Okuqukethwe
Ukubona kungenye yezinzwa zomuntu ezibaluleke kakhulu, ngakho ukunciphisa ukubukhali kwayo kungaba nomthelela omubi eqophelweni lempilo. Ake sibone ukuthi ungawathuthukisa kanjani amehlo akho ekhaya nokuthi yini okudingeka uyikhumbule ukuze ugcine amehlo akho enempilo.
Ulwazi oluwusizo mayelana nombono
| I-Diopter | Ubukhali obubukwayo |
| Ngaphezu kuka +5 | i-hyperopia ephezulu |
| Ukusuka +2 kuye ku +5 | i-hyperopia emaphakathi |
| Kufika ku +2 | i-hypermetropia encane |
| 1 | umbono ojwayelekile |
| Ngaphansi kuka -3 | i-myopia encane |
| Ukusuka -3 kuye ku-6 | i-myopia emaphakathi |
| Ngaphezulu -6 | myopia ephezulu |
Ukubona okuvamile kuchazwa inombolo “1”. Uma i-acuity ebonakalayo ilahlekile, khona-ke umuntu angase abe ne-hypermetropia, okungukuthi, ukubona kude, noma i-myopia - myopia.
Kungani umbono uwohloka
Umbono womuntu ungawohloka ngenxa yezizathu nezici eziningi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ufuzo, nokucindezeleka kwamehlo (isibonelo, ngenxa yomsebenzi ovamile wekhompiyutha), nezinye izifo (okuhlanganisa iminyaka yobudala), kanye nezifo ezihlukahlukene. Odokotela batusa ngokushesha ukuthintana ne-ophthalmologist ngokuncipha kombono obonakalayo. Phela, ukungaboni kahle kungase kube umphumela wesinye isifo esiyingozi esingahlangene namehlo.
Ngokwesibonelo, ukubona kungawohloka ngenxa yesifo sikashukela.1 (i-retinopathy yesifo sikashukela), i-vascular, endocrine, izicubu ezixhumene nezifo zesistimu yezinzwa.
Izinhlobo zezifo zamehlo
Izifo zamehlo zivame kakhulu. Ngokwe-World Health Organization, wonke umuntu omdala unenkinga yokubona okungenani eyodwa. Emhlabeni wonke, abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,2 baphila nohlobo oluthile lokukhubazeka kokubona noma ubumpumputhe. Kulaba, okungenani abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1 banokukhubazeka kokubona okungavinjelwa noma kulungiswe.2.
Izimo zamehlo ezivamile ezingaholela ekulimazeni kokubona
I-Cataract
I-cataract ibonakala ngokufiphala kwelensi yeso, okungaholela ebumpumputheni obuyingxenye noma obuphelele. Ingozi yokuthuthukisa i-cataract iyanda ngokukhula, ukulimala kanye nezifo zamehlo ezivuthayo. Iqembu eliyingozi lihlanganisa nabantu abanesifo sikashukela kanye nezifo zenhliziyo, ukusebenzisa kabi utshwala, ukubhema.
Lokhu kuwukulimala engxenyeni emaphakathi ye-retina, enesibopho sokubona okuningiliziwe. Ukuphazamiseka kubangela amabala amnyama, ithunzi, noma ukuhlanekezelwa kokubona okumaphakathi. Abasengozini ngabantu abadala.
Ukuguquguquka kwe-cornea
Izimbangela ezivame kakhulu ze-corneal opacity yizifo zamehlo ezivuthayo nezithathelwanayo (isb, i-keratitis, i-trachoma), ukuhlukumezeka kwamehlo, izinkinga ngemva kokuhlinzwa esithweni, izifo zokuzalwa kanye nezakhi zofuzo.
I-glaucoma
I-glaucoma ingumonakalo oqhubekayo kumthambo wamehlo ongaholela ebumpumputheni obuhlala njalo. Lesi sifo sivame kakhulu kubantu asebekhulile.
I-retinopathy yesifo sikashukela
Lokhu kuwumonakalo emithanjeni yegazi ku-retina yeso okwenzeka ngesifo sikashukela. Imvamisa, lesi sifo sikhula ngenkambo ende yesifo sikashukela futhi, uma singelashwa, singaholela ekuphuphuthekeni okuphelele.
Okudidayo kwe-refraction
Amaphutha e-refractive ukukhubazeka kokubona lapho kunzima khona ukugxilisa ngokucacile isithombe esivela ezweni langaphandle. Lezi ziwuhlobo lweziphambeko zamehlo: zihlanganisa i-hyperopia, i-myopia kanye ne-astigmatism.
ITrachoma
Lesi yisifo esithathelwanayo seso, esihambisana nokulimala kwe-cornea kanye ne-conjunctiva. I-Trachoma ibonakala ngokufiphala kwe-cornea, ukuncipha kombono, izibazi. Ngokutheleleka okuphindaphindiwe iminyaka eminingi, i-volvulus yamajwabu amehlo ikhula - i-eyelashes ingaphendukela ngaphakathi. Lesi sifo siholela ekubeni yimpumputhe.
Izindlela Ezinhle Ezingu-10 Zokuthuthukisa Amehlo Ngaphandle Kwezibuko Ekhaya
1. Imikhiqizo yekhemisi
Kunemithi ehlukahlukene yokuthuthukisa umbono, noma kunjalo, kufanele isetshenziswe njengoba kunqunywe udokotela. Emakhemisi, ungathola amaconsi ukuze uphumule imisipha yamehlo, ukuqinisa i-retina, kanye namaconsi omswakama.
2. Yehlisa ukucindezelwa kwamehlo
Ngenkathi usebenza kukhompyutha, izazi zamehlo zeluleka ukuthatha ikhefu elifushane njalo ngemizuzu engama-20-30. Udinga futhi ukufunda nokubhala kahle - lo mthetho ngokuyinhloko usebenza ezinganeni zesikole.
3. Ukondleka okufanele
Ukuntuleka kwezinto ezithile zokulandelela ekudleni kungaholela ekulimazeni okubonakalayo.3. Ukudla okunothe ngamavithamini A no-C, kanye nama-omega fatty acids, kunomthelela omuhle ekuboneni. Lezi zihlanganisa izaqathe, amajikijolo aluhlaza, i-broccoli, imifino ye-salmon, amaqanda, upelepele omnandi, ummbila, izithelo ezisawolintshi namantongomane.
4. Ukuzivocavoca amehlo
Kunezindlela eziningi ezahlukene zokuzivocavoca. Lokhu ukucwayiza okuvamile, nokubhucunga ijwabu leso, nokugxila ezintweni eziseduze nezikude, nokunyakaza kwamehlo okuyindilinga.
- I-Gymnastics yamehlo iwusizo kanye nakweminye imisipha yomzimba. Uma ugxila entweni eseduze, umsipha ongaphakathi kweso uyanyakaza, futhi uyakhululeka uma ubheka kude. Ngakho-ke, kulabo abasebenza isikhathi eside ebangeni eliseduze namagajethi, ahlotshaniswa nemboni ye-IT, kuyadingeka ukushintshanisa ukugxila kude naseduze. Qiniseka ukuthi ubheka ibanga okungenani imizuzu embalwa ngehora, - kweluleka uDokotela Wesayensi Yezokwelapha, udokotela wamehlo ohlinzayo, uchwepheshe wesiteshi sikaDokotela we-TV uTatyana Shilova.
5. Izithako zamavithamini
Kwezinye izimo, inkambo yamavithamini B, E, C, A inqunyelwe ukuvimbela nokwelashwa kwezifo zamehlo. I-Vitamin complexes ingaba ne-contraindications, ngakho-ke udinga ukufunda ngokucophelela imiyalelo, noma okungcono, uthintane nodokotela.
6. Ukubhucungwa kwekhola yomlomo wesibeletho
Le ndlela isiza ukuthuthukisa ukujikeleza kwegazi, ukubuyisela ukujikeleza kwegazi okuvamile, nokuphuma koketshezi. Ukubhucunga indawo yekhola yomlomo wesibeletho nakho kungcono ukuphathiswa uchwepheshe.
7. Ukulala okunempilo kanye nesimiso sansuku zonke
Ukuphumula okuhle kusiza ukwenza kube ngokwejwayelekile ukuhlinzekwa kwezakhi ku-retina, ngokungangabazeki kuzothuthukisa umbono futhi kusize ukugcina ukucija kwayo. Ochwepheshe batusa ukulala amahora angama-7-9 ebusuku.
8. Ukwenqaba imikhuba emibi
Ukubhema kunciphisa i-metabolism emzimbeni, ngakho-ke izakhi zokulandelela ezidingekayo ekusebenzeni kwezitho zombono azifinyeleli kuzo. Lokhu-ke kwandisa ingozi yokuba nolwelwesi lwamehlo, isifo samehlo esomile, izinkinga ku-optic nerve, nokunye ukuphazamiseka. Ukuchayeka kwamehlo entuthuni kagwayi kungaholela ekukhubazekeni noma ekulahlekelweni umbono ngokuphelele.
9. Umsebenzi womzimba
Ukuphazamiseka kwemisipha emgogodleni nasentanyeni kuthinta kabi isimiso sezinzwa, kuhlanganise nokusebenza kwamehlo. Umsebenzi womzimba kanye nokuhamba okuvamile emoyeni omusha kusiza ukuqinisa i-corset ye-muscular, ukwandisa ukugeleza kwegazi nokulethwa kwezakhi emisipha elawula indawo ye-lens yeso, enesibopho sokulawula ukugxila kombono.4.
10. Ukugqoka izibuko zelanga
Izibuko ezifakwe kahle zivikela amehlo akho emisebeni ye-ultraviolet eyeqile engalimaza i-cornea ne-retina. Izibuko zelanga zinciphisa ingozi yezifo zamehlo ezimbi futhi zizokusiza ugcine ukubona kwakho kucacile futhi kubukhali ekhaya.
Iseluleko sodokotela sokuthuthukisa umbono ekhaya
Ngokusho kukaTatyana Shilova, kwezinye izimo, ukuzivocavoca kwamehlo kusiza ukuthuthukisa umbono. Izivivinyo zokugxilisa umbono ezintweni eziseduze ziwusizo ikakhulukazi kubantu abasebenza kukhompuyutha futhi abavame ukusebenzisa amagajethi.
Futhi, udokotela wamehlo ohlinzayo utusa ukuba kuyekwe ama-contact lens njengendlela yokulungisa ukubona.
– Indlela ephephile yokulungisa izibuko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-lens yokuxhumana esikhathini eside ihlale iyingozi ukutheleleka, izinguquko ze-dystrophic nezinye izinkinga. Odokotela bamehlo, ikakhulukazi i-ophthalmologist-odokotela abahlinzayo abenza ukulungisa ukubona nge-laser (namuhla ngokushesha ngendlela emangalisayo, phakathi nemizuzwana engu-25), bathi ukugqoka amalensi okuxhumana akuyona indlela engcono kakhulu yokulungisa. Ngakho-ke, ochwepheshe banikeza labo abasebenzisa ama-contact lens futhi bafuna ukonga imali yokwenza ukulungiswa kwe-laser, kunezela uTatyana Shilova.
Imibuzo nezimpendulo ezidumile
Izimpendulo zemibuzo edumile mayelana nokukhubazeka kokubona MD, udokotela wamehlo-udokotela ohlinzayo u-Tatiana Shilova kanye nodokotela wamehlo e-European Medical Center Natalia Bosha.
Yini elimaza kakhulu amehlo akho?
Isici sesibili esithinta ukubona izakhi zofuzo. Uma kukhona ukuthambekela kofuzo ku-myopia, ukubona kude, i-astigmatism, khona-ke siyidlulisela ngefa.
Isici sesithathu yizifo ezihambisanayo: isifo sikashukela, isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi, umfutho wegazi ophakeme. Lokhu kuyinto ethinta kakhulu hhayi kuphela zonke izitho zomzimba wethu, kodwa futhi isitho sombono, - kusho uTatyana Shilova.
- Esinye sezici ezingathandeki umthwalo obonakalayo ebangeni eliseduze. Noma yini eseduze kuka-35-40 amasentimitha ibhekwa njengebanga eliseduze. Ukuqhela kuleli banga, kulula, kulula emehlweni, - kugcizelela uNatalia Bosha.
Ingabe ukubona kungabuyiselwa ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa?
Uma sikhuluma ngokuphazamiseka kokusebenza (isibonelo, ukugcwala ngokweqile kwemisipha ye-intraocular ebhekele izinqubo zokugxila "kude-eduze") noma ukwephulwa kwendawo ye-ocular ene-syndrome "yeso elomile", khona-ke umbono ungaba ngokwengxenye. noma ibuyiselwe ngokuphelele kusetshenziswa izindlela zokwelapha. Udokotela kuphela onganquma imbangela yokukhubazeka kwamehlo,” kuphendula uTatyana Shilova.
- Ngomthwalo oweqile isikhathi eside, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-spasm yendawo yokuhlala kungase kuthuthuke, lapho i-lens yeso ingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nombono okude naseduze. I-Spasm yendawo yokuhlala ithuthukisa ukubonakaliswa kwe-myopia noma ibangele ukubukeka kwayo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-myopia yamanga. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umbono ungabuyiselwa ngaphandle kokungenelela kokuhlinzwa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukwelashwa nge-ophthalmologist, sebenzisa amaconsi akhethekile, wenze izivivinyo ukuze uphumule futhi ukwandise ukusebenza kahle kwemisipha yamehlo. Kulokhu, umbono ungabuyiselwa,” kunezela uNatalia Bosha.
Yiziphi izingozi zokulungiswa kombono nge-laser?
- Ngemuva kokulungiswa kwe-laser, kubalulekile ukuthi isiguli silandele izincomo ezithile. Lokhu kuzogwema izinkinga zangemva kokuhlinzwa. Isibonelo, isiguli sidinga ukusebenzisa amaconsi akhethekile ngemva kokuhlinzwa, isonto ukuze sigweme ukudlala imidlalo, ukuya echibini, ukugeza kanye ne-sauna. Futhi iphuzu lesibili elibalulekile ngemva kokulungiswa kwe-laser: phakathi nesonto kuyadingeka ukugwema ukulimala kanye nanoma yikuphi ukuxhumana kwamandla, kugcizelela uNatalia Bosha.
Umphumela wokulungiswa kombono we-laser uhlala isikhathi esingakanani?
Lo msebenzi usuqhubeke iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30. Kuneziguli lapho umphumela uhlala iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30. Yiqiniso, ngezinye izikhathi kuba nokuhlehla kancane ngemva kweminyaka engu-15-20 kusukela ngosuku lokuhlinzwa. Njengomthetho, lokhu kubonakala ezigulini ezine-myopia ephezulu ekuqaleni (-7 nangaphezulu), - kunezela uNatalia Bosha.
Imithombo ye:
- Shadrichev FE Diabetic retinopathy (umbono we-ophthalmologist). Isifo sikashukela. 2008; 11(3): 8-11. https://doi.org/10.14341/2072-0351-5349.
- Umbiko womhlaba ngombono [Umbiko womhlaba ngombono]. I-Geneva: Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba; 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/328717/9789240017207-rus.pdf
- Ivanova AA Imfundo kanye nempilo yamehlo. Amandla obuhlakani bekhulu lama-XXI: isigaba solwazi. 2016: Ikhasi 22.
- Ivanova AA Imfundo kanye nempilo yamehlo. Amandla obuhlakani bekhulu lama-XXI: isigaba solwazi. 2016: Ikhasi 23.