I-lobotomy, ukwelapha okuhlinza ama-pathologies engqondo, yasetshenziswa kabanzi ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Manje ishiywe ngokuphelele emazweni amaningi omhlaba, kuhlanganise neFrance. 

I-lobotomy ukuhlinzwa kobuchopho okucekela phansi ingxenye ye-prefrontal yobuchopho. Ukuxhumana (imicu yezinzwa) phakathi kwe-prefrontal cortex kanye nayo yonke ingxenye yobuchopho kuyanqanyulwa.

Inqubo ye-lobotomy yathuthukiswa udokotela wengqondo ongumPutukezi, u-E. Moniz, ngemva kokufunda e-Second International Congress of Neurology ngo-1935 ukuthi ososayensi ababili baseMelika babekhiphe izimbobo zangaphambili zemfene ethukuthele eyabe inokuthula ngemva kwale nqubo. I-hypothesis yakhe? I-lobes yangaphambili, edingekayo ukuze kulungiswe umphakathi, iphazamiseka kubantu abanezifo zengqondo. Ngokunqamula kancane lawa ma-lobe angaphambili kuwo wonke ubuchopho, umuntu angaba nokuzijwayeza okungcono komphakathi. 

Wenza i-lobotomy yokuqala endaweni yokukhosela e-Lisbon ngoNovemba 12, 1935 kumuntu owayeyisifebe esineminyaka engu-63 ubudala owayedidekile futhi ephethwe yi-melancholy. Le nqubo yamtholela uMklomelo KaNobel wezokwelapha ngo-1949. 

E-United States, i-lobotomy yokuqala yenziwa ngo-September 14, 1936 ngodokotela ababili be-neuropsychiatrists baseMelika. Bakha indlela ejwayelekile ye-prefrontal lobotomy. EFrance, i-lobotomy yenziwa ngemva kuka-1945. Lokhu kuhlinzwa kwengqondo kwasakazeka emhlabeni wonke ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi neminyaka engu-1945-1955 abantu abayi-100 emhlabeni wonke benza i-lobotomy. 

I-lobotomy noma i-leukotomy yenziwa kanjani? 

Ngemva kwe-trepanation (ukwenza izimbobo kuzibalo ze-cranium zendlela ye-Moniz), ama-lobe angaphambili ahlukaniswa nawo wonke ubuchopho kusetshenziswa ithuluzi elikhethekile, i-leucotome. 

I-lobotomy ye-transorbital yenziwa kanjani?

U-Walter Freeman waseMelika wenza ama-lobotomies e-transorbital ngethiphu yensimbi noma i-ice pick kamuva. Ithiphu yensimbi noma i-ice pick iphushwa kuma-orbital lobes (amajwabu amehlo avulekile) ngokulandelana, ukuze ingene ebuchosheni. Insimbi ibe isizungeziswa emaceleni ukuze ikhiphe izixhumanisi ukusuka engxenyeni engaphambili kuye kubo bonke ubuchopho.  

Imininingwane yokuthi lawa ma-lobotomies enziwe nge-ice pick ayenziwa ngaphandle kokubulala izinzwa noma ngokubulala izinzwa okuncane (indawo noma i-venous kodwa ibuthakathaka kakhulu) noma ngisho nangemva kweseshini ye-electroshock (okuholela emaminithini ambalwa wokuquleka). 

I-lobotomy yenziwa njengekhambi "lokushaqeka" kwengqondo ngaphambi kokuvela kwezidakamizwa ze-neuroleptic. Kuke kwaba ne-lobotomized schizophrenics, ecindezeleke kakhulu ngokuphazamiseka kokuzibulala, abantu abaphethwe yi-Obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD), i-psychosis ecindezelayo, nolaka. I-lobotomy yenziwe futhi kubantu abahlushwa izinhlungu ezinzima kakhulu ezimelana nokwelashwa. U-Eva Perón, unkosikazi womholi wase-Argentina uJuan Perón, ngabe u-lobotomized ngo-1952 ukunciphisa ubuhlungu ngenxa yomdlavuza wesibeletho esine-metastasized. 

Ama-lobotomies ayenziwa ngenjongo yokwelapha ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Eqinisweni, le nqubo yabulala u-14% weziguli ezihlinziwe, futhi yashiya abanye abaningi benezinkinga zokukhuluma, bengenabala, ngisho besesimweni semifino kanye / noma bekhubazekile impilo yabo yonke. Udadewabo kaJF Kennedy, uRosemary Kennedy, uyisibonelo esidabukisayo nesidumile. U-Lobotomized eneminyaka engu-23, wabe esekhubazeke kakhulu futhi wafakwa esikhungweni impilo yakhe yonke. 

I-lobotomy iye yagxekwa kakhulu kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950, odokotela begxeka umkhuba wobuqaba nongenakuhlehliswa. I-Russia yayivimbela kusukela ngawo-1950. 

Ngemuva kwempumelelo enkulu yama-1950s, i-lobotomy yashiywa cishe kakhulu ngemuva kokuvela kwe-neuroleptics (1952 eFrance, 1956 e-USA) kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-electroshock, izindlela zokwelapha ezimbili ezibuyiselwa emuva, futhi zanyamalala ngokuphelele ngawo-1980.