkomba ezibhaliwe, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi, ngokungafani nezilwane, bayakwazi ukwenza lokho kuhlola. Kodwa-ke, lesi sikhathi esifushane sokudla inyama asanele ukuba sibe nokubaluleka kokuziphendukela kwemvelo: ngokwesibonelo, imikhiqizo yezilwane yandisa izinga le-cholesterol emzimbeni womuntu, kanti uma uphakela inja ibhotela, izinga le-cholesterol egazini. umzimba wakhe ngeke ushintshe.
abadla imifino ekuqaleni.
Isazi sezibalo esingumGreki uPythagoras sasingumuntu odla imifino, futhi abadla imifino babevame ukubizwa ngokuthi amaPythagoreans ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwaleli gama. (Igama elithi “imifino” laqanjwa iBritish Vegetarian Society maphakathi nawo-1800. Igama elithi igama lesiLatini lisho umthombo wokuphila.) ULeonardo da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin, Albert Einstein, noGeorge Bernard Shaw nabo babengabadli imifino. (Inganekwane yanamuhla ithi uHitler wayengumuntu odla imifino, kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso, okungenani hhayi ngomqondo wendabuko waleli gama.)
Ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwenyama ngeminyaka yawo-1900.
Ngaphambi maphakathi nawo-1900, abantu baseMelika babedla inyama encane kakhulu kunamanje. Inyama yayimba eqolo, iziqandisi zazingavamile futhi ukusabalalisa inyama kwakuyinkinga. Umphumela ongemuhle we-Industrial Revolution kwaba ukuthi inyama yashibhile, kwaba lula ukuyigcina nokusabalalisa. Lapho lokho kwenzeka, ukudliwa kwenyama kwanda—kanye nezifo eziwohlokayo njengomdlavuza, isifo senhliziyo nesifo sikashukela. Njengoba uDean Ornish ebhala:
“Ngaphambi kwaleli khulu leminyaka, ukudla okuvamile kwaseMelika kwakuphansi ngemikhiqizo yezilwane, amafutha, i-cholesterol, usawoti, noshukela, kodwa kucebile ngama-carbohydrate, imifino, kanye nemicu... , imishini yezolimo, nomnotho ochumayo, ukudla kwaseMelika nendlela yokuphila kwaqala ukushintsha kakhulu. Njengamanje, ukudla kwabantu abaningi e-United States kucebile ngemikhiqizo yezilwane, amafutha, i<em>cholesterol, usawoti, noshukela, kanye nama<em>carbohydrate, imifino, kanye ne<em>fiber ampofu.” (“Yidla kakhulu futhi wehlise isisindo”; 1993; iphinde ikhishwe ngo-2001; ikhasi 22)
Imvelaphi ye-vegetarianism e-United States.
I-Vegetarianism yayingavamile ikakhulukazi e-US kwaze kwaba ngu-1971, lapho kwaphuma umthengisi we-Diet for a Small Planet ka-Frances Moore Lappé.
Ongowokuzalwa e-Fort Worth, uLappe wayeka isikole e-UC Berkeley ukuze aziqalele olwakhe ucwaningo ngendlala yomhlaba. ULappe wamangala lapho ezwa ukuthi lesi silwane sidla okusanhlamvu okuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-14 kunenyama ekhiqizayo - ukumosha okukhulu kwezinsiza. (Izinkomo zidla ngaphezu kuka-80% wakho konke okusanhlamvu e-US. Uma abantu baseMelika benciphisa ukudla kwabo inyama ngo-10%, bekuyoba nokusanhlamvu okwanele ukondla bonke abalambile emhlabeni.) Lapho eneminyaka engu-26, uLappe wabhala i-Diet for a Small. Planet ukuze ugqozi abantu ungadli inyama, ngaleyo ndlela ayeke imfucuza ukudla.
Ngisho noma ama-60s ayehlotshaniswa nama-hippie nama-hippie ngokudla imifino, empeleni, ukudla kwemifino kwakungavamile kakhulu kuma-60s. Isiqalo kwakunguDiet for a Small Planet ngo-1971.
Umqondo wokuhlanganisa amaprotheni.
Kodwa iMelika yabona ukudla kwemifino ngendlela ehluke kakhulu kunanamuhla. Namuhla, kunodokotela abaningi abakhuthaza ukunciphisa noma ukuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwenyama, kanye nemiphumela yabasubathi abaphumelelayo nosaziwayo abaqinisekisa izinzuzo zokudla imifino. Ngo-1971 izinto zazihlukile. Inkolelo ethandwayo yayiwukuthi ukudla imifino kwakungeyona nje into engenampilo, ukuthi kwakungenakwenzeka ukuphila ngokudla kwemifino. U-Lappe wayazi ukuthi incwadi yakhe izothola ukubuyekezwa okuxubile, ngakho wenza ucwaningo lokudla okunempilo kokudla kwemifino, futhi ngokwenza lokho wenza iphutha elikhulu elashintsha umlando wokudla imifino. ULappe uthole ucwaningo olwenziwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka ngamagundane abonisa ukuthi amagundane akhula ngokushesha lapho ephakelwa inhlanganisela yokudla kwezitshalo okufana nokudla kwezilwane kuma-amino acid. ULappe wayenethuluzi elimangalisayo lokukholisa abantu ukuthi babekwazi ukwenza ukudla kwezitshalo kube “kuhle” njengenyama.
U-Lappe unikele ingxenye yencwadi yakhe emcabangweni "wokuhlanganisa amaprotheni" noma "ukugcwalisa amaprotheni" -njengokuthi ungaphakela kanjani ubhontshisi nerayisi ukuze uthole iphrotheni "ephelele". Umqondo wokumatanisa wawuthathelwana, uvela kuzo zonke izincwadi ezishicilelwe yibo bonke ababhali bemifino kusukela, kanye nezifundiswa ezingenayo, ama-encyclopedia, kanye nengqondo yaseMelika. Ngeshwa, lo mbono wawungalungile.
Inkinga yokuqala: inkolelo-mbono yokuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni kwakuyinkolelo-mbono kuphela. Izifundo zabantu azikaze zenziwe. Kwakuwubandlululo ngaphezu kwesayensi. Akumangalisi ukuthi amagundane akhula ngendlela ehlukile kunabantu, ngoba amagundane adinga amaprotheni aphindwe kashumi ngekhalori ngayinye kunabantu (ubisi lwamagundane luqukethe amaprotheni angu-50%, kanti ubisi lomuntu lunamaphesenti angu-5 kuphela). izingulube nezinkukhu, ezidla okusanhlamvu kuphela nokudla kwezitshalo, zithola amaprotheni? Akumangalisi yini ukuthi sidla izilwane ukuze sithole amaprotheni kanti zona zidla izitshalo kuphela? Okokugcina, ukudla kwezitshalo “akuntuli” kuma-amino acid njengoba uLappe wayecabanga.
Njengoba uDkt. McDougall abhala, “Ngenhlanhla, ucwaningo lwesayensi luye lwayiqeda le nganekwane edidayo. Imvelo idale ukudla kwethu ngesethi ephelele yemisoco kudala ngaphambi kokuthi kufinyelele etafuleni lesidlo sakusihlwa. Wonke ama-amino acid abalulekile futhi angabalulekile akhona kuma-carbohydrate angahluziwe njengerayisi, ummbila, ukolweni namazambane, ngamanani aphakeme kakhulu kunesidingo somuntu, ngisho noma sikhuluma ngabasubathi noma abaphakamisa izinsimbi. Umqondo ophusile uthi lokhu kuyiqiniso, njengoba uhlanga lwesintu luye lwasinda kule planethi. Kuwo wonke umlando, abondli bebelokhu bebheke irayisi namazambane emindenini yabo. Ukuxuba irayisi nobhontshisi kwakungeyona into eyayibakhathaza. Kubalulekile ukuba senelise ukulamba kwethu; asikho isidingo sokuthi sitshelwe ukuthi sixube imithombo yamaprotheni ukuze sizuze iphrofayili ye-amino acid ephelele. Lokhu akudingekile, ngoba akunakwenzeka ukudala isethi ekahle yamaprotheni nama-amino acid kunama-carbohydrate emvelo. ”(The McDougall Program; 1990; Dr. John A. McDougall; p. 45. – More details: The McDougall Plan; 1983; Dr. John A. MacDougall; pp. 96-100)
I-Diet for a Small Planet yasheshe yathengiswa kakhulu, okwenza uLappe adume. Ngakho kwakumangalisa—futhi kuhloniphekile—ukuthi walivuma iphutha kulokho okwamenza waduma. Ohlelweni lwango-1981 lwe-Diets for a Small Planet, uLappe walivuma obala iphutha futhi wachaza:
“Ngo-1971, ngagcizelela ukwesekwa kwamaprotheni ngoba ngangicabanga ukuthi ukuphela kwendlela yokuthola amaprotheni anele kwakuwukwenza iphrotheni egayeka kalula njengeprotheni yezilwane. Ekulweni nenganekwane yokuthi inyama iwukuphela komthombo wamaprotheni asezingeni eliphezulu, ngenza enye inganekwane. Ngikubeka ngale ndlela, ukuze uthole amaprotheni anele ngaphandle kwenyama, udinga ukukhetha ukudla kwakho ngokucophelela. Eqinisweni, yonke into ilula kakhulu.
“Ngaphandle kokuthathu okubalulekile, ingozi yokuntuleka kwamaprotheni ekudleni okusekelwe ezitshalweni incane kakhulu. Okuhlukile ukudla okuncike kakhulu ezithelweni, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezifana nobhatata noma umdumbula, nokudla okungenamsoco (ufulawa ocolisisiwe, ushukela, namafutha). Ngenhlanhla, bambalwa abantu abaphila ngokudla lapho lokhu kudla cishe kuwukuphela komthombo wama-kilojoule. Kukho konke okunye ukudla, uma abantu bethola ama-kilojoule anele, bathola amaprotheni anele.” (Ukudla KwePlanethi Encane; Ushicilelo Lweminyaka eyi-10; Frances Moore Lappe; p. 162)
Ekupheleni kwawo-70
Nakuba uLappe engazange axazulule indlala yomhlaba yedwa, futhi ngaphandle kwemibono ehlanganisa amaprotheni, i-Diet for a Small Planet yaba yimpumelelo engafanelekile, ukuthengisa izigidi zamakhophi. Kusebenze njengomfutho ekuthuthukisweni kwenhlangano yabadla imifino e-United States. Izincwadi zokupheka zabantu abadla imifino, izindawo zokudlela, imifelandawonye nemiphakathi yaqala ukuvela ngaphandle. Sivamise ukuhlobanisa ama-60s nama-hippie, nama-hippie nabantu abadla imifino, kodwa empeleni, ukudla imifino kwakungavamile kakhulu kuze kube kukhishwa i-Diet for a Small Planet ngo-1971.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, amahippie aseSan Francisco asungula idolobhana labadla imifino eTennessee, abavele balibiza ngokuthi “Ipulazi.” Ipulazi lalilikhulu futhi liphumelele futhi lisize ukuchaza isithombe esicacile "somphakathi". “Ipulazi” nalo libe negalelo elikhulu esikweni. Badume ngemikhiqizo yesoya e-US, ikakhulukazi i-tofu, eyayingaziwa eMelika kwaze kwaba yi-Farm Cookbook, eyayiqukethe izindlela zokupheka zesoya kanye neresiphi yokwenza i-tofu. Le ncwadi ishicilelwe yinkampani yakwaFarm Publishing Company. (Futhi banalo uhlu lwezincwadi ongaliqagela igama lalo.) Ipulazi liphinde lakhuluma ngokuzalelwa emakhaya eMelika, futhi lakhulisa isizukulwane esisha sababelethisi. Ekugcineni, abantu baseThe Farm baye baphelelisa izindlela zokulawula ukuzalwa kwemvelo (futhi, kunjalo, izincwadi ezibhaliwe ngakho).
Ngo-1975, uprofesa wezimiso zokuziphatha wase-Australia uPeter Singer wabhala i-Animal Liberation, okwakuwumsebenzi wokuqala wezazi ukwethula izimpikiswano zezimiso zokuziphatha ezivuna ukuzondwa kwenyama kanye nokuhlolwa kwezilwane. Le ncwadi ekhuthazayo yayiwumphelelisi ophelele we-Diet for a Small Planet, eyayimayelana nokungazidli izilwane. Lokho okwenziwa yi-Diet for a Small Planet ngokudla imifino, i-Animal Liberation yakwenzela amalungelo ezilwane, yethula ukunyakaza kwamalungelo ezilwane ngobusuku obubodwa e-US. Ekuqaleni kwawo-80s, amaqembu alwela amalungelo ezilwane aqala ukuvela yonke indawo, kuhlanganise ne-PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). (I-PETA ikhokhele uhlelo olwengeziwe lwe-Animal Liberation futhi yayisabalalisa kumalungu amasha.)
Late 80s: Ukudla kwe-New America kanye nokunyuka kweVeganism.
I-Diet for a Small Planet yaqala i-snowball ye-vegetarianism ngeminyaka yawo-70s, kodwa phakathi nawo-80s ezinye izinganekwane mayelana nokudla imifino zazisaqhubeka. Omunye wayo umqondo ovezwe encwadini ngokwayo, inganekwane ehlanganisa amaprotheni. Abantu abaningi abacabangela ukuhamba nge-vegan baye bayeka ngakho ngoba kuzodingeka bahlele ngokucophelela ukudla kwabo. Enye inganekwane ukuthi ubisi namaqanda kuwukudla okunempilo futhi abadla imifino kudingeka bakudle ngokwanele ukuze bangafi. Enye inganekwane: Kungenzeka ukuba nempilo ngokudla imifino, kodwa azikho izinzuzo ezikhethekile zezempilo (futhi, yiqiniso, ukudla inyama akuzange kuhlotshaniswe nanoma yiziphi izinkinga). Ekugcineni, abantu abaningi babengazi lutho ngokulima efekthri kanye nemithelela yemvelo yokulima imfuyo.
Zonke lezi zinganekwane zakhishwa encwadini ka-1987 ethi Diet for a New America kaJohn Robbins. Umsebenzi kaRobbins, eqinisweni, wawuqukethe ulwazi olusha nolwangempela oluncane – iningi lemibono yayisivele ishicilelwe ndawana thize, kodwa ihlakazekile. Ukufaneleka kukaRobbins ukuthi wathatha isamba esikhulu solwazi waluhlanganisa lwaba ivolumu eyodwa enkulu, eklanywe ngokucophelela, wengeza ukuhlaziya kwakhe, okwethulwa ngendlela efinyeleleka kakhulu futhi engachemile. Ingxenye yokuqala ye-Diet for a New America yayikhuluma ngezinto ezesabekayo zokulima efekthri. Ingxenye yesibili yabonisa ngokuqiniseka ukulimaza okubulalayo kokudla kwenyama kanye nezinzuzo ezisobala zemifino (ngisho ne-veganism) - endleleni, ihlanza inganekwane yokuhlanganisa amaprotheni. Ingxenye yesithathu ikhulume ngemiphumela emangalisayo yokufuywa kwezilwane, okuyinto ngisho nabadla imifino abaningi ababengayazi ngaphambi kokushicilelwa kwencwadi.
Ukudla kwe-New America "kuqale kabusha" ukunyakaza kwemifino e-US ngokwethula ukunyakaza kwe-vegan, kwakuyile ncwadi eyasiza ukwethula igama elithi "vegan" kusichazamazwi saseMelika. Phakathi neminyaka emibili kushicilelwe incwadi kaRobbins, cishe kwasungulwa imiphakathi eyishumi edla imifino eTexas.
1990s: Ubufakazi bezokwelapha obumangalisayo.
UDkt. John McDougall waqala ukushicilela uchungechunge lwezincwadi ezikhuthaza ukudla kwe-vegan ekwelapheni izifo ezimbi kakhulu, futhi wazuza impumelelo yakhe enkulu ngo-1990 ngoHlelo lweMcDougall. Ngawo lowo nyaka kwakhishwa uhlelo lukaDkt. Dean Ornish Lwesifo Senhliziyo, lapho u-Ornish afakazela khona okokuqala ukuthi isifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi singahlehliswa. Ngokwemvelo, inqwaba yohlelo lwe-Ornish iwukudla okunamafutha aphansi, cishe okuphelele kwe-vegan.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-90, i-American Dietetic Association yashicilela iphepha lesimo mayelana nokudla kwemifino, futhi ukusekelwa kwe-veganism kwaqala ukuvela emphakathini wezokwelapha. Uhulumeni wase-US ugcine esuse i-Four Food Groups engasasebenzi futhi exhaswe yinyama nobisi wafaka i-Food Pyramid entsha, ekhombisa ukuthi ukondliwa kwabantu kufanele kusekelwe kokusanhlamvu, imifino, ubhontshisi nezithelo.
Namuhla, abameleli bezokwelapha kanye nabantu abavamile bathanda imifino kunanini ngaphambili. Izinganekwane zisekhona, kodwa ukuguquguquka okujwayelekile kwezimo zengqondo mayelana nokudla imifino kusukela ngeminyaka yama-80s kuyamangaza! Njengoba ngibe yi-vegetarian kusukela ngo-1985 futhi ngiyi-vegan kusukela ngo-1989, lolu wushintsho olwamukelekile kakhulu!
I-Bibliography: McDougall Program, Dr. John A. McDougall, 1990 The McDougall Plan, Dr. John A. McDougall, 1983 Diet for a New America, John Robbins, 1987 Diet for a Small Planet, Frances Moore Lappe, izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene 1971-1991
Ulwazi Olwengeziwe: Umsunguli we-veganism yesimanje kanye nombhali wegama elithi "vegan", uDonald Watson, ushone ngoDisemba 2005 eneminyaka engama-95.